Podkopaev, MI umbutho oluCwangcisiweyo Iimpawu Voice

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh State Academy of Arts

umbutho System Iimpawu Voice

(Podkopaev, MI System nokucwangciswa umsebenzi yezwi // Imibuzo Education uyakhala: Izikhokelo kootitshala kumaziko ezizodwa ephakamileyo aphakamileyo emfundo eMoscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo kunye emangalisayo ukuba umntu indalo inkululeko Yintetho elivakalayo, ingakumbi, uhlobo kwayo okukhethekile - ingoma okanye intetho uyakhala (igama elisetyenziswa xa ngumkhuba becula ithathwa ngokwembono amalungu okanye nemisindo).

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umsebenzi ilizwi, kusekwe icandelo isandi intetho eziphuma emlonyeni, singenalo yokwakheka iinkqubo organ, nto leyo ngengqiqo ngokungqongqo ukuba kubizwa ngokuba amaziko phonation. Ukuze lo msebenzi umntu usebenzisa yokuphefumla, yokuginya, ie, abasemagunyeni ekuqaleni zenzelwe ephambili nebalulekileyo ngakumbi ixabiso ngokobugcisa umsebenzi; phonation bakhonza ngokungathi ingozi. Indibaniselwano yezi imizimba ixesha elide ebizwa ngokuba izixhobo kwimiphimbo. Yokugqibela umculi sixhobo i kuphela komsebenzi yakhe njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo, kodwa ke into kwempembelelo ngqo zokufundisa kwinkqubo yoqeqesho kwezwi. Namhlanje bambalwa ephikisana ithisisi ukuba ulwazi imigaqo esisiseko engunobangela imisebenzi izixhobo emphinjeni, yenye iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze umsebenzi ngempumelelo kwi indalo yayo. A.Varlamov lumane "School of Singing" yayo (1840) wabhala wathi: "Ukuze ukufika kuqeqesho ecula hayi engaqondanga, kufuneka zisekelwe kulwazi oluchanileyo bokuphefumla mechanism bathetha baze bazobe imithetho engundoqo amalungu kusekho imizimba."

Ngokuqhelekileyo, nezenza yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba kwezixhobo eziphuma emlonyeni, neemvumi, abafundi bafumana njengenxalenye yomjikelo zokufundiswa lwamacandelo ezisisiseko - ikhondo yokuzenza kwezwi. Kwinkqubo kwexesha elifutshane elabelwe, abafundi kufuneka lamkele zivalele eninzi ubungqina ukwakheka, amalungu, ukudlulisa kwaye ufumane ulwazi ngesakhiwo kunye neepateni umsebenzi kwisixhobo kwezwi. Kwangaxeshanye, umgangatho olu lwazi kufuneka lungqinelane neenjongo ekumiseni loqeqesho abafundileyo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, ngakumbi xa imvumi kanga umsebenzi wakhe pedagogy. Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe, ukufunda eli candelo le kharityhulam yakhelwe ngokwembono zakudala (iziko) amalungu, sithembele indlela noshowo nabaqiqayo. Ekubeni indawo yayo yomzimba womntu babeshiywe zibonwa njengento ingqokelela kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, kwenethiwekhi ezidibeneyo humoral (kwamadlala) ummiselo. Naziphi na iincwadi komzimba, zomzimba, njalo njalo eyakhelwe kumgaqo we-organ, yaye zibandakanya amacandelo kwiinkqubo ngamnye yokwakheka - ezizezi, sentliziyo, izifo, izihlunu, yonyango, njl Emva Ukufana, kuseloko M.Garsia izixhobo uyakhala kucingwa ukuba nezi zixhobo zilandelayo: "wenkunkuma" of isandi - laryngeal tie-back (resonator) loMthetho - ze pharynx, lo nakumarhanana ukuya sinuses paranasal, i "amandla" lesixhobo - uqhoqhoqho, bronchi, imiphunga , imisipha nokuphefumla, amalungu amagama - umlomo. ulwimi, amazinyo, imilebe, nzima inkalakahla ethambileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ithi: "zonke iindawo kunye nemisebenzi yombutho ezihambelanayo kwaye kulawulwa yinkqubo luvo" (ocatshulwe. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, njl phoniatrics Taptapova kunye fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Kodwa yintoni ohlanganisa ezi imizimba abanalo Okukodwa phonational yaye bobakhe kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo yokwakheka, esihlangeneyo entlanganweni, yintoni na indlela yombutho kwaye ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ukusebenza izixhobo yezwi? Organic beemeko indlela iimpendulo zale mibuzo akunjalo. Kule meko, isicelo yale ndlela ekufundweni voice (kwezwi) umsebenzi sinqongophele kwaye ngandlel azingqinelani ngesizathu enxulumene kulo mzekelo ayimininzanga ukuyilwa abafundi abanikela umbutho obanzi apparatus kwezwi.

