Le khalenda Gregorian olwahlukileyo Julian. Ikhalenda Julian e Russia

Kuba sonke le khalenda into njengesiqhelo, kwaye aqhelekile nokuqheleka. Olu qambo yabantu yamandulo ithumba imihla, amanani, iinyanga, namaxesha, nezihlandlo ngezimanga zendalo, apho zisekelwe inkqubo intshukumo ye imizimba yasezulwini, inyanga, ilanga, iinkwenkwezi. Umhlaba lima nge komzila solar, eshiya ngasemva kwiminyaka kunye eminyaka.

ikhalenda kwenyanga

Kuba Umhlaba yenza revolution enye epheleleyo malunga axis yayo ngenye imini. Ngokuba konyaka iya kanye ujikeleza ilanga. ngonyaka Solar okanye ngeenkwenkwezi sisaqhubeka ezingamakhulu amathathu iintsuku ezintlanu amathandathu ngentsimbi yesihlanu nemizuzu ezingamashumi amane anesibhozo kunye kwimizuzwana engamashumi amane anesithandathu. Ngenxa yoko, ayisekho lonke inani imini. Ngoko ke ubunzima ekwenzeni ikhalenda ngqo ukulungiselela ixesha elichanekileyo.

AmaRoma amandulo, kwanamaGrike wasebenzisa ikhalenda lula nelula. Ukuvuselelwa kweNyanga lwenzeka emva kweentsuku ezingama-30, ukuba ngqo, kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amabini anethoba ngentsimbi yeshumi elinesibini nemizuzu 44. Kungenxa yoko le nto lubalo iintsuku, iinyanga kwaye na aqhutyelwe utshintsho kwenyanga.

Ekuqaleni kule khalenda waba iinyanga ezilishumi, abadumileyo ngamagama emva oothixo baseRoma. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesithathu phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu kwihlabathi lamandulo usebenzisa umzekeliso isekelwe kunyaka-emine Umjikelo kwenyanga-solar, esalinikwayo impazamo kwixabiso bonyaka ngemini enye.

E Egypt, wasebenzisa ikhalenda solar, ebesiqulunqwe ngokusekelwe kokuma iLanga Sirius. Unyaka yimihla emithathu anamakhulu mathandathu amahlanu. Kwakugcwele iinyanga ezilishumi iintsuku ezimashumi mathathu. Njengoko wongezelela emva ezinye iintsuku ezintlanu. Oku uqulunqe njenge 'imbeko yokuzalwa woothixo. "

Imbali kwikhalenda Julian

Olunye utshintsho kwelo BC-wesithandathu amane. e. UMlawuli waseRoma Yuliy Tsezar kwi indlela yaseYiputa laqalisa khalenda Julian. Kuye kwamkelwa bonyaka ngenxa ixabiso nyaka, nto leyo ngeenkwenkwezi kancinci yaye yaba yiminyaka emakhulu mathandathu amahlanu iintsuku kunye neeyure ezintandathu. Eyokuqala January ekuqaleni konyaka. IKrismesi ngokutsho khalenda Julian Baqala ke ukuba nemihlali kowesixhenxe ka January. Ngoko kwakukho kutshintsho letoischeslenie entsha.

Xa ngumbulelo ngenxa yotshintsho weNdlu yeeNgwevu waseRoma uqambe ngenyanga Kvintilis xa Caesar wazalwa uJulius (ngoku ngoJulayi). Emva konyaka, wabulawa omkhulu, nababingeleli baseRoma nokuba ekungazini, okanye yaqala ngabom kwakhona waluduba ikhalenda waza waqalisa ukubhengeza ezizayo kunyaka wesithathu ngamnye ngonyaka omnqakathi. Ngenxa yoko, i-yesine amane ukuya kunyaka wethoba BC. e. endaweni kwiminyaka sitsibe elithoba elinambini wabhengezwa.

