Ngezinambuzane - ngayo ukuba isayensi? Yintoni ofunda ngezinambuzane

Ngezinambuzane - le yenye macandelo zezilwanyana. Oku kusekelwe isifundo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo izinambuzane. yombhalo ethile na ngezinambuzane. Amagama kule zidityaniswe na isiGrike. Ezizezi ἔντομον - "izinambuzane" kunye λόγος - "dyondzisa." Kukho inani elikhulu izinambuzane. Loo nto malunga nezigidi ezi-3 iintlobo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukuhlola konke kubo, kufuneka uncedo kunye neengcali ezininzi.

Imbali ingenzeka

Ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi nasekomoobraznyh. Zivela kwinkulungwane XVI. Kwazeka ngcono ngokukhawuleza, Bulelani kuphuhliso inkcubeko kunye nezolimo (ukufuywa).

Uninzi ezi ngcali enkulu babenomdla kulo inzululwazi. Yena balufunda Darwin, kaNobel uKarl von Frisch, umbhali Vladimir Nabokov, uNjingalwazi Edward Wilson.

Yintoni ofunda ngezinambuzane

Ukuya kwisiqingatha senkulungwane XIX, izazinzulu ezifunde kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinambuzane, wenza inkcazo skeleton kunye namaziko angaphandle. Kamva, eziphilayo ziqale ukuphucula kule ndawo. Baqala ukufunda izinambuzane, ukunikela ingqalelo kungekuphela nje skeleton kunye amalungu, kodwa phezu ngamnye amalungu omzimba. Le nkalo.

iindawo ezithile

Ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi nasekomoobraznyh iintlobo, ezibandakanya amacandelo ezininzi:

• nemiba yeengcingane iindlela zebhayoloji wokhuseleko zezityalo.
• Isiphumo izakhi kunye imiba yokulungisa abiogenous iinkqubo izinambuzane.
• Ethology.
• Kuyabonakala izinambuzane kunye ontogeny.
• Entomofauna.
• Kwemvelo of izinambuzane.
• Population ngezinambuzane.
• Le morphology kunye embryology izinambuzane.
• Isisekelo yeengcingane ngezinambuzane pfunaka.
• ukwabiwa Geographical.
• Systematics.
• Kwesayensi.

Inkcazelo imiyalelo

Qho zesayensi ngonyaka benza izifundo izinambuzane ukuze sijonge ukuba kutheni na ukuba kuyimfuneko yaye yintoni na indawo yazo ngokwendalo. Ngexesha izifundo ezininzi looqongqothwane ezahlukeneyo baqalisa ukwahlula ngeentlobo eziyingozi kunye luncedo. Ngamanye amazwi, ngezinambuzane - ukufunda izinambuzane, injongo ogama main ukufunda ukuziphatha kunye neempawu izinambuzane, kwakunye ngokuchonga iindlela ezisebenzayo yokulwa kwabo.

Okokuqala zonke ndingathanda ingqalelo into ethile. Oko kukuthi, kuzo zonke ngezinambuzane ukufunda, izazinzulu banomdla kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo yezinambuzane, leyo isenokuba abathwali eziphambili izifo ezininzi. Oku, iyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu. Kwakhona, akukho ebalulekileyo ngaphantsi yaba isifundo zezinambuzane benzakalise kuphela umntu, kodwa izityalo zezityalo. Olu phando eneenkcukacha neziphumo umdla nesebenzayo. Veliswa kwabonwa parasitism kunye t. D.

Ezi zifundo ziye zenziwa amanyathelo ezenziwayo ejolise ekulweni izinambuzane utshilo. Sisebenzise ulwazi kwifomu nendlela yobomi nganye izinambuzane. Ngenxa amaphononongo eneenkcukacha ngakumbi ezizikhulelayo kugcinwa ubomi babo, izazinzulu bakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela awatshabalalise. Ngoko ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi Lowo obalulekileyo. Ityala kunye imposiso iindlela ezimbini ukulawula izinambuzane kuye kwakhiwa. Angala ezithile wokutshiza nezityalo eziyityhefu izinto. Le nkqubo kunegalelo ukutshatyalaliswa ezi zinambuzane. Noko ke, kuya kuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Hlala ukhumbula ukuba, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi looqongqothwane kunye nezinye izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo. Wafunda ngazo ziya kusetyenziselwa ezahlukeneyo zophando kwixesha elizayo.

