Eyafumana amaza? amaza - itafile. Types of amaza

amaza (Itheyibhile eya kunikwa ngezantsi) bamele ukuphazamiseka amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane athunyelwa emajukujukwini. Them kukho iintlobo ezininzi. Isifundo kwezi yokuphazamiseka ukwenza physics. amaza eziqala ngenxa yokuba lo nokuxuba yombane Imagnethi yomhlaba ovelisa, yaye oku olwakha zombane.

zophando ngezembali

I theory yokuqala, leyo ingaqatshelwa ezahlukeneyo zindala amaza yeengcinga, okungenani ngamaxesha Huygens. Ngelo xesha, intelekelelo ifikelele uphuhliso ukuqelaniso. Huygens ngo-1678, kunyaka yabhala uhlobo 'lesishwankathelo "ithiyori -" imbali ihlabathi ". Ngowe-1690 yena nayo yapapashwa ngonyaka omnye umsebenzi omhle. Kuye lowu imfundiso esemgangathweni bokubonisa, refraction kwifomu apho ukuba namhlanje simelwe kwiincwadi zesikhokelo esikolweni ( "amaza", grade 9).

Kunye nale siye saqulunqwa umgaqo Huygens '. Nayo kwaba lula ukufunda isindululo phambi otshangatshangiswayo. kamva Lo mgaqo wafumana uphuhliso yalo imisebenzi Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel Umgaqo ibaluleke okhethekileyo ngobhalo diffraction kunye nethiyori otshangatshangiswayo ukukhanya.

Kwiminyaka 1660-1670 isixa esikhulu iminikelo iyahlolwa kwaye nemiqathango kwenziwa isifundo Hooke kunye Newton. Eyafumana amaza? Ngubani amalinge lwenziwa lokubonisa ubukho babo? Zeziphi ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo amaza? Kule kamva.

isizathu Maxwell

Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe eyafumana amaza, kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba sisazinzulu wokuqala kwangaphambili ubukho yabo ngokubanzi, iye Faraday. hypothesis yakhe wayibeka phambili 1832, ngomnyaka. theory Construction kamva abandakanyeke Maxwell. Ngo 1865, kunyaka wethoba sele ugqityiwe umsebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, Maxwell ngokusesikweni ngokungqongqo theory zemathematika, umgwebele ubukho nesenzeko ethathelwa ingqalelo. ke usebenza ngesantya ukukhanya Uye kwakhona zibalwe uqina of andise amaza, ungqamane ixabiso. Oku, wamvumela ukuba ukuxhasa hypothesis ukuba ukhanyiso uhlobo lwe radiation ingqalelo.

bangabonwa yokuhlola

theory Maxwell bukaThixo naqiniswa amalinge ka Hertz ngo-1888. Kufuneka ke ukuba yamachiza waseJamani baqhuba iimvavanyo zakhe ukuphikisa ingcamango, nangona osekelwe zemathematika. Noko ke, ngenxa amalinge akhe Hertz waba ngowokuqala eyafumana amaza xa befundisa. Ukongeza, ngexesha amalinge zabo, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa iimpawu kunye neempawu lwemitha.

Amaza umoya Hertz wafumana ngenxa excitation ukubetha uthotho kungena ngokukhawuleza kwi vibrator esebenzisa lesixhobo aphezulu ombane. imisinga rhoqo High kungabonwa ngumphathi wesekethe. Amaza oscillation kwi oko baya kuba oluphezulu, kungona capacitance kunye inductance. Kodwa lo aqhelelkileyo akukho siqinisekiso flow eliphezulu. Ukuhlola zabo, Hertz wasebenzisa isixhobo ngokwanelisayo elula, ngoku ebizwa - "dipole antenna". Le fowuni i isekethe oscillation lwe open.

amava Driving Hertz

Bhalisa radiation lwaqhutywa yi esebenzisa vibrator abafumana. Esi sixhobo waba isakhiwo esifanayo ukuba le isixhobo esikhupha umlilo. Phantsi yempembelelo lwamaza magnetic nokuxuba yombane intsimi excitation ukuhla ngoku yenzeka kwisixhobo eso siwamkelayo umyalezo. Ukuba singabathembele kuKristu kobu isixhobo rhoqo yayo yendalo kunye nezihlandlo kuba ngaxeshanye obhobhozayo, livakale ukubonakala. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphazamiseka zenzeke izixhobo yokwamkela kunye namandla awo enkulu. Umphandi luyababhaqa, ndibukele iintlantsi phakathi ababhexeshi kwi isikhewu encinane.

