Malleability zezobhedu. Iimpawu zobhedu

Malleability wabiza susceptibility lwesinyithi kunye aluminium ukuba sifuna nezinye iintlobo zonyango loxinzelelo. Oku umzobo, bexhentsa, ukuziqengqa okanye ucinezele. malleability copper Oku luphawulwa uxhathiso deformation nje kuphela, kodwa moldability. Yintoni plasticity? Le Ukubanako metal ukutshintsha imisele yayo phantsi koxinzelelo ngaphandle ngokwaphula. izinyithi oluthambileyo ziquka ubhedu, intsimbi, duralumin kunye nezinye ubhedu ethile, nemagnesium, nickel, aluminium. Ukuba babe kumgangatho ophezulu plasticity kudityaniswe ukumelana ephantsi deformation.

copper

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kubonakala ngathi uphawu yobhedu? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba i element yeqela 11 4 kumaxa imichiza D. I. Mendeleeva. ingaphezulu waso amagumbi 29 luchazwa ngolu phawu Cu. Enyanisweni, oku a yexeshana metal zeplastiki pink kunye brown segolide. Hi ndlela leyi, inombala epinki, ukuba umboniso oxide angekhoyo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, lwesi sakhi isetyenziswa ngabantu.

indaba

Enye insimbi yokuqala abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ebonakalayo kuqoqosho yayo, lubhedu. Eneneni, nalo iyafumaneka ukwamkela evela esikrwada kwaye indawo yokunyibilika eliphantsi. Kudala kwaziwa ukuba uluntu iintsimbi ezisixhenxe, nayo leyo ebandakanya zezobhedu. Kwindalo, lwesi sakhi kuxhaphake kakhulu kunokuba isilivere, negolide okanye intsimbi. izinto yamandulo zeBlack yobhedu, kukho baloko lokunyibilikisa yayo ekrwada. Kwafumaniseka ngexesha bemba kulendawo Çatalhöyük. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba apha Copper Age baba ngokubanzi izinto zezobhedu. ulandela ilitye kwimbali yehlabathi.

S. A. Semonov nabasebenzi kuqhutywa izifundo zovavanyo fumene ukuba izixhobo ngobhedu kuthelekiswa ne benefit ngelitye ngeendlela ezininzi. Bathi aphezulu isantya planing, ukubhola, ukulisika namarhela iinkuni. A unyango lwe imela lobhedu bone ihlala kangangoko, kunye namatye. Kodwa ubhedu uthathwa metal ethambileyo.

Amaxesha amaninzi, kumaxesha amandulo ke izakusetyenziswa endaweni ingxubevange sobhedu tin - ngobhedu. Kube yimfuneko ukuba ukwenziwa kwezixhobo kunye nezinye izinto. Ngoko ke, ukuba indawo Copper Age kwafika ubhedu. Ubhedu okokuqala zafunyanwa kuMbindi Mpuma iminyaka 3000 BC. e:. abantu ezifana amandla kunye ductility obalaseleyo zezobhedu. Ukususela lobhedu ngenxa waya izixhobo ezikhulu nokuzingela, izitya, nezinto nokuhombisa. Zonke ezi zinto zifumaneka ngabembi bezinto. Ngaphezu koko, yeBronzi Age wamnika indlela yentsimbi.

Ungayifumana njani yobhedu ukuba kumaxesha amandulo? Ekuqaleni, oko akuyi kufunxwa evela emanzini kwaye ukusuka ore malachite. Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, ukuze wenze ukudubula lokuqala ke akuyomfuneko. Ngenxa yale esikrwada namalahle umxube yabekwa embizeni udongwe. Isitya sasimi emhadini curl kunye umxube ephakamayo. Okulandelayo iqala ukuvelisa carbon monoxide, nto leyo ebe negalelo nokubuyiselwa malachite copper free.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eSipro kwi yesithathu yeminyaka BC zakhiwa kwimigodi yobhedu, emi ngazo indlu leyo kuthwalelwa phandle kunyityilikiswa.

