Period Geology. ixesha Neogene. ixesha Triassic. സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe

Ngokweengcamango mihla izazinzulu, imbali wejoloji iplanethi yethu yiminyaka 4,5-5 billion. Kwinkqubo yophuhliso yayo iluncedo ukuba uchaze maxesha zejoloji kobasemhlabeni.

ulwazi jikelele

Umhlaba amaxesha zejoloji (Itheyibhile ngezantsi) bamele ukulandelelana kweziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha uphuhliso umhlaba okoko kwasekwa phezu kwe noqweqwe. Ngokuhamba kwexesha phezu kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezifana indalo kunye nentshabalalo zomhlaba kwiindawo umhlaba ukuntywiliselwa phantsi kwamanzi kunye ukhulisa kubo, icing, kwakunye senkangeleko yokuduka iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana, njalo-njalo. D. Iplanethi uvelisa imizila ecacileyo imfundo yabo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba bayakwazi ukulungisa ngqo zabo zemathematika kwiingcamba ezahlukeneyo elulwalweni.

Amaqela eziphambili yesibambiso

Izazi, ukuzama ngokutsha imbali umhlaba, ukufunda esicwangciswe zeengxondorha. data iidipozithi eyamKelekileyo yohlulwe ngamaqela amahlanu aphambili, siphakamise zaphawula zilandelayo zejoloji Umhlaba: an yamandulo (Archean), ekuqaleni (Proterozoic), yamandulo (Paleozoic),-avareji (Mesozoic) kunye omtsha (Cenozoic). Ekukholelwa ukuba umda phakathi kwabo olugcinwe yi-nesenzeko inkulu yendaleko ezenzeka emhlabeni wethu. Le zaphawula emithathu yokugqibela, kube ngokulandelelana, yahlulwe izihlandlo, njengoko kwezi neetyuwa siyakhuselwa kakhulu ngokucacileyo iintsalela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. isigaba ngasinye luphawulwa iziganeko zibe nempembelelo tsotsololo mphandle akhoyo Umhlaba.

Inkundla yokuqala

era Archean of the Umhlaba uye iinkqubo kunokuba elinzima mlilo, nto leyo kumphezulu umhlaba bakaThixo rocks inyengane igneous - isiseko ukuyilwa amacwecwe yezwekazi. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ezazikho kuphela magciwane ukuba akwazi ukuphila ingekho i-oksijini. Kuthathwa ukuba iidiphozithi inshorensi ikhaka Archean phantse kuwo wonke ummandla eyahlukileyo amazwekazi, zibe eninzi yentsimbi, isilivere, platinum, igolide kunye nezinye izimbiwa.

esekuqaleni

era Proterozoic kwakhona boqobo umsebenzi ophezulu mlilo. Ngeli xesha iintaba kwasekwa ekuthiwa-zamanzi ukusonga. Unanamhla phantse watshabalala, ngoku zimele kuphela iphakamisa bengabalulekanga ezinkqantosini. Ngeli xesha, umhlaba omiweyo lenyama kwakunye nezityalo blue-eluhlaza, lo multicellular kuqala. Ingxenye Proterozoic rock osisityebi kwizimbiwa: mica, nezentsimbi ekrwada non-ayoni kunye ores zentsimbi.

isigaba yamandulo

Ixesha lokuqala sexesha Paleozoic yabalasela ukuyilwa kwe parameter entabeni Caledonian orogeny. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni unciphiso kakhulu ezilwandle, kwakunye ukuvela kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Siye yasinda lwamawa ngamnye kwexesha; kwi Urals,-Arabhi, South-East China kunye Central Europe. Zonke ezi lwasezintabeni "ezigugileyo" nezisezantsi. Kwisiqingatha sesibini iinkqubo Paleozoic orogenic nawo ebonakala. Apha lwamawa kwakhiwa ukusonga Hercynian. Eli xesha namandla ngakumbi, kwakukho iintaba okukhulu Urals kunye Western eSiberia, naseManchuria kunye Mongolia, Central Yurophu, kwakunye Australia nakumNtla Melika. Namhlanje ke zimelwe kwimiboniso blocky ephantsi kakhulu. Animals era Paleozoic - izirhubuluzi kuyo kunye eziphila, iilwandle kunye neelwandle kuhlala iintlanzi. Phakathi ihlabathi izityalo kugcwele ulwelwe. Palaeozoic (period Carboniferous) luphawulwa iidipozithi enkulu amalahle neoli, eziye zavela kule xesha.

