PLO - yintoni na le nto? Imigaqo esisiseko iinkqubo into ebomini

Kutheni into ebomini iinkqubo ngaluphi iiprojekthi ezininzi? PLO inikeza indlela esebenzayo ukujongana yokuntsonkotha zabo. Kunokuba bacinge inkqubo njengoko kulandelelwano lwemiyalelo eziphumezekayo, ifanekisela kuyo iqela lezinto ngempahla ezithile nokuvelisa kunye nezenzo ezithile. Oku kubangela indlela izicelo ecacileyo, kuthembeka ngakumbi yaye legkosoprovozhdaemyh.

Imigaqo ezisisiseko into ebomini iinkqubo (OOP) kuyilwa ngenxa nezithintelo eziye zafunyanwa iindlela pre-ezikhoyo. Phakathi kwabo - yokuya data kwaye inani elikhulu unamakhonkco, leyo abeke izithintelo kwi utshintsho. ulwazi lwabo kunye oonobangela kubalulekile ukuqonda oko iinkqubo OOP yaye ziziphi zalo eziluncedo.

iilwimi yenqubo

C, Pascal, FORTRAN, neelwimi ezifanayo zizinto yenkqubo. Oko kukuthi, ngamnye umqhubi uxelela kwikhompyutha ukwenza into: ukufumana i data, dibanisa amanani, yahlulwe yaba ezintandathu, isiphumo iboniswe. ulwimi IsiHlomelo elandelwayo na uluhlu lokufundisa. Ukuba incinane, akukho enye owayilungelelanisayo (elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba a wenguqulo) ingafuneki. Uhlelo uyila uluhlu lwemiyalelo, kunye nekhompyutha ubulala kubo.

Ukwahlukana imisebenzi

Xa izicelo zibe uluhlu nzima amagophe. Bambalwa Ndinokuqonda ngaphezu imiyalelo kwekhulu ambalwa de zihlelwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, umsebenzi yindlela yokwenza isicelo eqondakalayo ngakumbi kwabayili yayo. Kwezinye iilwimi, ingcamango inye ngokuba subroutines okanye iinkqubo.

Le app yahlulwe imisebenzi, nganye eneyazo injongo ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye interface.

Ingcamango yokuzahlula kweenkqubo ekwayiyo iqela enkulu into ekuthiwa imodyuli, kodwa umgaqo fanekiso: eliCebisayo ohlukileyo eziqulathe uluhlu xwebhu.

Ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi kunye neemodyuli - enye lembombo amatye iinkqubo olucwangcisiweyo, apho amashumi eminyaka de PLO waba kuza nguquko.

iingxaki structured zokuhlela

Njengoko izicelo baba enkulu, iinkqubo structured ekuqaleni befumana ubunzima. Iiprojekthi kuba inzima kakhulu. Bayeka imizobo. Oku kubandakanya inani elikhulu badwelisi benkqubo. Xaka liye lakhula. Iindleko ukudubula phezulu, ishedyuli lwaye ngakumbi, kweza ekuweni.

Uhlalutyo kwiimbangi lokungaphumeleli lwabonisa zintswelo yipharadaym yenkqubo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yakhiwe kakuhle indlela ukusebenza kweenkqubo, izicelo ezinkulu zibe ezintsonkothileyo ngokugqithiseleyo.

Zintoni izinto ezibangela le ngxaki ezinxulumene iilwimi yenqubo? Okokuqala, imisebenzi yokuya data zehlabathi. Okwesibini, iinkqubo enezinto kunye neenqobo ezimbi zilinganisa ihlabathi lokwenene.

Xa siqwalasela ezi imiba yeemeko software uluhlu accounting, omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha kweli data jikelele yiseti ye SKUs. imisebenzi eyahlukileyo ubhekisele kuzo ukuba ufake ixabiso elitsha, zivezwa, utshintsho njalo. D.

ukufikelela mda

Le program ebhaliweyo, umzekelo, ngo-C, kukho iindidi ezimbini data. Local efihliweyo ngaphakathi umsebenzi kunye nezinye iinkqubo azisetyenziswa.