A ngokunzulu indlela entsha ukuqonda kwemisebenzi komzimba yokusondela Aristotle lwenkqubo, njengoko kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yande kwaye esetyenziswa indlela yenzululwazi. I zomzimba le ndlela yenkqubo ngokusekelwe kwithiyori iinkqubo ezisebenzayo (on TPS) liphuhlise apprentice IP Pavlova - Academician PK Anokhin waza wafumana nophuhliso zalamaxesha imisebenzi sele umfundi wakhe - Academician yiku Sudakova.

Njengoko eksperimenti zokufundisa kwisebe nomculo i Voronezh State Academy of Arts ngumbhali lo msebenzi iinzame ukwazisa izinto ze TPS njengesiseko methodological zokufundisa ubuchule uyakhala kunye nenkqubo nendlela. Eyona njongo ephambili kule msebenzi ukufundisa umfundi ubuchule bokucinga, enye yezona zinto ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo lwenkqubo.

Kweli phepha sinikela thina ukuba ecacisa ngokubanzi amava zokusebenzisa izibonelelo ezisisiseko kwenkqubo TPS ekufundweni-siseko yombutho yelizwi (kwezwi) umsebenzi womntu.

Kunokuba zomzimba yamandulo ngamalungu, elandela imigaqo komzimba), TPS yazisa imisebenzi umbutho systemic. PKAnohin wasondela kuqala ingqalelo into yokuba iinkqubo izinto eziphilayo, hayi nje amalungiselelo izinto ngamnye akuzo, lidibanise nabo ukuze ufumane ezinye iziphumo eziphathekayo imisebenzi, eyile ukuba yenze imisebenzi ethile ebalulekileyo. Ngako oko, iinkqubo ezinjalo kuthiwa ezisebenzayo. Ngokutsho Anokhin, inkqubo kwi amalungu yeseti lwemizimba enxulumene umsebenzi okhethekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yemisebenzi yokulungiselela inkqubo kudibanisa iindawo ngamnye iyonke, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikhokelela ngumqolo factor. It kukuzuza result ngakumbi iinkqubo ezisebenzayo (FS).

umsebenzi yelizwi, njengazo zonke ezinye imisebenzi yabantu, isekelwe phezu umbutho systemic. Imeko yokuqala utoliko yombutho zenkqubo imisebenzi ilizwi thina wasebenzisa yemfundiso ye TPS. Ukuba ezifanayo yonke inkqubo ifayile lomzimba, ukuba okufana Fact phonation kunye nentetho kwezwi. Ngokubanzi, umxholo iinkolelo ezisisiseko TPS kunciphisa okulandelayo. Umbutho zonke Fact ephilayo linodidi olufanayo lwesakhiwo, nto leyo eqhelekileyo ukuba Fact phonation. Esi sakhiwo ubandakanya indawo esembindini kunye namacandelo neuropathy kunye namalungiselelo:

Ÿ ngenxa yaloo msebenzi njengeyunivesithi ehamba phambili Fact link ( "ikhadi" layo) - into leyo edala FS;

Ÿ iipropati unit-abafumana (parameters) of kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe lomsebenzi - receptor iziphumo;

Ÿ amajelo ingxelo ezithumela ulwazi kwinkqubo luvo malunga ngenxa yesenzo kunye parameters yale yoko, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umzimba xa bebonke ukuvavanya iqondo impumelelo kunye nomgangatho yezenzo zalo;

Ÿ central Fact link, sivumele umsebenzi wayo oluhlanganeyo kwaye imele umbutho izinto kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo luvo;

Ÿ FS iindlela olawulo.

