Okwasungulwa ubukumkani kumaxesha amandulo

ubukumkani yaMandulo laseLidiya waba kumbindi osentshona losingasiqithi Malaya Aziya. Ekuveleni II mna zeminyaka ukuba yinxalenye kwenye imo enamandla - laseFrigi. Emva kuncipha kunye sokonakalisa i Lydia wokugqibela waba njengequmrhu elizimeleyo. nengeniso Its isixeko waseSardesi, ibekwe phezu lomlanjana Pactolus.

umnotho

Achumayo uqoqosho laseLidiya ubukumkani nakanjani kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwezolimo. Rivers of Asia Minor umgquba umhlaba wakhe intlenga yenza kakhulu otyebileyo. Kumathambeka zabahlali belizwe watyala umthi womkhiwane, iidiliya kunye nezinye izityalo ezixabisekileyo. Ezihlanjeni yemilambo kwatyatyamba okuziinkozo ekhulayo.

I indawo okuyo zobukumkani laseLidiya naye inkxaso iinkomo kunye nokuzalana ihashe, nto leyo ibandakanyeka emadlelweni enkulu. Enye indawo ebalulekileyo imeko yamandulo kuqoqosho - yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. In Asia kwimigodi Minor igcinwe oovimba enkulu isilivere, nesinyithi, izinc nangobhedu. Pactolus River zizonke ngokuba "igolide" (phezu kweendonga zayo intabalala amatshe exabisekileyo kuzo). Abantu baseLidiya baba ukuba ngabafundisi kuphela belizwe zizityebi. Bafunda indlela yokukhupha igolide ezingxondorheni kwaye ce obuphambili ngelo xesha, ubuchule kunye nezixhobo.

Trade and yezandla

Abantu baseLidiya akwazi ukwenza iimpahla ezinkulu, iminqwazi ubunewunewu kunye nezihlangu. ukubumba zabo edumileyo ehlabathini iMeditera (ingakumbi iithayile udonga kunye neempahla ipeyintwe). EliseSardesi wenza ngezitena eqinileyo, kunye nezinye imbola ipeyinti adumileyo imibala eyahlukeneyo.

Ifunyanwa ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, siyibambe lwaseMpuma nangesiGrike, ubukumkani laseLidiya ndiziphethe urhwebo esebenzayo kunye ohlawulayo. abarhwebi awo idume yokuhlawula amatyala abo, nto leyo eye ngokuphindaphindiweyo okhankanywe ababhali bamandulo. In uLydia weza ke abarhwebi basemzini - zazakhiwe ukuba kwihotele obutofotofo. Eli lizwe liye babeshiywe ingqalelo indawo awazalelwa kuyo ngqekembe - indlela entsha elula lokuthengisa unyango. Kubalwa imali ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha ukumkani Gyges iingqekembe ukusuka ingxubevange yendalo yegolide nesilivere - nesiliva. BaseLidiya inkqubo wemali kwasasazeka kubo bonke kumazwe angabamelwane. Kuye ezisetyenziswa emizini yesiGrike Ionia.

umphakathi

Yeyona inempembelelo uluntu layer laseLidiya baba neenkosi zawo, ngubani zibandakanya elite ububingeleli kunye emkhosini, abanini abazizityebi, abarhwebi abazizityebi. Umzekelo, UHerodotus wathetha Pythia ethile intshisakalo. Yena waye esisityebi kangangokuba wamnika umlawuli wasePersi uDariyo I ndingumdiliya legolide yesikamore. efanayo I olinene waququzelela ukwamkelwa uAsuwerosi ezintle kwaphela, ehamba umkhosi kwi Greek isixeko-States.

Okwasungulwa ubukumkani aye wayifumana irhafu, Ndaziswa ubuncwane basebukhosini neetempile. We uzisebenze kakhulu abalusi, abanini ezincinane, seengcibi. Emazantsi amakhoboka esiphezulu kwaku - ngasese, itempile, etc ...

inkqubo yezopolitiko

ULydia i lobukhosi classic Zamandulo. State wayelawula njengokumkani. Yena wayekholose umkhosi kunye nonogada abanyanisekileyo. I okuthile Umbutho ngokukodwa idume iinqwelo zabo zokulwa, nabamahashe. Ngamanye amaxesha ookumkani wabhenela kubakhonzi mercenaries phakathi kubamelwane: i Ionians, Carians, Lycians. Ekuqaleni, indima ebalulekileyo kubomi lizwe idlale indibano ethandwayo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, amandla ngokwalapha, nookumkani bayeka ukuba banikele ingqalelo izimvo zoluntu.

