Telegraphs: Iintlobo, umzobo kunye iifoto

Telegraph wadlala indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni uluntu namhlanje. Slow nokungathembeki ukudluliselwa kolwazi kwayiqhwalelisa inkqubela kunye nabantu bafuna iindlela ukukhawulezisa kuyo. Ngenxa kwasungulwa lombane wenza kunokwenzeka nokudalwa izixhobo, nangoko ekudluliseleni iinkcukacha ezibuthathaka imigama emide.

Xa ekuqaleni kwembali

Telegraph e incarnations ezahlukeneyo - emidala iindlela zonxibelelwano. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo kwabakho imfuneko ukuze udlulise ulwazi mgama. Ngokomzekelo, eAfrika, ukuba ukudluliselwa imiyalezo ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenzisiweyo igubu tom-mikhuba eYurophu - umlilo, yaye kamva - unxibelelwano semaphore. Kokuba kusungulwe semaphore lokuqala kuqala babebizwa ukuba "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", kodwa emva koko yenza kufaneleka kuthiwa "yocingo" - "dalnopisets".

Isixhobo lokuqala

Ngenxa kokufunyanwa lo mkhuba "umbane" ngokukodwa emva kwizifundo ngalisayo sisazinzulu Danish Hans Kristiana Ersteda (ngunozala le ngcamango electromagnetism) kunye nzulu Italian Alessandro Volta - umdali wokuqala yeseli electrochemical kunye ibhetri lokuqala (ukuba ngoko ngokuba "imfumba voltaic") - kwakukho eninzi izimvo ukudala yocingo electromagnetic .

Imizamo ukuvelisa izixhobo zombane nokudlulisela Imiqondiso ethile ukuya kumgama kwangaphambili, ndiwuthabathile ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Ngowe-1774, incwadi yocingo elula kwakhiwa e-Switzerland (eGeneva), sesayensi umsunguli Lesage. Waye wajoyina i-transceiver ezimbini eziba 24 bodwa macingo. Xa isicelo ukubetha kwentliziyo ngoncedo ngomatshini zombane kwesinye isixhobo yokuqala ukulibaziseka ibhola yesibini aphambuke Buzinova engqinelanayo electroscope. Ngoko ke ubuchwepheshe iyiphucule Umphandi Lomon (1787), ngokubuyisela ucingo 24 ukuya kwenye. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo kunzima ukubiza kusungulwe.

Telegraph iqhubekile isiba bhetele. Umzekelo, yesayensi French André Marie Ampère wadala izixhobo yokusasaza eliquka neenaliti zemagneti 25, onqunyanyisiweyo iiasi, no-50 kunye iingcingo. Noko ke, izixhobo enkulu wenza sixhobo cishe Asinakusebenziseka.

Schilling izixhobo

I-Russian (Soviet) incwadi ithi ukuba kusungulwe yokuqala, iyahluka ukusuka ngamalungu ukusebenza kwayo, elula nokuthembeka, iyilwe Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom ngo-1832. Kakade ke, amanye amazwe kuyiphikisa eli bango, "ekukhuthazeni" izazinzulu bakhe ubuncinane abanetalente.

Iinkqubo idenariyo (abaninzi kubo, ngelishwa, khange ishicilelwe) e telegraphy ziqulathe iiprojekthi ezininzi ezinomdla ze kagesi. Baron Schilling izixhobo yafakwa ngamaqhosha leyo sokuyivula ngoku zombane iingcingo anxibelelanisa yokusasaza nokufumana kwezixhobo.

yocingo yokuqala ehlabathini, nto leyo iqulathe amagama-10, ligqithise-Oktobha 21, 1832 kunye kusungulwe, efakwe kwi Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga yokuhlala. Abaqambi iye yaphuhliswa projekthi iingcingo ezihamab phantsi ukudibanisa kusungulwe phezu emazantsi Gulf of Finland phakathi Peterhof ne Kronstadt.

yocingo Driving

Izixhobo ukwamkelwa yayiquka jiko, nganye ebandakanya ucingo yokudibanisa kunye iinaliti zemagneti ngaphezu jiko phezu kwayo. On ezi nemisonto bya phezu imagi mnye, zizotywe icala abamnyama, omnye emhlophe. Ucofe iqhosha coil samaza yenaliti Imagnethi baphambukile yaye wafudukela isangqa efanelekileyo sikhundla. amalungiselelo kolimo ijikeleza yokwamkela telegrapher kwi alphabet ezizodwa (ikhowudi) olumiselwe uphawu ngesondo.