Ngomhla emazweni Russia kunye namazwe angabamelwane kwimigodi yobhedu ziye zavela zeminyaka emibini BC. e. amanxuwa yabo, Urals, kunye Ukraine, neCaucasus, kwaye zeAltai, kunye eSiberia kude.

copper yokunyibilika Industrial iye yasetyenziswa kwinkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. Kwaye elinesihlanu Cannon Yard yasekwa eMoscow. Kwaba apho nangobhedu uphose ngemipu of calibers ezahlukeneyo. imali Incredible wobhedu echithwe ukuvelisa neentsimbi. Ngowe-1586, bobhedu ekutyhidweni Tsar Cannon, ngo-1735 - i Tsar Bell ngo 1782. I-Bronze abamahashe yadalwa. Ngo-752, inkosi wavelisa zobungangamela Big Buddha oqingqiweyo etempileni Todai-ji Temple. Ngokubanzi, uluhlu imisebenzi Foundry lwezobugcisa engenasiphelo.

Kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo abantu bafumanisa umbane. Kungelo xesha izixa ezinkulu zobhedu waqalisa ukuhamba ngenxa ukwenziwa ucingo kunye neemveliso efanayo. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iingcingo baye bafunda ukwenza i-aluminiyamu, kodwa nobhedu Electrical Engineering nangoku ibaluleke kakhulu.

Imvelaphi yegama

Kwaye uyazi yintoni Cuprum - ligama lesiLatini zobhedu, livela igama kwisiqithi saseSipro? Hi ndlela leyi, ku noStrabo ngobhedu halkosom sesifanekiso - isixeko Halkida kwi Euboea netyala imvelaphi yegama. Uninzi amagama Greek yobhedu yobhedu izinto ziye zabanjwa ivela eli lizwi. ngokubanzi ukuba zisetyenziswa blacksmithing, phakathi yacaca ezikhupha iimveliso. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ngobhedu AES, nto leyo ethetha ore okanye zam.

Igama elithi 'yobhedu' Slavic nto kuthiwa etymology. Mhlawumbi yaluphele. Kodwa ke amaxesha amaninzi kakhulu ifumaneka ezindaweni ezinqabileyo kakhulu zoncwadi yaseRashiya. V. I. Abaev kucingelwa ukuba eli gama lisuka kwigama le lizwe lamaMedi. Abenzi bamachiza Copper ebizwa "Venus". Kumaxesha angaphambili kwathiwa ngokuba "Mars".

Uphi na lo ubhedu kwindalo?

Eqweqweni ibamba (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% ubhedu (ngokobunzima). Amanzi emlanjeni naselwandle lamanzi lingaphantsi kakhulu: 10 ^-7% no-3 x 10 ^-7% (ngokobunzima) ngokulandelelana.

Kwindalo, basoloko kakhulu iikhompawundi yobhedu. Ishishini usebenzisa CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite ekuthiwa pyrites zobhedu, bornite Cu ₅ Fès _4, chalcocite Cu ₂ S., kwangaxeshanye, abantu bafumane kunye nezinye izimbiwa zobhedu cuprite Cu ₂ Owu, Cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, Cu malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ kunye covellite nganeni. Amaxesha amaninzi, ubunzima ngamnye ezisebenzisanayo obhedu ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-400. sulfides zobhedu izenze kwixesha eliphakathi-lobushushu mithambo kolwandle. Amaninzi ematyeni lentlenga Ungafumana iidipozithi zobhedu - shale kunye nobhedu sandstones. Le iidipozithi ezininzi ezaziwayo kwi Trans-izimvu Territory Udokan Zhezkazgan ku Kazakhstan, Mansfeld eJamani nebhanti nectariferous of Central Afrika. Okunye dipozithi osisityebi ngobhedu ibekwe Chile (Kolyausi kunye Escondida) kunye ne-USA (Morensi).

Uninzi ekrwada yobhedu geni yi indlela evulekileyo. Iqulethe ukusuka 0.3 ukuya 1.0% zezobhedu.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Abantu abaninzi banomdla kwi inkcazo bobhedu. Le pink iplastiki kunye nentsimbi yegolide. Kumphezulu wayo umoya ifihle kweso umboniso oxide, leyo ulunika uhlobo nombala olukhulu ebomvu-yellow. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ezicekethekileyo ifilimu nobhedu umbala oluhlaza-eluhlaza.

Osmium, atom, ubhedu negolide ngebala ezinombala ofanayo, yahlukile kwezinye intsimbi ngwevu okanye isiliva. Le ithowuni umbala ibonisa ubukho kohlelo electron phakathi yesine nesiqingatha engenanto kwaye ezaliswe orbitals wesithathu atomic. Phakathi kwazo kukho umahluko amandla ethile esilingana ombala umbala orange. Inkqubo efanayo linoxanduva umbala ethile yegolide.