Ezigciniweyo * uKhesare Oktivian Agasti. On imiyalelo yakhe, iminyaka sitsibe ubungekho kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ezayo, nesingqisho khalenda saphiliswa. Imbeko yakhe ngenyanga Sekstilis labizwa Augustus (Agasti).

Kuba Church Orthodox simultaneity ebaluleke kakhulu leeholide zonqulo. Umhla Easter kwaxutyushwa kwi-First zeformula kwiBhunga, yaye umba ibe ngomnye engundoqo. Ifakiwe kule iBhunga olawula kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo mbhiyozo ayikwazi kutshintshwa phantsi ntlungu masisingelwe phantsi.

ikhalenda Gregorian

Intloko Catholic Church, uPopu Gregory i yeshumi ngo-1582 zamkelwe yaye liqalise ukusebenzisa ikhalenda entsha. Wabizwa ngokuba "Gregorian". Ibiya kuthetha ukuba yonke into elungileyo yaba ikhalenda Ngokutsho kwababhali-eYurophu waphila iminyaka engaphezu elinesithandathu kangangeenkulungwane. Noko ke, Gregory yeshumi ingqalelo ukuba uguquko kuyimfuneko ukuba amisele umhla ngqo ngaphezulu Easter, kwakunye imini le kulingane wabuyela kwi-yokuqala amabini kaMatshi.

Ngo-1583 iBhunga loosolusapho Mpuma eConstantinople ugxeke ukwamkelwa ikhalenda kaGregorian, kuhlukumeza umjikelo zonqulo ukuthandabuza izimiso amaBhunga zeformula. Enyanisweni, kwiminyaka ethile, kuhlukumeza ulawulo esisiseko kubhiyozelwa iPasika. Kuyenzeka ukuba Cawa yePasika Catholic iwela ixesha phambi Easter, yamaYuda, nokuba izimiso ibandla ayivumelekanga.

Ubalo eRussia

Kwilizwe lethu, ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi, uNyaka oMtsha belubhiyozelwa wokuqala kwinyanga yoKwindla. Emva kwamakhulu amahlanu, ngowe-1492, eRashiya wawuxhokonxa ekuqaleni konyaka, ngokwesithethe ecaweni, ngomhla wokuqala kaSeptemba. Oku kwaqhuba iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabini eminyaka.

asixhenxe amawaka, anamakhulu mabini, anamanci elinethoba Disemba kunyaka wesibhozo ukumkani Peter I wakhupha umthetho wokuba le khalenda uJulian eRashiya evela Byzantium kunye ngobhaptizo, waba esasebenzayo. Ndatshintsha umhla ekuqaleni konyaka. Kuye ezivunyiweyo elizweni. Unyaka Omtsha ngokutsho khalenda Julian oko ukubhiyozela le mini wokuqala kweyoMqungu, 'ukuzalwa kukaKristu. "

Emva kokuba revolution, elinesine Februwari eziliwaka elinamakhulu asithoba kunye nonyaka elinesibhozo, imithetho emitsha zaqaliswa kweli lizwe lethu. Umthetho ikhalenda kaGregorian ngaphakathi ngamnye quatercentenary emithathu iminyaka iintlantsi. Ukuba zange uqale ukunamathela.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi Julian kunye iikhalenda Gregorian? Umahluko phakathi ekubaleni kwiminyaka iintlantsi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwenyusa. Ukuba kwinkulungwane yeshumi, oko iintsuku ezilishumi, kwi elinesixhenxe iye landile ukuya elinanye, kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo ukuba sele ulingana akuntsuku zingaphezu kweshumi elinambini, ezilishumi kwiinkulungwane wamashumi mabini ananye, nekhulu elinamashumi amabini yesibini-eli nani liya kufikelela kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesine.

Church Orthodox Russian isebenzisa kwikhalenda uJulian, kulandela izigqibo amaBhunga zeformula, namaKatolika - Gregorian.

