Monument Lermontov e Pyatigorsk. Museum-Reserve Lermontov in Pyatigorsk

I lesikhumbuzo yokuqala Mihailu Lermontovu yasekwa Pyatigorsk, kufuphi indawo apho wafela khona. ngoko umzimba ixesha elide eyadlulayo angcwatywa evela Pyatigorsk, kodwa mzi, apho wahlala iinyanga zokugqibela zobomi bakhe, indawo awazalelwa kuyo nemibongo yakhe yokugqibela, akulambathanga waphumelela Lermontov lesikhumbuzo yokuqala eRashiya.

"Ndavuya kuni, nasemaweni eentaba"

Lermontov ekondleni ukulithanda iintaba, walithandayo eCaucasus. Ukususela ngaloo minyaka xa umakhulu wam Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva wakhe kakhulu bezisa emanzini ashushu, njengokuba abiza Pyatigorsk. imigca Uninzi imisebenzi yakhe enikelwe eCaucasus, ubuhle bendalo bayo. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto uthando ibonwa sithi ezibuhlungu. Apha Lermontov lombutho ", On ukufa imbongi" emva kokuthinjelwa yakhe yokuqala Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon webutho lo mbongo eneenkani uze emva koko weza apha lonke ihlobo ukuphumla. Kwaye kutheni akazange abuye.

Loo ndlu Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, nto ukusuka Major Vasiliya Ivanovicha Chilaeva, bukule nto namhlanje. Ke kaloku kulo myuziyam imbongi yakhe. A lesikhumbuzo, nto leyo yaba yeyokuqala, Lermontov immortalized ngamatye, beka endaweni yokubutha dolophu, nto leyo wamisa ngokukodwa phambi lokuvula. Emva kwakhe - emazantsi entaba Mashuk, apho July 27, 1841 ngo Kungquzulwano yaphela ubomi wembongi. Kuba amehlo akhe aphezu encotsheni Elbrus, iincopho iingangamsha imbongi intanda kangaka eCaucasus Iintaba. Monument Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, nto leyo ethatha kude ifoto zonke babatyeleli wayetyelele umzi - uphawu uthando zamaqhawe ukuba imbongi iingqondo enakhanyiselwa ngayo ixesha.

Yi isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukufa imbongi xa

Ibali zokucwangcisa Lermontov kunye igama umbulali lakhe bazi phantse yonke eRashiya yanamhlanje. Oku waxelelwa esikolweni eklasini intetho zomthonyama, ibhaliwe zezifundo. Amagama abo laqalisa ukufakela lesikhumbuzo kuqala kuye wakudala, eyaziwa ababhali becala yobungcali.

abantu abaninzi kakhulu basungule inkqubo yofakelo, amagama abo baye nzima ukukhumbula. Ngowe-1870, imbongi uPetros Kuzmich Martianov epapashwe kulindixesha "Umsebenzi Yehlabathi" le migca ilandelayo: "St Petersburg Kronstadt wabeka ezikhumbuzo Kruzenshtern kunye Bellingsgauzenu, Kiev - Bogdanu Hmelnitskomu kwaye Bala Bobrinsky, ESmolensk - Glinka, kutheni Pyatigorsk, kunye amawaka yayo yabatyeleli amanzi, hayi ukuthatha inyathelo ekwakhiweni litye lesikhumbuzo M. Yu. Lermontovu? "umqeshi eziphambili ngexesha le-abaseAfrika Mineral Waters Andrew Matveyevich Bajkov inkxaso ngamandla ingcamango ye Martyanova. Lwabasunguli iqela kuluhlu elinye igama - uAleksandr Andreevich Vitman, ugqirha kunye nenkundla nomcebisi Pyatigorsk. Bikes kunye Whitman ucele uncedo Baron A. P. UNikolai, lowo ngelo xesha eyiNtloko irhuluneli abaseAfrika - Grand Duke uMikhail Romanov. Ngoko emva konyaka, ngenxa ngezandla ezininzi, inyathelo ukuseka lesikhumbuzo ku Lermontov e Pyatigorsk wafumana Tsar Alexander II. imvume lakhe eliphezulu ukuya siganeko safunyanwa July 23, 1871, phantse imini isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukufa imbongi yakhe.

engange amawaka ngesenti

Ukuphendula, ukumkani nezibhalwayo ngoko, oko kuthetha iya kwakhiwa lesikhumbuzo. Iya azise i "... lokuvula kwakundixhalabisa imirhumo ukuba uMbuso amalizo kule lesikhumbuzo." Ku waseka ikomiti ukuba imali, kwaye Ministry of Finance waqalisa ukubhaliswa iminikelo.