Yintoni uphawu emangalisayo ngakumbi zezobhedu? Le metal eyenza efestileni cc ubuso-wedwa, iqela isithuba Fm3m, a = 0,36150 NM, Z = 4.

A copper odumileyo ngakumbi conductivity ophezulu zombane kunye thermal. Ngokutsho ebambe yangoku ngayo phakathi ngesinyithi kwindawo yesibini. Phela, ubhedu giant inomlingani lobushushu ukumelana kunye noluhlu lobushushu olubanzi phantse ezimeleyo kwezalathisi yayo. Copper kuthiwa diamagnetic.

aluminiyamu nobhedu zahlukene. Abantu bafunda zihlangana xa idibene nezinki nobhedu, nickel isilivere nickel kunye babbitt elikhokelayo, nobhedu, nebhekile, kunye nezinye zesinyithi.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo copper

Copper na izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimbini esitalini - ⁶³ Cu kunye Cu ^65, apho kufuneka ukuxhaphaka 69,1 kunye 30,9 ekhulwini atomic ngokulandelelanayo. Ngokubanzi, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini ukuba akukho ukuzinza. I-Isotope inde-waphila yi ⁶⁷ Cu ngobomi kwecala leeyure 62.

Ungayifumana njani yobhedu?

Ukuveliswa ubhedu yinkqubo umdla kakhulu. Le wentsimbi olulungiswe ores zobhedu kunye neeminerali. Iindlela ezisisiseko ukulungiselela ezi hydrometallurgy yobhedu, pyrometallurgy, kunye electrolysis.

Cinga nje indlela pyrometallurgical. Ngokutsho indlela, ubhedu evela sisimbiwa sulfidic, ezifana chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. Le feedstock chalcopyrite yi 0,5-2,0% Cu. Okokuqala, nsimbi yokuqala ayinto. Emva koko, lo oxidizing kaJohn ngayo kubushushu degrees 1400. Ezinye mxube etshisiwe ingena lokunyibilikisa ku matte. Kuba wabopha oxide intsimbi kwi zinyibilikile lifakiwe dust.

Le silicate ngenxa njengoko zeBlack ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise kwaye siyahlukana. Emazantsi ihlala matte - sulphide ingxubevange NB ₂ S kunye Fès. Ngaphezu koko, Inyibilikile yi indlela Henry Bessemer. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi converter obegalelwe matte otyhidiweyo. Emva koko ke container ukuhlanjululwa mpilo. A emanzini intsimbi, apho oxidized ukuba oxide usebenzisa dust isusiwe kwinkqubo njenge silicate. emanzini Nobhedu oxidized ukuba oxide sobhedu ayikho ngokupheleleyo, kodwa koko ngobhedu sisinyithi.

Yobhedu blister wafumana eziqulathwe 90,95% ye-metal. Emva koko, ke phantsi ukucoca electrolytic. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo electrolyte i isisombululo asidi of sulfate yobhedu.

Oku kwakheka kwi cathode zobhedu electrolytic ene-rhoqo eliphezulu malunga 99,99%. Izinto ezenziwe ngobhedu eveliswa ezahlukeneyo kunene: iingcingo, izixhobo zombane, aluminium.

indlela Hydrometallurgical Kuthi ezahlukeneyo. Kukho izimbiwa copper umtshato unyityilikiswa sulphuric acid okanye isisombululo ammoniacal. Ukususela ulwelo ezilungiselelwe bathabath metal yentsimbi ubhedu.

Iipropati Chemical wobhedu

Xa iikhompawundi zobhedu ibonisa ezimbini igcwala States +1 no-phinde ngo 2. Eyokuqala kwezi idla ngokuba elibi kwaye uzinzile kuphela khompawundi ezingenakunyibilika okanye izakhiwo. Phela, copper enemibala ezimbaxa.

Igcwala karhulumente ka-phinde ngo 2 womelele ngakumbi. Ukuba oko kunika blue ityuwa kunye umbala oluhlaza. Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga nibe senilungile iikhompawundi kunye neqondo igcwala ka +3 kunye +5 kude. Le yokugqibela echaziweyo ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka iityuwa kupraboranovogo anion ifunyenwe ngo-1994.

copper esulungekileyo umoya ayikatshintshi. Le arhente amandla ekunciphiseni modem kunye zehydrochloric acid yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano kunye namanzi. Oxidized nitric esinyusiweyo acids sulphuric, halogens, ioksijini, yaye "aqua regia", oxides of non-zesinyithi, chalcogens. Xa itshiswe, idityaniswe halides hydrogen.