Isiphumo kokuqala umsebenzi njengomba leyo FS phonation kunye nentetho eziphuma ukuyilwa indlela ilizwi uphawu yiacoustic, nto leyo isebenza njengesiseko sele ngenxa yokusebenza ekupheleni - ngamnye sicula ithoni phonemes igama sung, ibinzana. Njengoko prefinite, kwaye imisebenzi siphumo Fact eziliqela ezahlukeneyo ezizimeleyo, ie, are mnogoparametrichnymi. Abanye babo ukuthwala ulwazi malunga isakhiwo ilizwi ive (ive iparameters) - ubude, amandla ukwakhiwa ecacicleyo (ubukho okanye ukungabikho formant lomculo eliphezulu kunye / okanye ephantsi, njalo njalo). Ezinye iparameters ziquka ulwazi malunga isakhiwo isandi yezandi - artikulyayurnye (okanye kinesthetic) parameters. Ukuxhumeka ngokusondeleyo yiacoustic parameters, le yokugqibela ukuvumela ukwahlula nokuchaza indawo kunye nendlela imfundo eyiyo, ie ukumisela iimpawu indlela lwezikhamiso kunye consonants.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngenxa parameters kwahluka kungekuphela phakathi ilizwi nokucula ilizwi, kodwa ngaphakathi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimiphimbo - ukucula academic, pop ukucula, abantu becula, njl Yonke i parameters emiselwe ngenxa yemisebenzi nokomzimba komzimba ukuba ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yayo, ezizezi: 1) phonation, enika ilizwi sizukulwana kunye nesakhiwo yayo ehambisana yiacoustic, kwaye 2) zokucacisa, obonelela ngemfundo kunye intetho usenza izandi ubume isandi lwezandi. Ngako oko bahlela ezisezantsi kunye ezimbini ezisebenzayo - Fact Fact phonation kunye nokucacisa.

Ngenxa yoko kukho kugaya uyakhetha amasebe awohlukeneyo kunye namalaphu, ziphantsi iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo yokwakheka kwi Fact efanelekileyo. Ukubandakanywa amasebe awohlukeneyo, leyo kunye ibizwa izixhobo emphinjeni, i Fact uyakhala kusekelwe kumgaqo uyakhetha yokudibanisa in ezahlukeneyo amalungu FS. Kulo mzekelo, umzimba mnye liphethwe FS ezininzi, ukongeza, iindidi PS okanye PS esezantsi omnye (njengoko kwimeko FS izwi) ukuba kuzuzwe iziphumo bangasebenzisa amagunya ezahlukeneyo okanye efanayo. Kulo mba, naliphi na iqumrhu izixhobo eziphuma inxaxheba emininzi imisebenzi enxulumene phonation, kwaye kule umqondo nemiba ngemiba yezemfundo. Kuxhomekeka indlela apho Fact okanye esezantsi uquka ilungu izixhobo eziphuma emlonyeni, kuyo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ukubaluleka yokufumana kuphela ezo propati leyo ukuthi kuziveza lo Fact.

Xa lento uyijonga, enye umzimba mnye ngentetho ezahlukeneyo FS uyakhala uzuza iipropati ezithile ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, uqhoqhoqho kunye bronchi zifakiwe Fact zvukogeneratsii enze eminye imisebenzi, xa kuthelekiswa kunye noqhoqhoqho efanayo kunye bronchi zifakiwe kwi-FS nokuphefumla phonational. Okanye ezibayeni eyodwa ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo bonisa iimpawu zayo ezisebenzayo, kuquka, umzekelo, kwinkqubo ifayile ukuhambisana, apho babonisa fonemoobrazuyuschaya umsebenzi, okanye FS zvukogeneratsii, apho bakhonza njengomthombo wamandla ive. Ngokufanayo, imisipha sokuphefumla yinxalenye FS ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene ne phonation, oko kukuthi, FS umoya phonational besenza umsebenzi womoya kunye neendlela nokuzicacisa FS inxaxheba ikhonkco.