Okokuqala, iingcingo ezisibhozo zacelwa, ngoko inani labo lancipha ukuya ezimbini unxibelelwano. Ukuze zisebenze incwadi yocingo enjalo PL Schilling liqulunqe ikhowudi okhethekileyo. Zonke abayili ezilandelayo telegraphy kwingingqi siseko ugqithiso ikhowudi babesebenzisa.

nezinye izinto

Phantse ngaxeshanye telegraphs izakhiwo efanayo ukusebenzisa imisinga induction eyenziwe zizazinzulu German kunye Weber Ghaus. Sele-1833 baba umgca yocingo kwiYunivesithi Göttingen (Lower Saxony) phakathi astronamicheskoy kunye okujonga esibhakabhakeni ngemagnethi.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba icebo Schilling waba prototype kuba British Telegraph Cook kunye Winston. Cook waqhelana imisebenzi umsunguli Russian of Heidelberg University (Germany). Kunye iqabane Winston ngcono izixhobo kunye lobunikazi. Icebo saba nempumelelo yorhwebo enkulu eYurophu.

A revolution encinane ngo-1838 wenza Shteyngeyl. Akuphelelanga apho, wachitha yocingo umgca wokuqala umgama omde (5 km), ngoko wenza ukufunyaniswa ukuba omnye kuphela ucingo (inxalenye yesibini yenza umhlaba) ingasetyenziswa ukugqithisa uphawu nokuba ngengozi.

worse kusungulwe

Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi zixhobo kunye wamazwe kunye nosiba waba Isiphene esinganyangekiyo - abakwazi ukuba simiswe: ukosuleleka olukhawulezayo lolwazi, kukho impazamo logama nokubhaliweyo abazange ophambene. Gqibezela umsebenzi ngokudala Iingcingo elula ethembekileyo yocingo yesekethe kunye ezimbini ilandelwa yi lomculi yaseMelika kunye Umsunguli noSamuweli Morse. uye waba eyalo incwadi yocingo ikhowudi apho unobumba ngamnye-alfabhethi yakhethwa zizifundo ezithile ngamachaphaza kunye oodwi.

Worse Telegraph ezakhiwa kakhulu nje. Ngokuba wesiphaluka zokuphazamisa lwangoku usebenzise isitshixo (eneqikili). Siqulathe sokunqika eyenziwe ngentsimbi, i-axis leyo enxibelelana kumqhubi umgca. Enye isiphelo azisebenzisele spring-ingalo licinezelwe ukusa kwinqwanqwa metal, iingcingo ukuba umamkeli kwaye emhlabeni (kusetyenziswa emhlabeni). Xa telegrapher uphika kwelinye icala yengalo, lo ngokumalunga nabanye ngeprojektha eqhagamshelwe intambo bebhetri. Kweli nqanaba, i yangoku nemikhanzi ukuya akwamkele kwindawo eyahlukileyo.

Kwisikhululo ukwamkelwa kwigubu okhethekileyo kuyiphalusa ngumcu imxinwa isa iphepha ngokuqhubekayo clockwork. Phantsi impembelelo electromagnet engenayo yangoku etsala ngentonga yentsimbi leyo kuhlaba iphepha, ngaloo ndlela bakha ulandelelwano zabalinganiswa.

Lento Academician Jacoby

Scientist Russian, Academician BS Jacobi ixesha ukususela 1839 ukuya 1850, wadala iintlobo ezininzi telegraphs: ngokubhala, turnouts-isigaba izenzo yolunye kunye teleprinter yokuqala yehlabathi. Wayila yakutshanje yayibalulekile entsha kuphuhliso lweenkqubo zonxibelelwano. Uyavuma, kulula kakhulu ukuba ufunde ngoko nangoko wathumela incwadi yocingo kunokuba bachithe ixesha umbhalo wayo.