sesifo

Ukuqalisa Mesozoic lubonakala ngokuba ixesha isalamane cwaka ngokuthe ngcembe nokutshatyalaliswa kweenkqubo imigodi eziphuhliswe ngaphambili, iindawo yokuntywila tyaba (inxalenye Western eSiberia). Kwisiqingatha sesibini sale xesha, ziphawulwe ngokuthi ukuyilwa nasentshonalanga Mesozoic ukusonga. Kwakukho ilizwe olubanzi kakhulu weentaba, leyo nanamhlanje kuba imile ngokufanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ezintabeni zeMpuma eSiberia, Cordillera, ezinye iindawo Indo-China kunye Tibet. Ilizwe wayifulela ezinabantu uhlaza, apho kufa ngcembe ukubola. Ngenxa nemozulu eshushu yaye kufumile yi ukwakheka esebenzayo amadobo afanayo nemigxobhozo. Yaba ixesha malovane ezinkulu - i Dinosaurs. Abemi sexesha Mesozoic (izilwanyana ezitya izityalo kunye nezityalo) Ndizolulela ehlabathini lonke. Ngelo xesha kubonakala kunye ezincancisayo kuqala.

isigaba entsha

Cenozoic Era, owathatha sesifo, kuyaqhubeka unanamhla. Ekuqaleni kweli xesha yabalasela ukwanda umsebenzi imikhosi angaphakathi emhlabeni, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni kuphakanyiswe jikelele kwiindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Le eziqaphelekayo luphawulwa yimbonakalo ntaba Ibanga Alpine yokukhwabusha ngaphakathi ibhanti Alpine-zeHimalaya. Ngeli xesha, yafumana lichaza mihla ilizwekazi yaseYurophu. Ukongezelela, kwakukho lobomi ebalulekileyo massifs yamandulo Urals, Tien shan kunye zeAltai ezintabeni Appalachia. Kakhulu kwatshintsha imozulu Emhlabeni, waqala ixesha glaciation olomeleleyo. Movement of ice izihlwele zatshintsha isimo se kumazwekazi yoMntla saseNtla. Ngenxa yoko, bakha amathafa bahambe ezindulini a lot of amachibi. Animals era Cenozoic - ezi ezanyisayo, ezirhubuluzayo eziphila, uninzi kwisithuba sokuqala bafikelela namhlanje, ngoxa abanye baba extinct (mammoths, imikhombe ezinoboya, saber-unamazinyo amahlosi, amabhere umqolomba, njl) ngenxa yezizathu ezithile.

Yintoni na ixesha zejoloji?

Isigaba yokwakheka komhlaba njengoko kwiyunithi isikali ixesha wejoloji iplanethi yethu lungohlulwa lube lwamathuba. Makhe sibone oko kuthethwa ngale kota ku encyclopedia. Ixesha (yokwakheka) - yinto lokuphumla enkulu kwexesha zomhlaba apho emaweni kwakhiwa. Kwelinye icala, yahlulahlulwe yaba ziiyunithi ezincinane, ezo zibizwa ngokuba eziqaphelekayo.

Inqanaba lokuqala (Archean kunye Proterozoic) ngenxa yokungabikho epheleleyo okanye inani elincinane kuzo amafutha ezilwanyana kunye nemvelo yemifuno yahlulwe iziza ezongezelelweyo kulindelwe. Palaeozoic iquka Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, ixesha karbonsky kunye Perm. Eli nqanaba libizwa luphawulwa nani likhulu sub-ngamathuba, abanye baye kuphela abathathu kuphela. era Mesozoic iquka Triassic, zigaba സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye netshokhwe. era Cainozoic apho kufundwa kakhulu ixesha, imelwe Paleogene, Neogene kunye subintervals koqeqesho. Makhe sihlolisise ezinye zazo.