Okwasungulwa ubukumkani kumaxesha amandulo, akakafiki Wazisusa iintsalela kwezentlalo nezopolitiko akudala: izithethe zooyise, ngezizathu zobuzwe eyahlula, ulawulo endala ezinyanya yomthetho, njl Kodwa ezi ntsilelo hayi ziye zamthintela lizwe wangena ubudala baso kwi VII-VI eminyaka BC .. . e. Ngelo xesha ubukumkani imithetho Mermnadov ubukhosi. Umsunguli balo Gyges. Walawula kwisiqingatha sokuqala VII leminyaka. BC. e.

inkosi Gyges

kwafika Gyges evela amanene, kodwa ingabi ohlanga. Yambamba amandla ngo ubhedu ebhotwe. Lo kumkani laseLidiya ubukumkani yaba yeyona onamandla onke abalawuli belizwe, ezifana ababengaphambi bakhe kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Gyges isongeza Power kwelaseMisi wakhe, eTrowa, njengenxenye equleni Caria neFrigiya. Ngenxa yoko baseLidiya waqalisa ukulawula ufikelelo imizila yorhwebo ezibalulekileyo ezingxingongweni Sea Black.

Noko ke, nkqu impumelelo lokuqala Gyges kuhlala zingaphelelanga ngaphandle kokuba oyise phambili. Ngenxa uphuhliso lorhwebo laseLidiya zobukumkani, imbali apho uya emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela, ngayo ukufumana phandle ukuya kuLwandle iAegean. Imizamo yokuqala ukuphumelela kweli cala-nkqubo yesiGrike laseSmirna naseMileto akuphumelelanga. Kodwa Gyges wakwazi ukuba ndizinyathele Magnesia kunye isigcino, ilungu Corinth League. Nangona ukumkani laseLidiya walwa nayo eminye imigaqo-nkqubo, kwaba asilutshaba zonke kwanamaGrike. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Gyges wathumela yeminikelo ku Ugcino, kwaye zigcinwe nobuhlobo kunye ababingeleli Hellenic uthixo Apollo.

Relations neAsiriya

Western amazwe Politika Lidii waphumelela. Kodwa East kulo betyiwa ndoyisiwe. Kulo ngakulo lizwe isongela esebenzayo aweza eKapadokiya Cimmerian. Gyges wazama ukuba ndizinyathele olungaseKiliki ukufikelela elunxwemeni yasempuma kwiMeditera.

Ukuqonda ukuba wedwa kunye umdlali elinamandla akakwazi ukumelana, ukumkani lifumene inkxaso waseAsiriya. Noko ke, kungekudala yatshintsha ingqondo yakhe. Gyges wafumana sizana amatsha - eBhabheli neYiputa. Le ithi baye bazama ukuphelisa kubungangamsha of waseAsiriya. ULidiya waba ekulweni nxamnye ubukhosi. Imfazwe, Noko ke, ebilahlekile. Cimmerians baba sizana ehlasela Asiriya kunye ilifa Gyges. Kwelinye amadabi wabulawa. Mbuya, wayithimba iSardesi, ikomkhulu lobukumkani okwasungulwa. Yonke imali eyinkunzi (ngaphandle Acropolis kungenakugqithwa) batshiswa. Kungenxa kule iShushan wakhonza ezihlangwini Gigosa - Ardis. Kamva, yena ndabagxotha usongo Cimmerian. Ixabiso yokhuseleko ngalinye lwenyuka - Lydia baba ixhomekeke kwi-Asiriya onamandla.

War ne Media

Empumalanga, Ardis ngokungafaniyo Gigosa wakhokela inkqubo balumke kwaye elungeleleneyo amazwe. Kodwa yena wahamba lohlaselo entshonalanga. Kwisiqingatha sesibini BC ngenkulungwane VII. e. Lidiya ilwa eMileto kunye Priene, kodwa watsho phantsi. Qho isixeko yamaGrike yakwazi ukuba akhusele inkululeko yawo.