Ukuba umoya ofumileyo, lo Nobhedu oxidized, ekusekeni carbonate sobhedu esisiseko (II). Idityaniswe kahle ifumile acid ashushu nabandayo sulphuric, anhydrous ashushu sulphuric acid.

Nge ukuxuba zehydrochloric acid yobhedu ngayo xa kukho ioksijini.

Kohlaziyo chemistry copper

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba le chemistry. Ngobhedu isicombululo kulula ukubona. Ukuze wenze oku, ucingo platinum yokunyakamisa isisombululo test, uze yidibanise a Bunsen umcephe ilangatye. Ukuba ubhedu khona isisombululo, nokulenya iya imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kufuneka wazi ukuba:

• Ngokuqhelekileyo, isixa ngobhedu izisombululo okwanamhlanje esidi ilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa emanzini; kuba ixubene kunye nempahla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le emanzini zobhedu ngokwemvula.
• Ngaloo izisombululo apho kungekho ion kokuphazamisa, ubhedu ukuqinisekisa complexometric, potentiometric okanye potentiometrically.
• izixa Small ngobhedu isisombululo walinganisa iindlela ecacicleyo nawentshukumo.

Ukusetyenziswa copper

Vumelanani ukufunda Ubhedu yinto eyonwabisayo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, lo metal esebenzayo iye resistivity eliphantsi. Ngenxa yoko umgangatho sobhedu ezisetyenziselwa imveliso yamandla ombane kunye nezinye iintambo, imicwe kunye nezinye abaqhubi. ucingo lobhedu ezisetyenziswa engathi ye abaguquli amandla ngemoto zombane. Ukudala amanqaku metal ngasentla ezikhethiweyo zicocekile, ekubeni ubumdaka nangoko ukunciphisa Unikezelo lombane. Ukuba ubhedu ekhoyo 0,02% ye-aluminiyam, conductivity yayo zombane ukunciphisa nge-10%.

Enye into olunoluncedo conductivity kakhulu wobushushu zezobhedu. Ngenxa kule propati lisetyenziswa ngendlela ezahlukeneyo kubananisi ubushushu, imibhobho ubushushu, izixhobo teplootvodnyh kunye Iicooler computer.

Yaye yobulukhuni bobhedu kusetyenziswa phi? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba olungenazimfanta ityhubhu yobhedu icandelo cross setyhula abe namandla kakhulu ngoomatshini. Ewe kakuhle ukumelana Ukuphathwa ngoomatshini kwaye zisetyenziswa ukuya ulwelo kunye negesi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba inokufumaneka igesi kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi iinkqubo zangaphakathi, iinkqubo ukufudumeza. ngokubanzi zisetyenziswa kwiiyunithi ifriji kunye neenkqubo umoya.

yobulukhuni Zintle zobhedu yaziwa kumazwe amaninzi. Ngenxa yoko, eFransi, i-UK kunye Australia, imibhobho yobhedu esetyenziselwa igesi zezakhiwo Sweden - ukufudumeza, eMelika, UK kunye Hong Kong - yengundoqo izinto malunga namanzi.

ERashiya, nokuveliswa kwamanzi nobhedu igesi tyhubhu nganye ezinga malungu abantu standard GOST R 52318-2005 kunye Federal Code of Practice SP 40-108-2004 olawula ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Imibhobho ezenziwe ngobhedu kunye aluminium yayo ezisetyenziswa kubunjineli amandla imikhumbi ukuba zomphunga ulwelo.

Ngaba uyazi ukuba aluminiyamu zobhedu esetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiinkalo zobugcisa? Kwezi, i edumileyo zithathwa ngobhedu, nezobhedu. Zombini aluminiyamu ziquka usapho elikhulu ngezinto, leyo, ngaphandle nezinki nenkcenkce, ingaquka bismuth, nickel kunye nezinye zesinyithi. Umzekelo, gunmetal kusetyenziswa de kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba lokuvelisa iqokobhe zokudubula, eyakhiwa zobhedu, itoti kunye zinc. ekuqulunqeni kulo zohlukile ngokuxhomekeke indawo kunye nexesha ngemipu ngokwenziwa.