Le Isavenge sokuqala yafunyanwa abalimi ezimbini olungaziwayo lwe kwiphondo Taurian. Yena engange ezimbini. Kodwa kungekudala waqalisa ukufumana iminikelo bevela ngeenxa zonke. izixa Ezinye ifakiwe ebalini. Umzekelo, itsheki ibe engange eliwaka - eninzi imali ngaloo minyaka - wathumela yesibini Prince Alexander Illarionovich Vasilchikov yangaphambili Lermontov ngaloo zokucwangcisa sibi. Fedor Mihaylovich Dostoevsky ihlawulwe imali penny eyodwa ukusuka igosa ethile Mishchenko Ndacaphuka kangangokuba baze bachaza siganeko njengesilumkiso izizukulwana ezizayo. Yaye isibakala sokuba umlimi esiqhelekileyo Ivan Andreichev wongezelela eli galelo engange, ukuba nayo.

Kwiminyaka nje eli-18, apho afumana imali lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov e Pyatigorsk lwaqokelelwa 53 amawaka 398 engange kunye kopecks 46.

YoKhuphiswano ibe projekthi igqwesileyo

Ngo-1881 imali eqokelelweyo kwanele ukuba uqhubeke kunye neprojekthi le lesikhumbuzo elizayo. Ikomiti ukuba ayifake ikwaze isixeko Pyatigorsk njengendawo yokuhlala asisigxina lesikhumbuzo, nangona amanye amalungu ekomiti ecetywayo ukuba imiswe kwenye zeengqukuva ezimbini, bephawula lokuthi "Lermontov fanele ukuba lonke Russia", yaye endaweni ukucela ukuvula imyuziyam of Lermontov e Pyatigorsk.

Itotali kwemijikelo ezintathu kukhethwe projekthi ilungileyo litye lesikhumbuzo. Nam ke kuqala okanye kwimijikelo yesibini, yaye zathunyelwa izindululo ezingaphezu kwe-120, Ababutyhila ukuba umzobo ezizodwa, eziya kukholiswa yonke iKomishoni. Iziphumo zomjikelo wesithathu sabhengezwa-Oktobha 30, 1883. Athumela iiprojekthi zayo contenders-15, phakathi apho inani 14 kwaye ikuluhlu mzobo le lesikhumbuzo elizayo. Wangena edume ngexesha le nomkroli Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Opekushina, wadala kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambili isikhumbuzo Alexander Pushkin, ndimiswe ngubani na kwi Abakwenzayo Boulevard eMoscow. Monument Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, banyusa ukucwangcisa Opekushin, kuba ezaqanjwa elula eziquka iinkcukacha nje ezimbalwa, kodwa senjongo umbhali yaba ukubonisa ubomi elifutshane kodwa bala wembongi. Kwaye ke ingcamango amalungu ikhomishini savunywayo.

A mfanekiso futhi umzobo

Isimanga, kodwa ukuphumeza efana lobhedu le imbongi ubuso bakhe bayityekisela ukuba ungabi lula kakhulu ebomini. Ukufa imaski ngesizathu esithile ayenziwanga zisuswe Lermontov. Phantsi isampuli imbonakalo yakhe Opekushininu wasinika self-umzobo imbongi, ebhalwe nguye lemifanekiso iminyaka emine ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, umzalwana-ipenisile umzobo Lermontov, uBaron D. P. Palena, zipeyintwe 1840, apho imbongi baboniswa kwiprofayili.