Ngaloo ndlela, Hertz waba ngowokuqala eyafumana amaza, kwaba nako kwabo ukucinga kakuhle kwi izinikezeli. Bathi phantse sigwetyelwe ukuyilwa ukukhanya ukuma. Ukongezelela, Hertz wayezimisele uqina of andise amaza umoya.

Isifundo awayebalasele

amaza ukwandiswa phantse kuzo zonke iimeko- bume. Kwisikhewu osinikiweyo, nto leyo izaliswe into yokuba radiation kwezinye iimeko kuthunyelwa kakuhle ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa bona ukuguqula kancinane yokuziphatha kwabo.

amaza e vacuo wayezimisele ngaphandle eziphango. Baya kuthunyelwa nayiphi na umgama lokungavinjwa enkulu. Ezona mpawu Inqununu ziquka amaza nokwehlukana, rhoqo kunye nobude. Inkcazelo mihlaba oluqhutywa kwesikhokelo electrodynamics. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu imitha kwezinye iingingqi spectrum abandakanyeke ngakumbi ezithile iinkalo physics. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, anokuquka yokukhanya.

Funda radiation nzima kagesi of elifutshane wave ekupheleni ecacicleyo kweli candelo lijongene amandla aphezulu. Ngenxa Dynamics izimvo mihla iyayeka ukuba self-discipline and idityaniswe ukudibana elibuthathaka kwingcamango enye.

Theory isicelo xa befunda ngeempawu

Namhlanje kukho zikhona iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze kuququzelelwe nokunikwa ukufunda iimpawu ezibonisiweyo intlokoma. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kakhulu kwithiyori bokuba kunye olupheleleyo electrodynamics quantum uthathwa. Ngawo omnye okanye ezinye simplifications kuba nokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iindlela ezilandelayo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Inkcazelo malunga radiation ephantsi-rhoqo kwi bume kokukhulu ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa electrodynamics yamandulo. Oku kusekelwe kwizibalo Maxwell ngayo. Xa isicelo, kukho izicelo ukuba lula. Xa sifunda ngokukhanya optical ezisetyenzisiweyo. Ithiyori wave lisetyenziswa kwiimeko apho kwezinye iinxalenye inkqubo woqondo kubungakanani kufutshane ombala. ngokukhanya Quantum kusetyenziswa xa iinkqubo kwelifu enkulu na, ukufunxeka ziluhlaza.

Geometric theory woqondo - ityala umda apho ombala yokungahoywa avunyelwe. Kukho kwakhona amacandelo eziliqela enokusebenziseka ebalulekileyo. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa, nale mbono nangefotosinthesisi, photochemistry. zihlelwa njani amaza? Le theyibhile ibonisa ngokucacileyo unikezelo leqela siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

ngezigaba

Kukho esasidla zibe Amaza kagesi. Phakathi kwabo, akukho ukuguquka ngokukhawuleza, ngamanye amaxesha ayangenana. Imida phakathi kubo kunokuba isalamane. Ngenxa yokuba i-flow isasazwa rhoqo, njalo ke ubeka ezinxulumene ne ubude. Apha ngezantsi kukho zibe amaza.

Ultrashort ukukhanya lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe micrometer (sub-millimitha), millimitha, sentimitha, decimeter, imitha. Ukuba ombala radiation magnetic ngemitha nje esingaphantsi konyaka, emva koko kuthiwa oscillation yayo zobungakanani okuphezulu (SHF).