Umntu uyakwazi ukuva umbuzo kutheni ihlabathi liphela babhiyozela iKrismesi lweshumi elinesihlanu kaDisemba, yaye thina - wesixhenxe ka January. Impendulo kakhulu izicacele. Church Orthodox Russian ibhiyozela iKrismesi Ngokwekhalenda Julian. Oku kusebenza kwezinye iiholide zonqulo ezinkulu.

Namhlanje, ikhalenda Julian eRashiya ngokuba "isimbo endala". Okwangoku, ububanzi baso linqongophele kakhulu. Bona ezinye yeCawa Orthodox - yaseSerbia, Georgian, iYerusalem Russian. Ukongeza, le khalenda Julian ezisetyenziswa kwezinye yoonongendi Orthodox eYurophu eUnited States.

Le khalenda Gregorian baseRashiya

Kwilizwe lethu, umba yokuvuselelwa khalenda wavuswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngowe-1830, oko wabeka Russian Academy of Sciences. Prince KA Lieven, owathi ke uMphathiswa wezeMfundo, ingqalelo isindululo kwexesha. Kuphela emva kokuba revolution, lo mbuzo obuzwa intlanganiso of the People kaThixo Commissars ye-Russian Federation. Sele Januwari 24 Russia yamkela ikhalenda Gregorian.

Iimpawu yoguquko kwikhalenda Gregorian

AmaKristu Orthodox Ukuqaliswa isimbo esitsha amandla kusiwa neengxaki ezithile. Unyaka omtsha kwalinganiswa e Advent, xa nayiphi na akumnandi bamkelekile. Ngaphezu koko, ngoJanuwari 1 - ngemini memory of St. Boniface, umxhasi nabani na onqwenela ukuba ayeke ukusela, yaye ilizwe lethu ubhiyozele namhla iglasi ngesandla sakhe.

Gregorian bese UJulian ikhalenda: iiyantlukwano kunye ezifana

Bobabini zibandakanya iintsuku ezimakhulu mathathu anamanci amathandathu anesihlanu kunyaka eqhelekileyo, kunye namakhulu amathathu anamashumi mathandathu anesithandathu kunyaka omnqakathi, kufuneka iinyanga ezili-12, apho 4 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-30 okanye kwiintsuku-7 ukuya kwi-31, Februwari - mhlawumbi 28 okanye 29. Umahluko kuphela ukubanjwa okuvela iintlantsi iminyaka.

unyaka wekhalenda omnqakathi UJulian kwenzeka qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. Kulo mzekelo, kuvela ukuba nyaka khalenda ixesha elide ngaphezu kwemizuzu 11 ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngamanye amazwi, emva kweminyaka 128 khona usuku. ikhalenda Gregorian kwakhona uyayiqonda ukuba unyaka wesine lowo ngumnyaka omnqakathi. Ezi nketho le iminyaka ukuba phindo luka-100, kwakunye nezo ukuba kwahlulwa ngama-400 Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-usuku kuvela kuphela emva kweminyaka 3200.

Yintoni eza kwenzeka ukuba kwixa elizayo

Ngokungafaniyo Gregorian, ikhalenda Julian lula ukuba letoischesleniya, kodwa ke ngaphambi kunyaka ngeenkwenkwezi. Yaba isiseko owesibini. Ngokutsho Orthodox, ikhalenda kaGregorian kukwaphulwa ukulandelelana kweziganeko ezininzi zeBhayibhile.

Ngenxa yokuba i-uJulian kunye iikhalenda Gregorian kunye nexesha ukwandisa umahluko imihla, iicawa Orthodox ezisebenzisa yokuqala kubo kubhiyozela iKrismesi kunye 2101 na ngoJanuwari 7, njengoko kusenzeka ngoku, kwaye wesibhozo January, kunye namawaka alithoba asithoba anamanci kunyaka wokuqala, lo mbhiyozo uya kuthatha indawo wesibhozo kaMatshi. Kwikhalenda zonqulo, umhla uza kuqhubeka ukuhlangabezana lweshumi elinesihlanu ka December.