umsebenzi ezinkulu uAleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin. Monument Lermontov e Pyatigorsk koko zibonakaliswa njengemali kakhulu ichanekile ngokumalunga efana kunye wembongi. Kwaye ke ayimangalisi into, njengoko nomkroli udale imizobo ezininzi Lermontov, phambi kokuba ngokubanika ukuthelekisa eziphilayo abahlobo imbongi, ekwakukho phakathi Vasilchikov wakhe wesibini. Bhala iimpawu yobuso kwi iingcali ezikhethiweyo ndibonise ngqo phantsi kobunkokheli Aleksandra Illarionovicha, phambi kokuba ivume inguqulelo yokugqibela lesikhumbuzo. Umbhali kuya kuphela ukunika umfanekiso umfanekiso ngokufana naye, kodwa ukudala imisebenzi zobugcisa kakhulu yobugcisa, ufanelwe wembongi.

Ukusuka eCrimea ne St Petersburg - Pyatigorsk

Ngenxa yoko, umbhali we lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov e Pyatigorsk wadala nje kanye oqingqiweyo ka wembongi, kodwa bacebisa ukuba phantsi kwamanqwanqwa umzobo yakhe. Bright igranite slab kwafuneka ukuba kulungiswa ngohlobo wengxondorha omkhulu apho, ngaphandle ngofefe, isidanga ngowakhe kunye nosiba, kwakungekho okwakhiwe ngakumbi. Zonke ecacisa, kodwa ngalinye leekhomponenti kwakufuneka ukuthwala nentsingiselo enzulu yokomfuziselo.

E St. Petersburg, kumzi-mveliso ekubunjweni lobhedu "A Moran" waphoswa ngobhedu lo mfanekiso ngokwayo (ukuphakama kuyimitha 2 neesentimitha 35) kunye neenkcukacha ukuhonjiswa kwamanqwanqwa. Ke imikrolo, ngoxa Pyatigorsk ukuba olukhawulezileyo amalungiselelo Square kunye bakhwela eqongeni, wawuxhoma ikomkhulu ukuze zokubukela zoluntu.

Kuba kwamanqwanqwa ngokukodwa ukusuka eCrimea zasiwa nezinkulu inyengane ukukhanya - lilonke leeyunithi ezisibhozo. Indawo ukuba lesikhumbuzo ukuya nomkroli ngokwakhe wakhetha elide phambi kokuba ufakelo yayo. Oku kwanika ngokulungelelanisiweyo ukunxibelelanisa oqingqiweyo ka imbongi kunye kwindawo yokupaka. Xa umzobo yakhe ekubiyeni useko yesandla seengcibi zasekuhlaleni. Ukufakelwa Umfanekiso lobhedu wembongi, nto leyo Pyatigorsk wabamisela kuqala ngololiwe, ngoko iinqwelo, wayiqhubela Opekushin, lwamnceda savela umninindlu komkhulu. Ubude lilonke lesikhumbuzo emva ukufakela iimitha ezi-5 65 cm.

Ngezidanga kunye neentetho emazantsi Mashuk

Ekuqaleni, ukuvulwa lesikhumbuzo kwahlelwa ukuba Oktobha 1889. Kodwa Aleksandr Mihaylovich Opekushin ingayi kuza ngo-Oktobha e Pyatigorsk, kunye neendwendwe ezininzi Waters kuya kubakho kwesi siganeko ebalulekileyo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke umhla yokuvulwa lesikhumbuzo yafudukela ngeCawa 16 Agasti.

Ngaphandle Opekushin ukubona buqu kuya kuba njani isikhumbuzo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, lo msitho weza phantse onke amalungu ekomiti ukuze ukufakwa kwayo, zithandwa wasekuhlaleni, iintloko Ofisi Water, amagosa esixeko, ngabahlali kwiindawo kunye neendwendwe iiholide. Kwagqitywa kufunda ingxelo ukuqokelelwa yokuchitha imali, emva apho isikhumbuzo, wazisusa ikhephu-ezimhlophe, njengoko encotsheni Elbrus, isigqubuthelo.