Types of amaza

Ngaphezu, yakhona kwamaza kagesi. Zeziphi ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo lokungena? Group of ionizing imitha ziquka wesigrike ze-X-reyi. Kufuneka ke ukuba uyakwazi ionize athom kunye ukukhanya yelanga, kunye nokukhanya okubonakalayo. Imida ezo wesigrike kunye X-reyi wampompoza, echazwe phantsi kweemeko kakhulu. Ngenxa yento engephi bayamkela imida 20 eV - 0.1 MeV. Gamma-aqukuqela ngengqiqo emxinwa ezintweni ngumongo, X - iqokobhe e-atom ngexesha ejection evela zisuke ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe of electron. Noko ke, oluhlobo awusebenzi radiation nzima eveliswa ngaphandle nuclei kunye atom.

X-reyi ekubhobhozeni eyenziweyo xa decelerating amasuntswana ngokukhawuleza ebizwayo (protons, elektroni, kunye nabanye) kwaye ngoko iinkqubo ezithe zenzeka ngaphakathi kweqokobhe electron atomic. Gamma oscillations kwenzeka ngenxa yeenkqubo ngaphakathi eziba atomic ukuguqulwa amasuntswana asisiqalelo.

umchachazo radio

Ngenxa amaxabiso ezinkulu ubude ingqalelo ezi ngamaza mazenziwe ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo isakhiwo atomistic medium. Njengoko Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo ukukhonza kuphela imilambo ezimfutshane ukuba ezikufutshane kummandla infrared. Izinto zobumnini umyinge radio oscillations kwenzeka kakhulu buthathaka. Noko ke, kufuneka ukuba zithathele ingqalelo, umzekelo, xa kuhlalutywa umgangatho beemolekyuli ngexesha rhoqo ngethuba izixhobo Ukupholisa ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu izidanga ezimbalwa Kelvin.

Iipropati Quantum zithathelwa ingqalelo xa inkcazelo oscillators kunye yokukhulisa kwi millimitha kunye isentimitha zibe. Radio slot wenziwe ngexesha ukuhanjiswa AC abaqhubi njalo efanelekileyo. Dlula amaza emajukujukwini Iyandonwabisa into ifildi ngoku, ohambelana kuyo. Le propati isetyenziswa kuyilo eriyali kwi radio.

enabela ebonakalayo

Eyingozi kunye infrared obonakalayo obanzi yeli gama-ekuthiwa kummandla optical ecacicleyo. Ukuphawula le ndawo kubangelwa kuphela kufutshane kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, kodwa ezifanayo izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwisifundo kwaye ziphuhliswe ubukhulu becala isifundo bokukhanya. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, nezipili kunye lens ngokugxila yemisebe, gratings diffraction, iiprizim, kunye nabanye.

Ubuninzi amaza optic efana naleyo zomoya kunye athom, nobude lwabo - kunye imigama aphakathi kunye nomlinganiselo eziphilayo. Ngoko ke kubalulekile kule endle zizinto ukuba zibangelwa yi isakhiwo atomic ukwimo. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, alumeke kunye nencum kwaye iipropati umyinge.

Ukuvela lokumpompoza nabizayo

Owona mthombo idumileyo ilanga. Star komhlaba (photosphere) iye lobushushu ka-6000 ° Kelvin, kwaye kukhutshwe ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo emhlophe. Ixabiso eliphezulu le spectrum rhoqo ise kummandla "green" - 550 NM. Kukho kwakhona uvakalelo olubonakalayo ubuninzi. Ukuhla nokunyuka kuluhlu woqondo kwenzeka imizimba xa itshiswa. nokuphuma Infrared ke ngoko nezaziwa ubushushu.