Ubudlelwane kunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo

Ubukho ngezinambuzane, zifumaneka kwiimpapasho ezizodwa kunye namaphephancwadi malunga nexabiso layo kunye nophuhliso. Emva ufunda olu lwazi kuba kuyacaca ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezithile izinambuzane intsonkothe kakhulu. Kwaba njalo umdla ukubukela ubomi kwezinambuzane ngakwicala yenzululwazi. Kwaye ulwazi olufunyenwe practice. Ingakumbi eyonwabisayo ezo data mkhanya zinkokeli kwindawo esebenzayo yeengcingane umbono. Kubonakala ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zooqongqothwane zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezifana parasitism kunye ngokuncedisana. Kwimeko yokuqala - ngayo xa omnye isinambuzane uhlala ngendleko komnye. Kule yesibini - efanayo uncedo omnye komnye.

Amaxesha amaninzi ezi zilwanyana ukuze kufunyanwa apha Diptera, kunye neentlobo membranous. Zange khe kwabonakala into ebalulekileyo. Ihlala isibakala ukuba zikho ezinye iintlobo lweentshulube ngenxa iintlobo ezithile izinambuzane, kunye nabanye abe polyphagous. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula. Kukho amaxesha xa maphalo kuhlala ngokuxhaphaza abanye, kwaye ke eyesithathu neyesine. Ngokumalunga ngokuncedisana, le meko iye kwaphawuleka phakathi ziintubi, iimbovane. Abahlali kuhlala nabo nezinye iintlobo ezininzi zezinambuzane. ubomi babo ezihambelanayo. Ngoko kwakukho into efana termitofiliya kunye myrmecophily.

Eyona engundoqo iindidi ngezinambuzane

Kulo mzekelo, kukho amalungiselelo eziliqela. Ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi nezinambuzane - ahlulwe ngokweendidi eziliqela. Ngamnye kubo ibandakanya indlela ethile. Kulo mzekelo:

• izinambuzane ngezinambuzane Private. Oku kuquka ezi nkalo zilandelayo:

- melittology (isifundo leenyosi).

- Blattopterologiya okanye diktiopterologiya (amaphela, iimbovane).

- Dipterologiya (isifundo iingcongconi neempukane).

- Gimenopterologiya (isifundo iinyosi, oonomeva, abakhweli pylilschikov, iintubi).

- coleopterology (ukufunda Coleoptera).

- lepidopterist (uphando lepidoptera).

- myrmecology (ukufunda ziintubi.

- Odonatologiya (oohlabamanzi).

- orthopterology (ukufunda iinkumbi, usapho, iinyenzane).

- Trihopterologiya (caddisflies uphando).

• Ngezinambuzane Jikelele. Yena ufunda isakhiwo, yokuzivelela kunye neyantlukwano yomsebenzi zezinambuzane, uphuhliso ngamnye neendawo eziphila kuzo.
• Applied ngezinambuzane. It is a inzululwazi malunga kwizilwanyana, nto leyo ibandakanya iindawo ezininzi. Ngamnye kubo onesimilo nemaloznachimy. ezizezi:

- Forest ngezinambuzane.

- Veterinary.

- Medical.

• Ngezinambuzane Agricultural. Yena ke befunda uhlobo oluthile zezinambuzane. Oko kukuthi ezo eziyingozi kwizityalo, izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Kananjalo ufunda izinambuzane ababandakanyekayo uvuvuzelo kwezityalo.
• ngezinambuzane Forensic. Kule meko yenza indlela ethile. Oko kukuthi, lo ngezinambuzane - inzululwazi izinambuzane eziphathelele kwinzululwazi yophando lifunda iintlobo okungavela emzimbeni womntu emva kokufa kwakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokusebenzisa i nqanaba ezahlukeneyo yophuhliso ezidla blowflies uyakwazi ukucwangcisa ixesha bobukho isidumbu. Le ngezinambuzane - isayensi iye criteria ethile. Umzekelo, ukuba isidumbu akukho imibungu okanye amaqanda, ngoko nokufa iiyure ngaphezu emine eyadlulayo. Kwaye ukuba, loo nto ukubulala emva kweeyure 6-12. Kodwa ukuba uye namhla, ukuba imibungu ezinkulu ukuze zingafunyanwa emzimbeni. Emva 36 h., Bona ukwandisa ubukhulu. Kodwa ukuba iiveki ezimbini sele kudlule, pupation lwabo luqala. I-Chinese ngemihla ekuqaleni ngezinambuzane ngezifo ngenkulungwane XIII, baqala ukusebenzisa imibungu fly ukuchaza amatyala okubulala.

Amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, befunda le isayensi

Iingxaki ezinxulumene nezifundo izinambuzane eRashiya, isigqibo kule maziko alandelayo:

- Moscow State University kwi Zoological Museum (eMoscow).

- In isifundo kwilebhu ngezinambuzane kwi Far Eastern iHlumelo Russian Academy of Sciences (Biology kunye lomhlaba Science). Le ise kwisixeko Vladivostok.