Xa imisebenzi emibini okanye ngaphezulu bayafikelela idatha efanayo, esi sokugqibela sona kufuneka ibe jikelele. Ezinjalo, umzekelo, zithathelwa inkcazelo ingqalelo malunga nezifundo. Idatha lwehlabathi ibe nayiphi na inkqubo ekhoyo.

Kwinkqubo enkulu, kukho izinto ezininzi kunye nezinto ezininzi ehlabathini. Ingxaki nenguqulelo zenkqubo kukuba oko kukhokelela kwiqela elikhulu unamakhonkco ezinokubakho phakathi kwabo.

Loo inani elikhulu kokufakelwa kubangela iingxaki ezininzi. Okokuqala, kube nzima ukuqonda isakhiwo program. Okwesibini, kunzima ukutshintsha. Tshintsha kwi item data lwehlabathi kufuna uhlengahlengiso yonke imisebenzi abanofikelelo kulo.

Umzekelo, kwinkqubo akhawunti umntu ugqiba ukuba khowudi into okwabangela kufuneka luqulathe kungekhona kwisi-5, yaye ukususela 12. Oku kuya kufuna utshintsho uhlobo data ukusuka elifutshane ukuya elide. Ngoku ezinxulumene ikhowudi umsebenzi kufuneka ilungiswe ukusebenza ngefomathi entsha.

Xa izinto kwatshintsha isicelo enkulu, kuba kunzima ukutsho oko inqubo ukufikelela kubo. Kodwa kwanokuba eli nani, ukutshintsha kubo kungabangela ukusebenza engachanekanga kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zehlabathi. Yonke into edibene yonke enye into, ngoko utshintsho kwindawo enye nomkhwezeli kwelinye.

Aphila emhlabeni lokwenene

Ingxaki yesibini kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi nenguqulelo zenkqubo kukuba data yayo kwindawo ethile kunye nemisebenzi kakuhle kulingisa izinto zehlabathi lokwenene. Apha sisebenzisana izinto ezifana abantu okanye iimoto. Bafana akukho data okanye umsebenzi. izinto eziyinyani-ihlabathi Complex kufuneka iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha.

iimpawu

Imizekelo iimpawu (maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba iipropati) ukuba abantu iliso umbala kunye negama isithuba, kuba imoto - amandla kunye nenani neengcango. Kwathi kanti, ukubalelwa yehlabathi yokwenene elingana data kule program. Baye amaxabiso ezithile, ezifana oluhlaza (umbala amehlo) okanye ezine (inani iingcango).

ukuziphatha

Ukuziphatha - kukuba izinto ngokwenene-jikelele ziveliswa ukuphendula kwezinye uhlobo mpembelelo. Ukuba ubuza boss ngenxa yolwando kumvuzo, impendulo ngu "ewe" okanye "hayi." Ukuba ucinezela phezu waqhekeza, imoto uza kuyeka. Kwaye ukuyeka utsho zokuziphatha yimizekelo. Ukuziphatha efana le nkqubo: ibizwa ukuba wenze into ethile, kwaye wenza njalo. Ngenxa yoko, i-data kunye nemisebenzi bebodwa musa makaqale akubonise real-ihlabathi izinto ngendlela eyiyo.

Ukubiza

Le into OOP uchazwa iseti data kunye nemisebenzi. iinkqubo ezibizwa imisebenzi ilungu e C ++ kuphela, ukuvumela ukuba ukufumana ixabiso layo. Ezi kufihlakele yaye bakhuselekile utshintsho. Iintsingiselo kunye nemisebenzi ifakwe zibe omnye. Encapsulation kunye upryatyvanie - ngokoMthetho ezisisiseko kwi inkcazo lweelwimi into ebomini.

Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha i data, ukuba uyazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni imisebenzi ukusebenzisana nabo. Akukho ezinye iinkqubo abakwazi ukufikelela kubo. Oku kwenza ukubhala, ekucokiseni, nokugcina inkqubo.

Isicelo ngokuqhelekileyo siquka izinto eziliqela leyo ukunxibelelana nabanye, ebangela imisebenzi ilungu.