Ngokuqina umzimba ubushushu kuthatha indawo, kungona amaza apho malumga kuyachuma. incandescence waphawula kwiqondo elithile kuvuswe (ukuvutha in kuluhlu ebonakalayo). Xa kuqala kubonakala ebomvu, ngoko tyheli koko. Ukusekwa kunye nokubhaliswa yokumpompoza enombala angenzeka reactions zebhayoloji nemichiza, enye esetyenziswa efotweni. Kuba izidalwa abaninzi abaphila ngayo emhlabeni njengomthombo wamandla owenza photosynthesis. Le yokusabela eziphilayo ithatha indawo izityalo phantsi kwempembelelo kwimitha optical elanga.

Iimpawu amaza

Iimpawu eliphakathi kunye nomthombo kuchaphazela iimpawu kwemali. Ngoko imvelaphi inyuselwa khona, ingakumbi, ixesha ukuxhomekeka leyo yasendle, esicacisa uhlobo lwemali. Ngokomzekelo, xa umgama ukusuka vibrator (ukwanda) embindini amagophe uba mkhulu. Ngenxa yoko moya wave electromagnetic. Ukudibana ne-izinto kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Le fluxes ukumuncwa kunye amadlozi iinkqubo sikwazi ukuba luchazwe ngokusebenzisa ngawona classical electrodynamic. Ngokuba amaza enombala uluhlu kunye ngakumbi nzima-reyi kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo imo yazo quantum.

imithombo yamanzi

Nangona umahluko elibonakalayo, yonke - in a Radioactive, samaza kamabonwakude, ibhalbhu - amaza sichulumancile ngenxa iindleko zombane iyileyo ihamba kunye lunikezelo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ngemithombo: esasinokubonwa ongatshintshiyo. Eyokuqala kwenzeka utshintsho ngokukhawuleza ye amasuntswana icala ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye inqanaba ngaphakathi iimolekyuli okanye atom.

imithombo Microbe ihlaba X-ray, wesigrike, yiultraviolet, infrared, ezibonakalayo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ixesha-wave radiation. Njengoko umzekelo yokugqibela yi umgca ecacicleyo hydrogen ongqamana nokulatyuza-21 cm. Le nto ke ibaluleke kakhulu ngeenkwenkwezi.

Imithombo uhlobo kokukhulu zimele emitters apho electron ezamahala abaqhubi zenziwa oscillation yolunye ngamaxesha athile. Kwiinkqubo zalo nodidi eyenziwe Intsalela ukusuka millimitha kwi (kwimigca ngamandla) elide.

Isakhiwo kunye namandla lokumpompoza

An kagesi ihamba kunye ukukhawulezisa natshintsha rhoqo nemisinga ezichaphazela omnye komnye kunye nemikhosi ezithile. ubukhulu ulwalathiso lwabo kwaye zixhomekeke kwizinto ezifana ubungakanani kunye uqwalaselo leyo yasendle, ethi iqulathe imisinga kunye neentlawulo, umthamo wabo nolwalathiso isalamane. Kakhulu kuchatshazelwa iimpawu zombane kunye ethile medium kwakunye notshintsho ophetheyo yoxinaniso kunye nokusasazwa source nemisinga.

Ngenxa yobunzima kwingxelo ingxaki jikelele ukwazisa umthetho amandla ngohlobo ifomula elinye abakwazi. A isakhiwo ebizwa intsimi magnetic babeyijonga kuyimfuneko nje into zemathematika, kumiselwa ukusasazwa iintlawulo kunye nemisinga. Ngoko, ke, idala emthonjeni othile, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko umda akhawunti. Amagama achaziwe namarekhodi ifomu intsebenziswano kunye iimpawu eziphathekayo. Ukuba kuliwa kwisithuba lihlombe, le meko ke intw '. Njengoko imeko ezongezelelweyo ezizodwa kwiimeko ezinjalo imeko yemisebe. Ngenxa apho iqinisekiswe indlela yokuziphatha "eyiyo" yentsimi e yokungapheli.