Triassic

ixesha Triassic - oku sub-lekhefu lokuqala sexesha Mesozoic. ubude balo malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 leminyaka ubudala (yokuqala - kwiminyaka yezigidi 251-199 eyadlulayo). Lubonakala ngokuhlaziya indlela zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana ezisentlabathini. Ngelo xesha kuqhubeka khona abameli ezimbalwa Paleozoic, ezifana spiriferid, uzidwelise, ezinye elasmobranch kunye nabanye. Phakathi ezingenamqolo kukho Amon ezininzi, nto leyo amaninzi ngeendlela ezintsha, kubalulekile stratigraphy. Phakathi coral-ray ezintandathu ngabona uhlobo Brachiopod - terebratulidy kunye rinhonelidy, echinoderms iqela - urchins yolwandle. Ekuyo ikakhulu zimelwe izirhubuluzi - iidayinaso ezinkulu Saurischia. thecodonts Egqugqisileyo - umhlaba izirhubuluzi limaxhaphetshu. Ukongeza, eziphilayo yokuqala enkulu zasemanzini kuvela kwixesha Triassic - ichthyosaurs kunye plesiosaurs, kodwa ukuphakama kwayo befikelela kuphela kwithuba സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. Kwakhona ngeli xesha Babonakala ezanyisayo yokuqala, leyo awabasondezayo ukuba iifom amancinci.

Flora kwixesha Triassic (zejoloji) ulahlekelwa izinto Paleozoic kwaye uzuza kuqamba Mesozoic kakhulu. It esilawulwa omfisi iintlobo zezityalo, sagovoobraznye, Conifers kunye Ginkgo. iimeko zemozulu luphawulwa warming ebalulekileyo. Oku kukhokelela ukomisa ezininzi kwelizwe kweelwandle, kunye eseleyo kakhulu kumanqanaba etyuwa. Ukongeza, kukho indawo kuncitshiswa kakhulu amanzi emhlabeni, nto leyo ekuphuhliseni nenkangeleko entlango. Umzekelo, kule xesha ziquka Tauride lokusekwa losingasiqithi iCrimea.

സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe

ixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe got igama layo kwiintaba Jura kwintshona Yurophu. Nguye lo inxalenye phakathi Mesozoic kunye eyona ndawo ibonisa iimpawu eziphambili kuphuhliso organic eli xesha. Ngenxa yoko, oko yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: asezantsi, phakathi kunye eliphezulu.

Izilwanyana zale ixesha imelwe ezingenamqolo yasasazwa - izilwanyana (Amon, emelwe ziintlobo ezininzi kunye General). Bathi Umfanekiso kunye nendalo oonokrwece zahluke kakhulu ukusuka abameli Triassic. Ukongeza, kwisithuba സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe busanda elinye iqela molluscs - belemnite. Ngeli xesha, uphuhliso ebonakalayo bafikelela neekorale-lSIKHUMBA isakhiwo ezintandathu, iziponji zaselwandle, iinyibiba kunye urchins ulwandle, kwakunye elasmobranch ezininzi. Kodwa unyamalale ngokupheleleyo iintlobo brachiopod Paleozoic. iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinomqolo Marine kwahlukile kakhulu ukusuka Triassic, ifikelela iintlobo ezininzi. Kweli xesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe intlanzi enkulu kunye izirhubuluzi zasemanzini - ichthyosaurs kunye plesiosaurs. Ngeli xesha kukho utshintsho ukusuka kumhlaba kunye ukulungelelanisa bume yaselwandle, iingwenya kunye Ufudo. A iintlobo ezininzi iindidi ezahlukeneyo ukufikelela ekuyo ezisentlabathini - izirhubuluzi. Phakathi ukuba lokudubula yabo Dinosaurs, apho zimelwe izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, karhataka nezinye iindlela. Uninzi lwabo ukuya ku-23 eemitha ubude, ezifana Diplodocus. Le imali ebekiweyo kule thuba wafumana uhlobo olutsha izirhubuluzi - ezi namacikilishe eziphaphazelayo, ezo zibizwa ngokuba "pterodactyls". Ngelo xesha apho kunye neentaka kuqala. flora സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe ifikelela ukukhula onabileyo: gymnosperms, Ginkgo, cycads, Conifers (Araucaria), bennettites, sagovnikovye kunye, ka ubulembu Kakade, yefeni, horsetails, kunye club.