FS phonation emane kuquka kwenethiwekhi kunye namanqanaba ummiselo hormone. Ngaloo zakutsha lizisa i "lungiselelo" unique, emane eyenziwa yendlala yonyango, gonads kunye adrenal. mechanism luvo thaca ukubandakanywa uyakhetha kwamaziko-luvo ezahlukeneyo.

isiqalelo ngasinye emane zibandakanyiwe phonation Fact. zihlanganise namanye iziqalelo nkqubo, ngokubonakalayo igalelo kufezekiso eziphumo zokuphela konyaka Fact yayo. Ezinjalo izinto intsebenziswano Fact e TFS igama vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). amacandelo Vzaimosodeystviya enikwa phambi iibhondi nutrisistemnyh kwaye ngokwayo uchaza vzaimosodeystviya iinkqubo inkqubo ummiselo.

Nayiphi na inkqubo yefayile, kubandakanywa nenkqubo ifayile ilizwi, i inkqubo self-elawula. Ukuzeyisa kwi Fact kuqinisekiswa yi yiyunithi ukulawula, ahlaziye eziphumo zokuphela konyaka. Kulo izixhobo zibangelwa wami imida ye kwalapho peripheral - receptors, wakhulela izixhobo iqine, kwaye distantly kuye. ulwazi ekhowudiweyo malunga result ezizuzwe liZiko receptor parameter engena amaziko luvo efanelekileyo (uthinte, ibizivalele ezinika component ngokweemvakalelo zentetho kunye neengoma, Kumaziko Medulla Oblongata). Ngokusekelwe ulwazi unikwe emane inxaxheba Fact yelizwi kunye nentetho uyakhala iipateni ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo luvo wokuhlanganisa amaziko alawulayo karhulumente kunye neenkqubo (izixhobo Reaction). Ngu uhlobo yonke ingcaciso ayifumene kwisixokelelwano luvo lwe receptors phecana kwimiphimbo bahlule iintlobo ubuncinane ezintlanu uvakalelo: ezikhalayo, vibratory (ukuba, njengoko kubonisiwe V.P.Morozovym, indalo resonant), izihlunu, Ukusebenzisa umoya (uxinzelelo lomoya lubangelwa endleleni ekuvakaleni kwelizwi, kwaye umsebenzi izihlunu zemiphunga), ezibonwayo. Ngamafutshane, zinikeza iseti ethile iminqweno ukucula kunye neembono intsebenziso zangaphakathi ze izixhobo emphinjeni, okanye njengoko bathi, senziwa engqondweni yenkqubo bathetha komzimba imvumi leyo - ngamnye inkqubo njengokungathi lwangaphakathi eyenzeka xa ecula phonation. Ngoncedo wayeyimvumi mzuzu zonke kolawulo nokubunjwa kwakhe umsindo. Indlela kanye mna R.Yusson. "Wonke uhlobo ubuchule kwezwi yenza besekethe ethile uyakhala-corporeal, ubukho nto leyo omeleza iteknoloji" (3. p. 109).

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yokuqonda Umshini ilizwi (ebizwa ngokuba yi-"analyzer uyakhala" imvumi) wenza umsebenzi zokusuphavayiza ezilawulayo. Kulo mzekelo, FS phonation nentetho eziphuma phambili ijelo ingxelo: bona, njengoko kubonisiwe V.P.Morozova, ngokucula ubuchwepheshe livakale kukuba ngumjelo ehlokomayo eli liyithweleyo ulwazi obubhalwe malunga nomsebenzi ka resonators yezwi kusenokwenzeka ubuncinane ubunzima ngenxa yokugquma ukusebenza iimpembelelo yangaphandle (iimeko yokusebenza yiacoustic, njalo njalo).