Namhlanje, i lusetyenziswa kakhulu OOP ulwimi (lokuprograma into ebomini) - C ++ (plus plus). In Java uswele ezinye iimpawu ezifana lathisi, templates kunye nelifa ezininzi, nto leyo eyenza kube enamandla ngaphantsi yaye ubhetyebhetye kwe C ++. C # akakafiki ukuthandwa C ++.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba njalo kuxokwa-imisebenzi ilungu kwiindlela C ++ ebizwa kwezinye iilwimi into-elifana Smalltalk. Izinto ze data ngokuba iimpawu. Ukubiza indlela yento amthumele imiyalezo.

Isifaniso

Unga uzibone izinto zamasebe yenkampani. Kwimibutho ezininzi, abasebenzi azisebenzi imini enye kunye nabasebenzi, umvuzo ukutshaja ixesha elide kungabenza ilandelayo, kwaye ke iveki abazibandakanya urhwebo. Isebe ngalinye abasebenzi bayo, kunye wabelwa ngokucacileyo imisebenzi. Kukho eyakho data: izalathi si zokunikwa umvuzo, intengiso, abasebenzi accounting, njl Abantu kumasebe ukusebenza ngolwazi lwabo ... Ulwahlulwa-hlulo nkampani, ngoko, ibhexesha kolawulo imisebenzi yayo kwaye ugcina iinkcukacha. Accounting inoxanduva payroll. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi inani lilonke imivuzo ehlawulwa isebe emazantsi ngoJulayi, akukho mfuneko lokuhlolisisa kwindawo yokugcina. Kwanele ukuba uthumele inowuthi umntu onoxanduva, linda de loo mntu unalo ufikelelo data kwaye ithumela impendulo ulwazi oluceliweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukungqinelana nemigaqo kunye nokungabikho ukuphazamiseka lwangaphandle. Ngendlela efanayo into kwi PLO inika isicelo mbutho.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iphi izinto awusebenzi iinkcukacha zeprogram yomsebenzi. Uninzi imiyalelo C ++ abasebenzi ingqinelana kwiilwimi zenkqubo ezifana C. Enyanisweni, imisebenzi ilungu kwi C ++ ziyafana kakhulu imisebenzi C. Kuphela imeko ngokubanzi iya kuvumela ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba umyalelo wenkqubo okanye into-ebomini.

Le into OOP: Inkcazo

Xa ucinga ingxaki iinkqubo entweni ebomini ulwimi endaweni imibuzo malunga inkululo yayo imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kukho ingxaki izakhiwo ngokwahlukana. OOP yokucinga kulula kakhulu ukuphuhlisa izicelo. Oku kungenxa Ukufana software kunye nezinto zokwenene.

Loluphi uhlobo yezinto izinto e OOP? Nazi ezinye iindidi eziphambili.

into Physical in OOP - is:

• Imifuziselo flow izithuthi;
• izakhi zombane kwiinkqubo kuyilo yesekethe;
• model uqoqosho lwelizwe;
• moya kwinkqubo yolawulo lwezithuthi emoyeni.

Elements of the bume computer lomsebenzisi:

• imenyu;
• iifestile;
• imizobo (line, uxande, isangqa);
• drives keyboard, mouse, yomshicileli, disk.

abantu:

• abasebenzi;
• abafundi;
• abathengi;
• nabathengisi.

ulwazi:

• ukugcinwa ncwadi;
• indaba yangasese;
• isichazi-magama;
• itheyibhile kwisibanzi nakwiside zokuhlala.

Unxibelelwano ihlabathi lokwenene izinto kunye PLO ibe sisiphumo indibanisela imisebenzi kunye data baye yaguqula zokuhlela. Loo umdlalo osenyongweni ngeelwimi procedural apho.

iklasi

Izinto kwi PLO - ilungu yeklasi. Kuthetha ukuthini? iilwimi lwenkqubo ziye eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi iindidi zedata. Uhlobo int, t. E. An elipheleleyo into kwangaphambili kwi C ++. Uyakwazi baxele naliphi na inani variables int.

Ngokufanayo, kukho ezininzi izinto ezichazwe yi kwiklasi enye. Sichaza imisebenzi kunye iinkcukacha zibandakanyiwe kwindawo yayo, hayi ukudala kubo, kwakunye int akudali variables.