Neogene

ixesha Neogene - ixesha yesibini Cenozoic kwexesha. Oko laqala kwiminyaka yezigidi-25 eyadlulayo yaye yaphela kwiminyaka 1.8 million eyadlulayo. Ngeli xesha, baye utshintsho ebalulekileyo izilwanyana apho. Kukho iindidi ngeendidi neegastropods kunye bivalves, nekorale, foraminifera kunye coccolithophorids. Luphawu kuphuhliswa eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, Ufudo neentlanzi nokudleka. Kweli xesha Neogene, iintlobo ngeentlobo ukufikelela nomhlaba lomqolo bakhe. Umzekelo, kukho ngokukhawuleza iindidi hipparion ngokuqhubekayo: hipparions, amahashe, imikhombe, antelopes, iinkamela, Hobotova, ixhama, iimvubu, iindlulamthi, iimpuku, saber-unamazinyo amahlosi, leengcuka, kunye nezinye iinkawu ezinkulu.

Phantsi yempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo ngeli xesha ephuhlisa ngokukhawuleza ihlabathi eziphilayo: kukho ihlathi-emathafeni, hlathi, intaba kunye emathafeni plain. Kule mimandla yimvula - le Amathafa kunye ihlathi. iimeko zemozulu basondele mihla.

Geology nje isayensi

amaxesha wejoloji izifundo zenzululwazi Umhlaba - komhlaba. Esanda kutshanje - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Noko ke, nakuba ulutsha, kuba nentlaka ukukhanyiswa kwimiba emininzi ibunzi kwi ukuyilwa iplanethi yethu, kwakunye nemvelaphi ezihlala kuyo. Kule yeengcinga incinane inzululwazi, kuphela iziphumo kuqwalaselwe kunye izibakala zisetyenziswa ikakhulu. Akukho mathandabuzo egcinwa esicwangciswe ngayo imizila emhlabeni emhlabeni ngo nayiphi na imeko, uya kunika umfanekiso echanileyo ngakumbi elidlulileyo, kunokuba nayiphi na incwadi abhalwa. Noko ke, ukuze bakwazi ukufunda ezi zibakala nokuqonda ngokuchanekileyo alinikwa bonke, ngoko nkqu kule nenzululwazi ngqo, ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha kusenokuba kukho ukutolikwa lesiphoso iziganeko ezithile. Apho kukho imizila omlilo, oku kuchazwe sinokuqiniseka ukuba umlilo; kwaye apho kukho imizila amanzi, kunye nentembelo efanayo Kungaphikiswa ukuba amanzi, njalo-njalo. Noko ke iimpazamo zenzeka. Hayi ukuba aluhlaza, makhe sihlolisise omnye umzekelo onjalo.

"Frosting"

Ngowe-1973 iphephancwadi "Knowledge - amandla" wapapasha inqaku yi sebhayoloji odumileyo AA Lyubimtseva "iipateni Frosty kwi kweglasi." Umbhali itsalela ingqalelo ukuba abafundi 'ukuba ukufana iphawulekayo iipatheni ice kunye nezakhiwo zezityalo. Njengoko umfuniselo, wayithatha isithombe le patheni glasi waza wabonisa ifoto ukuze umhlobo wam yezityalo. Nokuba ngaphandle kokulibazisa elaziwayo mfanekiso iifosili footprint ikhakakhaka. Ngokwembono imichiza ezi patheni zenzeka ngenxa crystallization kwesigaba igesi umphunga wamanzi. Noko ke, into efanayo eyenzekayo ekulungiseleleni grafayithi pyrolytic yi pyrolysis methane bungxengwe hydrogen. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngaphandle kweli wobhobhozayo eyenziwe iintlobo dendritic ezifanayo kakhulu ukutyala iintsalela. Oku kuchazwe kukuba kukho imithetho jikelele elawula ukuyilwa iintlobo zondle zenkqunto kunye nendalo.

Ngexesha komhlaba umhla ixesha elide nokwakheka nganye, ngokusekelwe ikhethe iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezifumaneka iidipozithi zamalahle. Kunye kwiminyaka nje embalwa edlulileyo, kwakukho amabango ngabanye izazinzulu ukuba le ndlela azichanekanga kwaye zonke iifosili - nto enye into, njengokuba eceleni ye ukuyilwa lamanqanaba Yomhlaba. Ngokuqinisekileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo zonke ngokufanayo, kodwa kufuneka ibe indlela ngenyameko ngakumbi kwimiba rhandzana.

Kwaye nokuba glaciation ehlabathini?