Wonke umntu uyayazi lo processability egqwesileyo kunye ductility eliphezulu zezobhedu. Ngenxa kwezi zakhiwo, inani elingu zobhedu amagqabi ukuba imveliso enemikhono ngenxa iingalo kunye zokudubula emthethweni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iindawo zenziwe aluminiyamu yobhedu-lesilicon, zinc, nebhekile, aluminiyam kunye nezinye izinto. aluminiyamu zobhedu luphawulwa ngamandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza thermal nokugcina iipropati zabo mechanical. besenza ukuguga umiselwa kuphela ubume imichiza kunye nefuthe layo phezu isakhiwo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo mgaqo awusebenzi ubhedu beryllium yaye ezinye bronzes aluminium.

aluminiyamu ubhedu babe modulus of luthambe ngaphantsi koko ngentsimbi. inzuzo zazo eziphambili nga ngokuba inomlingani zochuku encinane, ezidibanise izifundo aluminium ezininzi kunye ductility phezulu, lombane ezibalaseleyo kunye nokumelana obalaseleyo umhlwa kwindawo entsimbini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu kunye aluminiyamu zobhedu-nickel. Phela, baye bafumana izicelo zabo ngababini ze sliding.

Phantse zonke aluminiyamu yobhedu kuba ubukhulu elinye ingumlingani kunobunye. Noko ke, umlo kukuwohloka neempawu oomatshini, indlela yokuziphatha bume bako kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi ekwakhiweni ingxubevange. Le ductility sobhedu isetyenziswa aluminiyamu single-sigaba, nangamandla - ngezigaba ezibini. Melchior (coppernickel ingxubevange) osetyenziswa zazinegama lwemali. aluminiyamu copper-nickel, kuquka "iinqanawa", esetyenziswa imikhumbi. Benza iityhubhu ngenxa condensers, zokucoca injini zeemoto umphunga. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba turbines ziye lwehle nge olwandle. aluminiyamu copper-nickel babe nokumelana emangalisayo, ngoko ke bakholisa ukusebenzisa kwiindawo ezinxulumene impembelelo ngxwaba emanzini olwandle.

Enyanisweni, ubhedu na yingxam engundoqo solders isiqina - aluminium ukuba iqondo lokubila 590 ukuya 880 degrees Celsius. Kuyinto sizalwa kubo adhesion olukhulu ezininzi ngesinyithi, ukuze isicelo uxhulumaniso esisigxina kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi. Ezi isenokuba kombhobho izixhobo okanye iinjini jet fluid, ezenziwe ezingafani.

Ngoku bhala aluminiyamu apho ductility sobhedu kubalulekile. Duralumin okanye Duralumin na aluminium ingxubevange nangobhedu. Apha, ubhedu 4.4%. Aluminiyamu zobhedu ngegolide isoloko isetyenziswa izacholo. Kuba iyimfuneko ukuphucula amandla le mveliso. Ngapha koko, ngegolide ecocekileyo - a metal soft kakhulu, nto leyo ayikwazi zimelane noxinzelelo ngoomatshini. Iimveliso ezenziwe ngegolide ecocekileyo gqitha ngokukhawuleza abraded.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngokuba ukudala oxide of oxides yttrium-barium-copper, kusetyenziswa zezobhedu. Yena lisebenza njengesiseko ukuveliswa superconductors-lobushushu eliphezulu. Copper liza kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa neebhetri nobhedu-oxide iiseli electrochemical.

Ezinye iindawo kwesicelo

Ngaba uyazi ukuba ngobhedu isoloko kakhulu isetyenziswa ngumnxibelelanisi ngenxa polymerization of iasithilini? Ngenxa kule impahla eziyi- yobhedu kusetyenziselwa ukuthumela iasithilini kuvunyelwa ukuba isicelo kuphela xa umxholo yobhedu ayidluli 64% kubo.

Abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa malleability ngobhedu bokwakha. Olungaphambili kunye nophahla ezenziwe ojingayo kakhulu sheet yobhedu, kukho inkathazo-free kangangeminyaka eli-150. Le meko lulula wacacisa: kwi amacwecwe obhedu kwenzeka inkqubo umhlwa avtozatuhanie. ERashiya, noxwebhu zobhedu olungaphambili kunye nophahla ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zoMthetho Federal Code of Regulations SP 31-116-2006.