Yeklasi PLO - inkcazelo inani lezinto ezifanayo. Prince, Inxeba kunye Madonna ezo iimvumi. Akukho namnye ubizwa ngelo gama, kodwa abantu ekuthiwa, ukuba abe neempawu ezifanelekileyo. OOP into - kwesi sihlandlo.

lifa

Kubomi, iiklasi zahlulwe subclasses. Umzekelo, izilwanyana zahlulwe eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izilwanyana, iintaka, izinambuzane kunye njalo njalo. D.

Lo mgaqo yale hlobo candelo kukuba subclass ngasinye iimpawu ezifanayo kunye neklasi eya kuyo. Zonke iinqwelo kufuneka amavili kunye injini. Le iimpawu lubalulekileyo izithuthi. Ukongeza iimpawu jikelele subclass ngamnye uneempawu zawo. Kukho izihlalo ezininzi ibhasi kunye neelori kufuneka isithuba ukuba athwale imithwalo enzima.

Ngokufanayo, udidi isiseko inokuba subclass ngumzali avela eziliqela ezinokuthi zichazwe ukuze baya kwabelana iimpawu zayo kongezwe. Ilifa ezifana nemisebenzi, ucazulule inkqubo yenkqubo. Ukuba iindawo ezininzi ikhowudi benza yavele okufanayo, ungenza ukucatshulwa ezifanayo uwafake nkqubo omnye. Ezintathu indawo isicelo zingafonela umsebenzi ukwenza iintshukumo aqhelekileyo, kodwa unako ukuvelisa kunye nemisebenzi yayo. Ngokufanayo, udidi isiseko iqulethe iinkcukacha ziqhelekile kwiqela avela. A umsebenzi ofanayo kunciphisa ilifa yenkqubo into ebomini kwaye zokucacisa ubudlelwano lweziqalelo yayo.

ukujikelezisa

Xa iklasi wadala kwaye olulungiswe, oko kutshintshelwa kwamanye badwelisi benkqubo ulisebenzise izicelo zakho. Oku kufana ithala kwemisebenzi enokufakwa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.

E OOP, ilifa sisongezelelo ingcamango yokuba ukusetyenziswa ezininzi. Ukusuka i iklasi ekhoyo, ngaphandle kokutshintsha oko, sinako ukwakha entsha kongezwe eminye imisebenzi. Ukuba lula nokusetyenziswa ngokutsha software ekhoyo - inzuzo ebalulekileyo PLO. Kukholelwa ukuba kunikeza ukwandisa inzuzo sokuqala.

Ukudala iindidi zedata entsha

Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokudalwa iindidi zedata entsha. Masithi inkqubo usebenzisa amaxabiso emacala-mabini (umzekelo zilungelelanise okanye nobude), yaye ube nomnqweno ukuvakalisa inyathelo arithmetic kubo:

position1 = isikhundla + imvelaphi,

apho position1, isikhundla kunye imvelaphi - iperi amaxabiso ezizimeleyo ngamanani. Ukudala iklasi equka ezi amaxabiso amabini, kunye izibhengezo ezahlukeneyo izinto zayo kudala uhlobo data entsha.

Polymorphism, sithwalisa

Abanini = (kuyalingana), kwaye + (plus) ezisetyenziswa arithmetic ngokokuma ngasentla, musani ukukha nenze ngokunjalo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi iintlobo, ezifana int. Beka izinto, kunye nabanye. hayi Ngaba kwangaphambili kwaye ebekwe yi-software. Njani aba basebenzi bazi indlela aphathwa? Impendulo siyifumana kukuba zokuziphatha ezintsha zingacwangciswa bona. Ezi imisebenzi ziya kuba lilungu imisebenzi Class isikhundla.

Ukusebenzisa abaqhubi okanye iinkqubo kuxhomekeke basebenzela kuthiwa polymorphism. Xa kukho mqhubi, ezifana + okanye =, ufumana ithuba lokuba asebenze uhlobo data entsha, ithi ukuba ngaba ithwaliswe umthwalo. Sindisa PLO - uhlobo lwe polymorphism. Kuyinto phawu yayo ebalulekileyo.

A Incwadi kwi PLO "Programming Wenjongo-okuhlenga for Dummies" kuya kuvumela wonke aqhelane nale sihloko zolwimi ngokunzulu.