Nezidanga, iintyatyambo, isilivere, metal walala ezinyaweni wembongi. Kwakukho iintetho esinyanisekileyo ngokubaluleka kwelifa ezinobuchule imbongi kubantu Russian, komjikelo "Lermontov", abhalwa VI uSawule, lo mbongo "Ngaphambi lesikhumbuzo ukuze M. Yu. Lermontova", funda umbhali Kostoy Hetagurovym. Kwagqitywa wadlala intwana "Ngelo lesikhumbuzo ukuze Lermontov", yabhalwa uMnu Schmidt.

Alone Andrei Matveevich Baykova wayengekho phakathi kwabo babekho. Ngeli xesha ke ugula, waba phezu iiholide Merano, e-Austria, apho wafela inyanga emva kokuvulwa lesikhumbuzo.

Ndingowokuqala namhlanje best

Ubhedu Lermontov, leyo kuqokelelwa imali ehlabathini lonke, hayi nje waba lesikhumbuzo yokuqala wakhela imbongi, kodwa ezona zonke namhlanje ezikhoyo. Kucingwa yi-mbali bobugcisa, ababhali-mbali, ababhali wabonakaliswa ixesha elide. yayakhelwe kangakanani emva ezikhumbuzo amatsha, kodwa uhlala efanayo: litye lesikhumbuzo engcono Lermontov - Pyatigorsk. Yiba nomfanekiso ngayo, kunye nemifanekiso oko ezifakwe Tverskaya Pushkin, - phantse yonke encyclopedia. Ezinyaweni imbongi phezu phambi kwinqwanqwa ngemibhalo ezimbini; phezulu kwe "M. Lermontov ", ngezantsi kancinane -" 16 Agasti 1889 ".

Bronze ubuso ngathi Lermontov adlulisele imigca zemibongo, eliza kumthulula ephepheni, ngoko kubonakala kubonisa ephefumlelweyo. Kodwa isibaya inviolable, yawa incwadi ephuma ezandleni wembongi, amehlo akhe aphezu ezigqunywe likhephu Mount Elbrus. Ngaphaya umva - Mashuk. Nokuba ezi zinto kuthetha ephakamileyo: emva kwemidlalo - i ngonaphakade. Ngoko ke kuthwelwe imbongi enkulu Russian Lermontov e Pyatigorsk. Photo of the lesikhumbuzo kwisiqalo edume Intaba for imifanekiso abakhenkethi abaninzi ngakumbi ngeencopho ezintle zaseCaucasus Iintaba.

House phantsi kophahla ngengca

NgoMeyi 1841, efuna ukuba bachitha iinyanga ezimbalwa zakho ozithandayo Pyatigorsk, Lermontov weza eCaucasus. I Bakhubeka indlu elula, kodwa ngobulungisa zilondolozwe kakuhle, wazigquma neengcongolo, phezu kwiNtshumayelo esitratweni, naphezu ngaphandle kwesixeko. Xa umnini ikhaya, umhlala-phantsi Major-Platz VI Chilaev ikwazile ukuza isivumelwano engange zesilivere 100 - impela gqitha, kodwa uvumelekile ukuba aqeshe indlu ehlotyeni. Xa ipomakazi lendlu enjalo yena kanye "wabahlalisa" Pechorin wakhe, kule ndlu lazaliswa yokuhlala yokugcina yasemhlabeni wembongi.

Emva Kungquzulwano esibulalayo, kudala ngaphambi kokuba sakhiwo siza kuba indlu-museum ka Lermontov e Pyatigorsk ekhathalele omncinane malunga nale ndlu. abanini zatshintsha Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho namnye kubo walandela ilungiselelo lakhe, ngokuthe ngcembe isakhiwo waqala ukuhla. Into yokuqala owenza basekuhlaleni, xa ugrogriso ekuweni iye kakhulu ezicacileyo - eyenziweyo kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe apha kule wall lenkumbulo marble ekubhalwe kuso, leyo Axhome unanamhla. It nje ezimbalwa mazwi: "dom, kwada kotorom zhil Imbongi M. Yu Lermontov". Kuphela 1922, iSebe leMfundo Public likhuphe Pyatigorsk ubunini wendlu. Kulo nyaka, oko kunokubangela ukuba uhlobo efanelekileyo myuziyam.