Ekubonelweni ebalulekileyo TFS ukuba ixabiso aluncedo pedagogy eziphuma umbuzo malunga ubukho iyunithi yolawulo Fact. Apha kubalulekile ukuya elilandelayo. I FS phonation e yayo isebe central - kobuchopho a corticosubcortical esimbaxa izakhiwo luvo emele umatshini uqikelelo ( "ucikizeko olukhulu phambili") kunye novavanyo isiphumo ephunyelelweyo. Le yunithi ( "acceptor of ngenxa yesenzo" yi Anokhin), "ukuvusa" iimpawu sokugqibela ngesiphumo, imisela ukusebenziseka ukusebenza ukhetho nkqubo ijolise ukuphumeza iziphumo ekupheleni, anise ukuziphatha loo mntu uzithelekisa osisigxina abangena kwisistim luvo lamajelo ulwazi ingxelo malunga parameters yesiphumo ephunyelelweyo. Yenza uhlobo 'umfanekiso' kobekujoliswe kuko, apho imvumi ezinxulumene resonators umsebenzi ubuninzi nengxelo channel, ebonisa lo msebenzi - lokungcangcazela (resonator) iminqweno (Morozov, 2002, 2008). A indima ephambili ebangela ukuba kusekwe izixhobo kusengaphambili kunye nokuhlola eziphumo zokuphela linoluhlu eqhelekileyo izandi vocalist ecula kwi intsebenziswano kwimiphimbo-zokufundiswa katitshala kunye nomfundi. Kwakhona kubalulekile kakhulu kwi kusengaphambili isixhobo zophuculo kahle wokufunda nokufundisa kukatitshala ngomlomo ejolise ekwenzeni indlela ecula resonant kwakunye phambi ezixhasayo ezixeliweyo umculi kwi luphathwe izakhono eziphuma resonant ndlela ecula ezinikwe ngobugcisa ekhoyo ukucula.

ingqalelo kakhulu ekufundeni Fact architectonic intetho uyakhala ihlawulwe iindlela zesigqeba ilizwi, emele isethi lezithethi kunye nokomzimba, ejoliswe ekufezekiseni iziphumo Fact lokugqibela kwanokuqinisekisa iimpawu eziyimfuneko zobungcali lokucula kwalungelelana parameters elikwizinga zemfundo eyodwa. Yayibaluleke kakhulu ekufundweni actuators ke izifundo ezisisiseko R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. A indawo ekhethekileyo kule ndawo kwezesayensi yalo kwakunye nemiqathango kunye nokubaluleka practical imisebenzi wabulawa zizazinzulu basekhaya - oonjingalwazi kunye V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym ezibonakaliswe abanyawo izimvo eziphuhliswe mibono - ngobhalo zentetho (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) kunye resonant becula imfundiso art (The .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Last ukuba ukungasebenzi bathetha baze bathetha-zokufundiswa yokwenza kubaluleke kakhulu. Intlokoma theory of ukucula kunye kwithiyori kweenkqubo esebenza ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha iimbono malunga nohlobo actuators kunye nemisebenzi apparatus kwezwi.

Le actuators eziphambili enika intetho uyakhala, ezi phonation kunye nokucacisa leyo banikwe FS achaphazelekayo. Ngoko ke, ezi nkqubo zibandakanya kumafa yayo kumacandelwana efanayo yolawulo peripheral, kodwa babe amanqanaba ahlukeneyo yommiselo engundoqo. isiseko okuphilayo yonke actuators lwale nkqubo yindlela ilizwi-ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Ukuba impendulo ngu ibhulorho phakathi phonation kunye nokucacisa na isiseko zvukogeneratsii, kwaye ngalo utshintsho ngeendlela zokusebenza kunye resonators ive umculo wolawulo indlela kunye nokulawulwa mood irejista kwingqula kunye neendlela ezinxulumene tembroobrazovaniya. Oku kuqinisekiswa yi phambi kwesi livakale indlela Fact phonation uhlobo ekhethekileyo ingxelo phakathi resonators kunye nemithombo intlokoma ive ukuba isithethi (resonant) uhlobo.

Le ngxelo ive ikuvumela ukuba iindlela ibakhusela kwingqula (umsebenzi sokhuselo resonators Morozov), kwakunye lula umsebenzi wayo, kunciphisa ukungakhululeki ngokugqithisileyo izihlunu laryngeal (lo msebenzi resonators inokuchazwa umsebenzi Ungumncedi IsiNgesi uncedo -. Nceda, uncedo).