Kwixa elizayo abantu uceba ukusebenzisa ubhedu njenge iindawo microbicidal ezikliniki lokuthintela intshukumo ye iintsholongwane abatshayayo. Zonke iindawo ochukumisa yesandla, - izibambo emnyango, zokubambelela, zalapho vodozapornaya, imiphezulu yeetafile, iibhedi - iingcali ziya kuvelisa kuphela kule metal emangalisayo.

copper lokumakishela

Yeyiphi uphawu sobhedu usebenzisa abantu ukuba ukuveliswa lweemveliso eziyimfuneko? Zininzi: i-M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. Ngokubanzi, uphawu ezichongiweyo ubhedu ukusulungeka umxholo wayo.

Umzekelo, kumabakala zobhedu M1r, M2P kunye M3R iqulethe% phosphorus 0.04 kunye 0,01% ioksijini, namanqaku M1, M2 no M3 - 0.05-0.08% oksijini. Ingabonisa M0b oxygen ongekhoyo, nokuqulethileyo pesenti yayifudula 0,02% kwi-MO.

Ngenxa yoko, esiza kuxubusha ngayo iinkcukacha ngakumbi yobhedu. Table, baphoswe, iza kubonelela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo ngakumbi:

brand copper	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1r	M2	M2P	M3	M3R	M4
angaphezulu isiqulatho copper	99,99	99,95	99,97	99,90	99,70	99,70	99,50	99,50	99,50	99,00

27 kumabakala zobhedu

Xa iyonke kukho ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kumabakala zezobhedu. Apho kanye sisixa izinto zobhedu usebenzisa umntu? Khawucinge ngale iinkcukacha ezincinane:

• impahla Cu-DPH isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa lwezilinganisi ezifunekayo sokudityaniswa imibhobho.
• AMP kuyimfuneko ukudalwa anodes eshushu-liqengqiwe nengqele-liqengqiwe.
• Amphoux kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa anodes abandayo-liqengqiwe kunye eshushu-liqengqiwe.
• M0 efunekayo ukwenza abaqhubi ophezulu ngoku kunye aluminium.
• M00 Amanqaku esetyenziselwa eyimveliso ophezulu-ingxubevange kunye nezinikezeli yangoku.
• M001 isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa wire, amavili kunye nezinye iimveliso zombane.
• M001b eziyimfuneko ukuze ukuvelisa iimveliso zombane.
• M00b isetyenziselwa ukwenza izinikezeli zangoku ze eziphakamileyo bezixhobo kushishino cleaner yombane.
• M00k - feedstock yokwenziwa billets likhubazeke uphose.
• M0b esisetyenziswayo ukwenza aluminium kunye aqhelelkileyo.
• M0k kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa elingqukuva kunye workpieces zikhubazekile.
• M1 ezifunekayo ukuze ukwenziwa ucingo kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo cryogenic.
• M16 isetyenziswe ukuvelisa kushishino izixhobo cleaner yombane.
• M1E kufuneka ukwenza ngefoyile ye ebandayo-liqengqiwe kunye tape.
• M1k kufuneka ukwenza iimveliso eziphantse-ogqityiweyo.
• M1or wasebenzisa ezintambo zemveliso kunye nezinye iimveliso zombane.
• M1r wasebenzisa Manufacturing electrode ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda ngentsimbi nangobhedu.
• M1rE efunekayo ekuveliseni of strip ebandayo-liqengqiwe kunye alumuniyam eliqinileyo.
• M1u esisetyenziswayo ukwenza anodes ebandayo-liqengqiwe kunye eshushu-liqengqiwe.
• M1f Ufuna ukwenza ikhasethi, ngefoyile, iimakhishithi eshushu-liqengqiwe nengqele-liqengqiwe.
• M2 zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa aluminiyamu semi-igqityiwe kwaye omelele esekelwe zezobhedu.
• M2K kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso eziphantse-ogqityiweyo.
• M2P efunekayo ziintonga lemveliso.
• M3 into efunekayo ekuveliseni aluminiyamu liqengqiwe.
• M3R sebenzisa ukwenza nokuthi golokongqo aluminium.
• MB-1 kubalulekile kulwenziwo beryllium ngobhedu.
• MSr1 esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa lwezoyilo zombane.