- I-Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of kwemvelo morphology). Le elise eMoscow.

- Institute. Schmalhausen. Le ibekwe eyayiseKiev.

- I-National Academy of Sciences yaseUkraine. Indawo - Kyïv.

- Imiba enxulumene amahlathi kunye ngezinambuzane lwezolimo, ukufunda kwi-Russian Institute of Protection Plant. Le ise amadlelo St Petersburg. Yaye njengokuba kunjalo kuwo onke amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, apho wahlala emveni yiSoviet Union benza izifundo izihluma. Kuquka kwiziko ophando.

- Iingxaki ngezinambuzane zonyango isigqibo zeegusha. Oku Institute of isifo seengcongconi kunye nezifo olwaye lwamfimfitha.

- Kwakhona ukufunda idata ezigcinwe kwezinye amaziko. Oko kukuthi, kwisikolo German Entomological kunye kwiBaltic Institute coleopterology.

Phakathi namaziko amaninzi ephakamileyo inzululwazi zezifundo ezizodwa iminyaka emihlanu eyakhethwayo amanqaku malunga 25 545 enikelwe ngezinambuzane.

amaziko kuphela 5 elaziwa inqanaba labo. Ezizezi: University of Florida, California, Riverside Cornell, Davis, Texas A & M.

ISebe of ngezinambuzane ukufunda

Ukuba kukho inani elininzi. Noko ke, ezona ziphambili zadalwa:

- I-Agricultural University kwi Kuban. Isebe wadalwa 1968.

- Kwi-University of kubo. University of eMoscow ngo-1925, i-Faculty of Biology kunye neSebe ngezinambuzane zadalwa apha.

- Kwi-University of kubo. Timiryazeva (ICCA). Isebe wadalwa ngo-1920.

- I-Saint-Petersburg State University.

- In Saratov iziko elichaphazelekayo kwaye neSebe ngezinambuzane yamiselwa. Oko kukuthi, kwi State University Agrarian. Vavilov.

- Enye Department of ngezinambuzane yasekwa kwimfundo ephakamileyo aseStavropol. Yeyona State Agrarian University. Vavilov.

Imibutho ababandakanyekayo eyingcali

Ngowe-1859, KM Baer and Academician bake-Tyan-shan wadala uluntu Russian ukufunda ngezinambuzane. Ngamaxesha Soviet ukuba igama ecacileyo - ". Zonke-Union Entomological Society"

imibutho ezo zisekelwe kumazwe ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele. ezizezi:

- France.

- UK.

- Germany (Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin).

- Holland.

- Belgium.

- Russia.

- Melika (1867 est.).

- Philadelphia (1859 est.).

- Canada.

- Italy.

- Cambridge.

- Germany.

Kunye nezinye ekuhlaleni entomological zezi:

- Ukraine.

- Britain.

- Japan.

- Brazil.

- Argentina.

- Venezuela.

- Spain (Asociación Entomolóxica Galega, Asociación Española de Entomología, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología (boletín), Sociedad Española de Entomología Aplicada).

- Colombia.

- Mexico.

- Chile.

Kukho kwakhona uluntu ngamazwe: International Society of Hymenopterists, eUnited States, International Palaeoentomological Society.

A yaziwa Union International iSifundo of Insects Social.

edition

Iimpapasho ezisisiseko ngamaxesha Russian kwinzululwazi wathi zezi:

- "Entomological Review". Apha ngokubanzi ukuchaza ubuqili nkongomiso.

- "Yonke-Union Entomological Society yeNdibano."

Kwakhona, kukho iincwadi:

- Zoosystematica Rossica (1993).

- "Russian Entomological Journal." Waqalisa kukhutshwa ngo-1992.

- "yaseYurophu Entomological Journal" (2002), njalo-njalo ...

A lot of inkcazelo yenkqubo izinambuzane kwi Russian Federation iyafumaneka kwi-multi-umqulu "of Russia kunye namazwe ezikufutshane (eSoviet Union)." Olu hlobo loncwadi epapashwa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

isiphelo

Emva kokufunda esi sicatshulwa, wonke umntu uya kuba nako ukuphendula umbuzo ukuba ukufunda ngezinambuzane, yintoni iinkalo kuchaphazela. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukufunda ngenyameko ngasentla. Kwakhona, ulwazi zingafumaneka kule sayithi ngokuthi "molbiol". Ngezinambuzane apho uchazwe kabanzi. Ngokubanzi atshele okuninzi ngale ngenzululwazi. It igcwele kakhulu umdla yaye iluncedo eluntwini. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuba abe nomdla kulo mmandla. Ukuba ufika kanye undoqo ngezinambuzane, kuya kuba yinto eyonwabisayo kunye nenzululwazi ezifundisayo.