Namhlanje oko phantse oseleyo lesikhumbuzo yayinjalo ezinxulumene ne Lermontov. Apha, hayi kuphela ndlu, kodwa zonke izindlu ezilapha indlela baba ngo-1841 - kwityala ekhethekileyo.

Ukusuka Pyatigorsk ukuya usapho emangcwabeni crypt in Tarkhany

Apha, endlwini ngaphantsi kophahla ngengca, yaye bazisa kwi oluna NgoLwesibini, Julayi 27, isidumbu wembongi emva ezimbini zokucwangcisa, ke oko lwaqhutywa kwi yamva, njengoko babekholelwa indlela eya emangcwabeni Pyatigorsk.

Bakhuliswe Mihaila Lermontova uninakhulu, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arseneva, iinyanga ezisibhozo emva kokufa umzukulwana wakhe ukuba lithenge ekunene ukuya nokungcwatywa imbongi naxa uthuthwa umzimba ukuya kwilifa usapho Tarkhany Penza kwiphondo, apho egumbini usapho ayesele wabeka unina kunye notatomkhulu wakhe. Kodwa Lermontov Museum Pyatigorsk wongezelela izinto zobuqu wembongi, ngamaqanda amaxesha amathathu isuswe nomtshana i uMikhail Yurevich - Eugene Akimovna Shang Giray.

Kungcwatywa senzeka ngoMeyi 5, 1842. Ke ngomhla wokuqala engcwabeni lika Lermontov kwi Pyatigorsk emangcwabeni yayifakwe nelitye lesikhumbuzo, leyo, efana lesikhumbuzo kunye nendlu phantsi kophahla ngengca, kuza abalandeli yomsebenzi wakhe.

indawo oluthandayo Lermontov e Pyatigorsk

Hayi nje paki sixeko, isakhiwo myuziyam kunye amangcwaba ityelelwa abakhenkethi amaninzi Pyatigorsk. Kukho ezinye iindawo ezintle ezintabeni, apho kanye imbongi zazithanda ukuba apho bentaba kukhokelela khona ngoku. Phakathi ezinomtsalane eziphambili - le GROTTO of Lermontov e Pyatigorsk phezu kuthintelwe entabeni Mashuk. Imbongi Apho wabhala ngo-1837, ekupeyinteni - "View of Pyatigorsk", oluveza kusabela. Yena, ku rhandza Lermontov kaThixo, waba yindawo iintlanganiso efihlakeleyo Pechorin kunye UVera.

De 1831 kwaba entabeni umqolomba njengesiqhelo, nelinika iimbono lexi hlamarisaka Pyatigorsk. Behla abazalwana Bernardazzi (uJohann noYosefu, abakhi bengingqi) aye kuguquka ube GROTTO, izitulo ifakelwe kulo, nemivalo yesinyithi kuyo wabonakala kuphela yoma kwinkulungwane XIX. Le nebhodi uphose-yentsimbi "GROTTO of Lermontov" wasekwa ngo-1961. Kude esixekweni kunye nabantu apha Lermontov ikhefu ukusuka umsindo befuna.

"Ingoma Indlela elimnandi kwilizwe lakowethu ..."

Ezininzi guides Uhambo ziya kuba nako owandwendweleyo kunye Nendawo Museum-Reserve Lermontov e Pyatigorsk, kwaye lesikhumbuzo kunye tshe emangcwabeni kunye nendawo zokucwangcisa emazantsi entaba Mashuk. Abaninzi bakulungele ukuya kwiindawo ozithandayo imbongi ehlabathini umzi, wayedla uhambe apho. Ngoko ke, ngaxa lithile Leo Tolstoy, Sergey Yesenin, Vasily Shukshin, phantse indawo yokuphumla yokugqibela umbhali omkhulu, yimbongi igcisa njengoko tyelelo kwakhe.

Ingakumbi ezixineneyo apha ngomhla memory imbongi --27 Julayi. Kubanjwe Ufundo loncwadi, isandi iindinyana Lermontov kaThixo. Yaye ngokufuthi - le migca: "ingoma Indlela elimnandi kwilizwe lakowethu, Ndiyamthanda eCaucasus!"