Kumazwe apho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ikhalenda Julian wasetyenziswa, umzekelo eGrisi, imihla yonke iziganeko zembali ezenzeka emva kokuba Oktobha elinesihlanu lamawaka anamakhulu mahlanu asibhozo ngomnyaka wesibini, ngegama uphawu amanani efanayo xa kwenzeke.

Imiphumo uguquko yekhalenda

Okwangoku, ikhalenda kaGregorian ichanekile ngokwaneleyo. Ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, akuyomfuneko ukuba itshintshwe, kodwa umbuzo yokuvuselelwa yayo kuxoxiwe amashumi eminyaka. Kule meko ke asithethi malunga nokuqaliswa kwe ikhalenda entsha, okanye naziphi na iindlela ezintsha ingxelo iminyaka iintlantsi thina. It is unyaka malunga neentsuku nokuhlelwa ngokutsha ukuze ekuqaleni konyaka ngamnye, abashiya imini enye, umzekelo ngeCawa.

iinyanga zekhalenda Namhlanje kwingxelo iintsuku-28 ukuya kwi-31, ubude kolundi block ukususela alithoba ukuya kwiintsuku ezimashumi mabini, nto leyo elifutshane kwisiqingatha sokuqala yesibini iintsuku 3-4. Oku nzima umsebenzi abasemagunyeni zemali kunye nocwangciso.

Zeziphi iiprojekthi iikhalenda ezintsha

Kule minyaka yokugqibela anamanci mathandathu, iiprojekthi ezininzi. Ngowe-1923, iKomiti ngomhla ukulungiswa khalenda phantsi uManyano Lwezizwe yasekwa. Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, lo mbandela udluliselwe kwiKomiti lezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo leZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Nangona eninzi kubo, kubonelelwa ezimbini iinketho - ikhalenda kwenyanga-13 sobulumko French Auguste Comte kunye ecetyiswa ngeenkwenkwezi evela eFransi G. Armelina.

Ngenyanga version yokuqala usoloko iqala ngeCawa kwaye iphele ngoMgqibelo. Ngomnyaka ngolunye usuku akukho gama kwaye ifakwe kwi ekupheleni kweenyanga ezilishumi zokugqibela. Kunyaka omnqakathi ifike le mini kwinyanga yesithandathu. Ngokutsho kweengcali, le khalenda kukho inani neengxaki ezibalulekileyo, ngoko ingqalelo ngakumbi ihlawulwe lo msebenzi nguGustave Armelina, ngokoko athe, unyaka iqulathe kweenyanga ezilishumi elinambini okanye iikota ezine alithoba ananye imini.

Ngenyanga yokuqala kwekota iintsuku ezingamashumi amabini ananye, nelilandelayo ezimbini - mathathu. Ngosuku lokuqala kwikota nganye yonyaka kwaye iqala ngeCawa kwaye iphele ngoMgqibelo. Ngonyaka nje omnye, ngosuku elongezelelweyo yongezwe emva kokuba wamashumi kaDisemba, yaye sitsibe - emva-30 Juni. Le projekthi yaye yavunywa yi-France, India, eSoviet Union, Yugoslavia kunye namanye amazwe. Kangangethuba elide, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ibambezele Ukwamkelwa kweprojekthi, kwaye kutshanje, umsebenzi UN ziphele.

Nokuba Russia uya kubuyela kwi "indlela endala"

Bezinye izizwe ukuba kakhulu kunzima ukuchaza ukuba kuthetha ntoni na ingcamango "Endala Unyaka Omtsha" kutheni sibhiyozela iKrismesi kamva eYurophu. Namhlanje kukho bakulungele ukwenza utshintsho kwikhalenda Julian eRashiya. Ngaphezu koko, eli phulo uvela kubantu kakuhle hola kakuhle ohlonelwayo. Ngokutsho kwabo,-70% ye-Russian Orthodox eRashiya banelungelo lokuba siphile kwikhalenda, esetyenziswa yi yiCawa Orthodox Russian.