Ubalo lwe sifundo

Corpuscular-kwikinetiki theory Lomonosov kwezinye kwizikhundla zabo lulindele iinkolelo ezithile theory asendle magnetic .. "Lobe" (ukujikeleza) isindululo bamasuntswana, "zyblyuschayasya" (wave) theory ukukhanya, wakhe umthendeleko kunye uhlobo umbane, njl enabela Infrared zabonwa ngo-1800 yi iHerschel (Scientist yaseBritane), kwaye kwelandelayo, 1801 m, Ritter lachazwa eyingozi. Imitha elifutshane ngaphezu eyingozi, uluhlu yavulwa Roentgen kunyaka 1895, ngo November 8. Kamva, oko kwaziwa X-ray.

Iimpembelelo zamagagasi okombane ziye zafundiswa ngabazinzulu abaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, uNarkevich-Iodko (isazi senzululwazi waseBelarusian) waba ngowokuqala ophanda ngamathuba okuhamba, ububanzi besicelo sabo. Wafunda iipropati zokuhamba ngokumalunga namayeza athile. I-radima rayation yafunyanwa nguWilliams Willard ngonyaka wama-1900. Ngelo xesha, i-Planck yenza izifundo zeengqungquthela zepropati yomzimba omnyama. Kwinkqubo yokuyifunda, le nkqubo yayinomlinganiselo. Umsebenzi wakhe wawusisiqalo sokuphuhliswa kwe- physics ye- quantum. Emva koko, imisebenzi emininzi yePlank noEinstein yapapashwa. Uphando lwabo lukhokelela ekwakheni into enjenge-photon. Oku, kwakhona, kwaphawula ukuqala kwendalo ye-quantum theory ye-electromagnetic flows. Uphuhliso lwayo luqhubekile kwimisebenzi yeenqununu zenzululwazi yekhulu lemashumi mabini.

Uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nokusebenza ngombono we-quantum we-electromagnetic radiation kunye nokusebenzisana kwayo kunye nombangela owenzelwe ukubunjwa kwe-electrodynamics ngendlela ekhoyo namhlanje. Phakathi kweengcali ezivelele ezifunde le ngxaki, sifanele sithethe, ngaphezu kwe-Einstein kunye ne-Planck, iBohr, iBose, iDirac, kaBroglie, i-Heisenberg, iTomonaga, iSwwinger, i-Feynman.

Isiphelo

Ubaluleka befizikiki kwihlabathi lanamhlanje likhulu ngokwaneleyo. Cishe zonke izinto ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje ebomini babantu, ziye zavela ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuphandle ngosayensi abaninzi. Ukufunyanwa kwamagagasi okombane kunye nokufunda kwabo, ngokukodwa, kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwemveli, kwaye emva koko iifowuni zeefowuni, izixhobo zomsakazo. Okubaluleka ngokukhethekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwelo lwazi kwizinto zonyango, kwishishini nakwi teknoloji.

Ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kwandiswe ngobungakanani bemvelo yesayensi. Zonke iimvavanyo zenyama zixhomekeke kumlinganiselo, ukuthelekisa iipropati zeziganeko ezifundwe kunye nemigangatho ekhoyo. Kungenxa yale njongo ukuba isethi yezinto zokulinganisa kunye neeyunithi zenziwe ngoqeqesho. Inani leendlela eziqhelekileyo ziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo zezinto ezikhoyo. Ngoko, umzekelo, imithetho yokulondolozwa kwamandla ithathwa njengemithetho eqhelekileyo yomzimba.

Inzululwazi ngokubanzi ibizwa kwiimeko ezininzi eziphambili. Oku kubangelwe, okokuqala, kwinto yokuba ezinye iinqununu zinika inkcazo, ezithe zithobela imithetho ye-physics. Ngaloo ndlela, kwi-chemistry, i-athomu, izinto ezivela kuzo, kunye nokuguqulwa kwenziwa. Kodwa iimpawu zeekhemikhali zemizimba zichongwa ziimpawu zeemvelo kunye nee-atom. Ezi zakhiwo zichaza loo masebe e-physics njenge-electromagnetism, thermodynamics, nabanye.