A isici esasenza izixhobo uyakhala njenge inkqubo mbutho phambi phambili kwaye umva amakhonkco phakathi amacandelo elilawulayo kwenkqubo (kwingqula, angabi nemingxuma, umoya) uhlobo zemalthimidiya (yiacoustic, womoya, neuro-reflex) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). Ubukho phambili kwaye umva amakhonkco zombini nkqo (phakathi ulawulo engundoqo kunye namacandelo zolawulo kunye kwisigqeba) kwaye tye (phakathi kwamalungu le nkqubo isekelwe izinto vzaimosodeystviya Umgaqo-ofisi elawulayo - kwingqula, resonator sokuphefumla) kugqiba umsebenzi we-FS yelizwi kunye nentetho azigxeke njengoko inkqubo ezimanyanisayo ezintsonkothileyo. Nayiphi na, kuquka impembelelo zokufundisa idityaniswe xa lilonke nefuthe nayiphi na iinxalenye zayo nangoko kuboniswe enye. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

isiphelo

1. umsebenzi Voice kunye intetho enxulumene ngokusondeleyo uyakhala (ecula), kwakunye nazo zonke ezinye imisebenzi umntu, uba umbutho nkqubo kubangelwa ekupheleni yomsebenzi inkqubo ezizodwa phonation esebenza, nto leyo elibujikele, umbutho self-elawula, emane ukudibanisa amalungu ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba kumgaqo Wayesoyika humoral ukufikelela ngenxa yayo yokugqibela - ukuyilwa kwicandelo oluthethwayo uyakhala - ilizwi, intetho uyakhala njengeefomu units phonetic kulizwe yokusebenza kangangoko phonation lomculo, i parameters ezifanelekileyo vocal standard zemfundo (okanye ezinye iintlobo bathetha) nokubonelela ilizwi zobungcali quality licula.

2. bungabonakala I-FS ngamagama ezisezantsi ezizimeleyo kakhulu kodwa ezinxulumeneyo, ezo amacandelo angundoqo iindlela effector elawulayo intetho kwezwi - ukuthunyelwa 'kweziyobisi "yesandi - imithombo umoya intlokoma yiacoustic, zvukogeneratsii, kwiCandelo. Kunye nenkqubo nendlela, ukukhanya refracted kwi theory becula resonant uba Ukuhlelwa olungachanekanga kwingqula kwisistim "wenkunkuma" (isebe) le-apparatus kwezwi. Le yokugqibela kuyinyaniso ingakumbi resonator iphecana iphecana yonke bathetha kunye kwingqula nguye kuphela se-eneji ive ngenxa kwezwi ukungena komoya neentshukumo nezibaya zemihlambi ngamagama.

3. isixhobo yelizwi - nto nje umba FS esebenza njengentloko yesigqeba (effector) unit le nkqubo.

4. Umgaqo jikelele ye-FS lomzimba, kwakunye nolwazi lwabo kumbutho kunye neepropati i uhlobo "isitshixo" ukwenzela ukwakhiwa FS yelizwi kunye nentetho uyakhala, fill architectonic oku FS kunye nesiqulatho echaphazelekayo ezisezantsi yayo.

5. Ukusetyenziswa imigaqo thiyori iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kwi sifundo lweepateni umsebenzi azigxeke indlela Kakade ke, njengoko amava iye yabonisa, oko kukhuthaza uphuhliso yabafundi iinkqubo zokucinga kanye ubuchule ezithile ekwakheni msebenzi yengqondo, kwakunye nohlobo esisiseko ukubunjwa iingcamango mihla malunga nemisebenzi kwenkqubo yelizwi kunye nentetho uyakhala ngokubanzi onemfundo ezimanyeneyo.

iincwadi

1. Phoniatrics kunye fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Nguwe ukucula resonant. Imithetho theory livakale kunye necebo. - Moscow, 2002 (ed 2 -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin Imfundiso kwimveliso intetho. - Moscow, 1985.
4. zicula Yusson R. ilizwi. - Moscow, 1974.