Ngelo xesha, phantsi koxinzelelo kubamelwane balo bawa uBukhosi baseAsiriya. ookumkani laseLidiya wazama ukuba basebenzise kuwo ukwandisa igunya layo kumaphondo esempuma Asia Minor. Apha ke imbangi elitsha - Midia. Imfazwe kakhulu komsindo phakathi izikumkani ezimbini kwiminyaka 590-585. BC. e. Ngokwesithethe imfazwe yokugqibela phulo, uthi ekunene ngexesha idabi sele iqalile ilanga. Kwaye ke baseLidiya namaMedi baba neenkolelo. Ayegqala isenzeko ngeenkwenkwezi njengoko yimpazamo embi abagawula ooAshera, azidiliza iingalo zabo kukududuzela.

Kungekudala, yena utyikitye isivumelwano soxolo, ukubuyisela imeko (umda phakathi kwamagunya ezimbini umlambo Galis). Isivumelwano waqinisekiswa ngomtshato dynastic. indlalifa median Astyages elizayo ukumkani watshata Princess Lydia. Malunga nelo xesha, i Cimmerians zaye ekugqibeleni eziqhutywa ngaphandle Asia Minor.

Ukuwa yezikumkani

Enye ixesha lokuchuma nozinzo uLidiya weza kulawula uKumkani uCroesus kwiminyaka 562-547. BC. e. Wayigqiba umsebenzi langaphambili oyiswe amazwe yamaGrike kwintshona Asia Minor. Noko ke, ekupheleni wokulawula lo kumkani uLydia endleleni eya kuqhubeka ukwanda ngempumelelo wasePersi. Ngomhla olwandulela imfazwe engaphephekiyo kunye iqela elinamandla uCroesus wangena umfelandawonye eAthene, Sparta, iBhabhiloni neYiputa.

Ukukholelwa ngokwabo, uCroesus ngokwakhe yahlasela bamaPersi abenaso eKapadokiya. Noko ke, wasilela ukumisela ulawulo phezu kwiphondo. Abantu baseLidiya lweMedia babuyela kwilizwe labo. ukumkani wasePersi uKoreshi II Omkhulu wagqiba ekubeni ayeke imfazwe, kwaye ayehlasela kwilizwe elingummelwane. Wathabatha uCroesus ikhonkxwa, ikomkhulu lobukumkani laseLidiya kwakhona wawa, eli xesha ngokusisigxina.

Ngo-547 BC. e. Lydia walahlekelwa ukuzimela zayo yaba yinxalenye uMbuso omtsha basePersi. Owayesakuba Ubukumkani wabhengezwa ngaphansi. abantu okuthile kancane kwaphela ubuqu kunye wawahlanganisa kunye namanye amaqela bohlanga Asia Minor.

INkcubeko, ubugcisa, inkolo

Okwasungulwa inkcubeko wayengomnye kakhulu ixesha layo. abantu bayo udale oonobumba zabo. Le ukubhala zininzi izinto esifana ngazo yesiGrike. Noko ke, wakwazi kuphela izakhi abembi of mihla siphila kuyo.

Abahlali waseSardesi kunye nezinye izixeko yezikumkani bamandulo wayemthanda dancing amajarha, imidlalo zomkhosi zemithambo nemidlalo ibhola, iityhubhu kanye dice. Famous laseLidiya umculo, kuquka iingoma iintsomi, kunye nezixhobo laseLidiya ziquka amacangci namacangci, iimpondo, imbande, rattles kunye lira polychord. Kuba impucuko yamandulo ukuba kukho inkqubela ebonakalayo yenkcubeko. Abantu baseLidiya kuphela ukwaziwa zobugcisa, kodwa waba oogqirha ezibalaseleyo.

Abalawuli zobukumkani amandulo wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni. Nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa ukwakha inqaba kakuhle ezikhuselweyo yasungulwa. Abemi lizwe ukwakha ndawo yonke. Okwasungulwa art ezinikelwe ngoko ihlabathi bejewellery abanetalente owayesebenza kunye zozibini amatye anqabileyo, kunye yikristale. Ukuba igxalaba ezinye izithethe nenkcubeko yesiGrike East.

Okwasungulwa nenqwaba yayiquka oothixo abaninzi. Ingakumbi abo amoyika nikhokelwe nehlelo ukufa kunye evocations (Attis, Sandown, Sabazios). Amakholwa ahlela imbeko kwidini yabo. Ethandwa kakhulu bakonwabela uMama Omkhulu okanye uMama kaThixo, leyo ezinxulumene ukunqulwa wenzala nemfazwe.