Khawuqwalasele enye ingxelo categorical wenzululwazi, hayi kuphela zokuma. Sonke, esikolweni, waphefumlela glaciation World ema iplanethi yethu, ebangela iintlobo ezininzi izilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni wokungabikho: mammoths, imikhombe ezinoboya kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwaye isizukulwana esitsha mihla bazisa up on Quadrilogy "Ice Age." Izazinzulu ngazwi linye bathi yokwakheka - an inzululwazi ngqo, singavumeli nemibono basebenzisa ubungqina bokuba izinto kuphela. Noko ke, oko akunjalo. Apha, njengoko kwiindawo ezininzi nenzululwazi (imbali, zakudala, kunye nabanye), umntu sigcine ngqongqo le mbono kunye nokuqina igunya. Ngokomzekelo, ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba sibukela of Science waqhuba bekukho impikiswano eshushu malunga nokuba okanye hayi icing. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-omabini, edume Scientist-komhlaba IG Pidoplichko yapapashwa umsebenzi-volume ezine "Ngomhla ngumkhenkce ubudala." Kweli phepha, umbhali ngokuthe engqina uguqulelo amatyala ye glaciation lwehlabathi. Yena akayi bathembele imisebenzi kwezinye abaphengululi, yaye yena ngokwakhe kuqhutywa ngabembi zejoloji (ezinye apho wachitha njengoko isosha oluBomvu Army, abathatha inxaxheba iimfazwe nxamnye abahlaseli German) emideni yonke eSoviet Union kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Uthi lo glacier ayikwazanga ukugubungela lonke eli lizwekazi, kunye ayenxiba ubume kuphela, yaye akazange wabangela ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana, yaye izinto ngendlela eyahlukileyo - kunye iziganeko zentlekele zakhokelela ukubana zezibonda ( "imbali ezithandwayo Yomhlaba" A . Skliarov); kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho somntu.

Eyimfihlakalo, okanye kutheni izazinzulu musa uqaphele ezicacileyo

Nangona ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa obunikezwa yiPidoplichko, izazinzulu ziyekezela ukushiya inguqu eyamkelweyo ye-glaciation. Kwaye ke kunomdla ngakumbi. Imisebenzi yombhali yanyatheliswa ekuqaleni kwee-1950, kodwa ngokufa kukaStalin zonke iikopi zeencwadi ezinomqulu ezine zisuswe kwiilayibrari nakwiiyunivesithi zeli lizwe, zigcinwe kuphela kumagumbi okugcina amathala eencwadi, kwaye akulula kakhulu ukuzifumana apho. Kwixesha lamaSoviet, wonke umntu owayefuna ukuthatha le ncwadi kwilayibrari yabhalwa ngeenkonzo ezifihlakeleyo. Kwaye nanamhlanje, kukho iingxaki ezithile ekufumaneni olu hlobo loshicilelo. Nangona kunjalo, kubulela kwi-intanethi, nabani na onokuqhelana nemisebenzi yombhali, ohlola ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zembali yomhlaba wehlabathi, uchaza umvelaphi walezo okanye ezinye izinto.

I-Geology iyona nzu lulwazi?

Kukholelwa ukuba i-geology yintsimi eyaziwayo ngokugqithiseleyo eyenza izigqibo zivela kuphela kwizinto ezizibonayo. Ukuba loo nto ithetha ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ayivumelani nantoni na, ibonisa imbono evumela ingxoxo, kwaye ihlehlise isigqibo sokugqibela kuze kubekho ukuqwalaselwa okungabonakaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengokuba kukho imbonakalo, inzululwazi eyiyo iphosakele (umzekelo, i-physics okanye imathematika). Nangona kunjalo iimpazamo aziyiyo inhlekelele xa zamkelwe kwaye zilungiswa ngexesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo azikho umhlaba jikelele, kodwa unentsingiselo yendawo, kufuneka ukuba ube nesibindi sokuthatha into ecacileyo, ufikelele kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo uze uqhubeke nokuhlangabezana nokufumana ezintsha. Iingcali zanamhlanje zibonisa ukuziphatha okuphambene nangoko, kuba ezininzi zezikhanyiso zenzululwazi zifumene izihloko, izibhengezo kunye nokuqatshelwa komsebenzi wazo, kwaye namhlanje abafuni ukwahlukana nabo. Yaye le mpawu ayibonakali kuphela kwi-geology, kodwa nakweminye imimandla yomsebenzi. Abantu abaqinileyo abanesabi ukuvuma iimpazamo zabo, bayavuya ukukwazi ukuphuhlisa phambili, kuba ukufumanisa impazamo ayiyintlekele, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, ithuba elitsha.