Le ekudluliseleni izixhobo ngqo-shicilelwayo Jacobi kwakuba dial ngotolo kunye nomfowunelwa ngayo igubu. Kwi kwisangqa kumphandle kwisitupu ezazibekwe oonobumba kunye neenamba. Icebo abafumana has a dial ngotolo, yaye ukongezelela, ukukhuthaza abasebenza zokuprinta iintlobo kwevili. On ivili eqhelekileyo akrolwa bonke oonobumba namanani. Eqalweni-up ngexa ifowuni ukudluliselwa pulses yangoku ukufika ukusuka emgceni, izixhobo yoshicilelo ofumana electromagnet kubangelwa licinezelwe web iphepha ivili isampula kwaye ishicilelwe kwiphepha ezifunyenweyo uphawu.

izixhobo Hughes

waseMelika uDavide Edward Hughes kuvunywe telegraphy indlela yokusebenza yolunye, lakhiwe yi teleprinter kunye ivili standard kujikelezo rhoqo ngo-1855. Sixhobo yale lentwana ubeko-uhlobo nepiyano, ngamaqhosha 28 abamnyama nabamhlophe, leyo amagalelo oonobumba kunye neenamba.

Ngowe-1865, oomatshini Hughes kwamanye amalwimi ezifakiweyo lokuququzelela inkonzo yocingo phakathi St. Petersburg eMoscow, uze kulo eRashiya. Ezi zixhobo zaye ngokubanzi de imi--30 lwekhulu XX.

Bodo izixhobo

Hughes izixhobo ayikwazanga ukunika isantya kweentambo ophezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwikhonkco. Ngoko ke, ukuba indawo ezi zixhobo kufika izixhobo yocingo ezininzi, sungula yi kwinjineli French Georges Emilem Bodo ngo-1874.

Bodo Ifowuni ivumela transmission ngaxeshanye mqhubi yocingo eziliqela kumgca enye zocingo eziliqela kumacala omabini. Izixhobo iquka zokusasaza, kunye yokusasaza eziliqela kunye nokufumana izixhobo. umshini ikhiphedi ibandakanya indibaniselayezitshixo ezintlanu. Ukuphucula ukusebenza ukusetyenziswa yemigca zonxibelelwano ezisetyenziswa izixhobo Bodo izixhobo ezifana samaza apho ulwazi wadlulisela ufakwe telegrapher ngesandla.

isimiso ukusebenza

Sona isixhobo sidlulisela amaza (keyboard) isikhululo umatshini omnye ngokuzenzekelayo kuhlangene umgca ixesha elifutshane ukuze balwamkele ngokulandelelana. Umyalelo eziwafaka nokusebenzisa ukuchaneka mizuzu yematshisi enikiweyo abasasazi. yocingo isantya lomsebenzi kunye umsebenzi abasasazi idibana. Iibhrashi mbobo transmission reception kufuneka uphendule, synchronously kwaye kwisigaba. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani yokudlulisela nokufumana izixhobo idityaniswe ngomzi, ukusebenza yocingo Bodo Umfuno amagama 2500-5000 ngeyure nganye.

Iiyunithi zokuqala ezifakwe Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" yocingo ngo-1904. Kwixa elizayo, ezi zixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kuthungelwano yocingo ye-USSR kwaye isetyenziswe de 50.

isixhobo lihamba

yocingo lihamba kwaphawula kwinqanaba elitsha kuphuhliso zobugcisa yocingo. Le fowuni lincinane, kwaye kulula kakhulu ukuba isebenze. It style wokuchwetheza keyboard yasetyenziswa okokuqala. Ezi iingenelo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni yi ekupheleni 50 koomatshini Bodo zaye Undityhale ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle amanqaku wire.

igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso izixhobo start-stop basekhaya kufuneka A. F. Shorin kunye L. I. Treml, nto leyo ephuhliswa phantsi imboni yasekhaya ngowe-1929 aqalisa ukuvelisa inkqubo yocingo entsha. Ukususela ngo-1935, sixhobo oluzenzekelayo (samaza) kunye isekethe receiver (reperforator) baqala iimodeli isixhobo zemveliso ST-35, ngo-1960 ukuba sele ziphuhlisiwe.

encoding

Ekubeni isixhobo PT-35 kusetyenziswa izixhobo zonxibelelwano yocingo kunye Bodo, ikhowudi ekhethekileyo №1, leyo wayehlukile yesiqhelo ikhowudi ngamazwe yezithuthi start-stop (№2) khowudi sele iphuhlisiwe ukuze nabo.

Emva emidala izixhobo Bodo akusafuneki ukuba usebenzise kwilizwe lethu non-standard ikhowudi start-stop, nabo bonke CT-35 park yangoku watshintshelwa ikhowudi ngamazwe №2. Zizixhobo ngokwabo, ngenxa yala maxesha, kunye noyilo entsha, wafumana igama ST-2m kunye uyile-2m (kunye nezimaphambili esizisebenzelayo).

imishini agiqekayo

Olunye uphuhliso eSoviet Union ziye efuna ukulwa nayo, ukudala uluhlu yocingo kakhulu kakuhle. peculiarity yalo okubhaliweyo eshicilelweyo umgca ngolutya kwimakhishithi ngokubanzi lwephepha, ngathi kwiprinta dot-matrix. ukusebenza High kunye nesakhono ukuze udlulise ulwazi oluninzi ukuba kubalulekile nje ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa ulawulo amaziko kunye neearhente zikarhulumente.

• Round Wire T-63 kumatshini baxhotyiswa iirejista ezintathu: Latin, Russian eyidijithali. Ngoncedo lwe tape ngamanqindi uyakwazi ukufumana ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokudlulisela ulwazi. Yoshicilelo ithatha indawo kuluhlu iphepha 210 mm.
• roll ngokwayo yocingo electronic PTA-80 kuvumela ukuba icwangciselwe kwi ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo uthumele kwaye ufumane iposi ngayo.
• Izixhobo RTM-51 kunye PTA-50-2 zisetyenziswa kwiposi Ngokushicilela i-inki tape mm-13 kunye ububanzi iphepha umqulu eqhelekileyo (215 mm). Liyayishicilela Umatshini ngcaciso imfutshane ukuya kutsho kwiimpawu ezili- 430 nganye.

Contemporary

Telegraphs, iifoto apho zifumaneka amaphepha eencwadi kunye nemiboniso lwembali, yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhawuleziseni inkqubela. Nangona ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ngefowuni yonxibelelwano, ezi izixhobo akahambanga zisabonakala, yaye yaguquka yaba sisiCwangciso-oomatshini bokufeksa mihla kunye yocingo nobunzima kakhulu-elektroniki.

Ngokusesikweni, ucingo yocingo yokugqibela, ukusebenza nakwimo Indian Goa, yavalwa July 14, 2014. Nangona imfuno enkulu (5000 iithelegram mihla), inkonzo engeluncedo lwanto. Kwi-US, inkampani yocingo lokugqibela Western Union Uyekile ukwenza imisebenzi ngqo ngo-2006, ugxininisa amazwe angaphandle. Ngelo xesha, ngexesha Telegraphs wayephethe akunjalo, waza waya bume ngekhompyutha. Central Telegraph Russia, nangona abasebenzi yehla kakhulu, iyaqhubeka kungafezekiswa kweemfanelo zalo, ekubeni kwilali nganye kwindawo enkulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba aqhube umnxeba internet.

In imiphantsi zakutshanje ixesha yocingo theka frequency iintambo zombane, ahlelwe ikakhulu cable relay radio links. Inzuzo ephambili rhoqo telegraphy yaba kukuba ivumela ijelo ifowuni eqhelekileyo ukuba aququzelele ukusuka 17 ukuya 44 yocingo channels. Ukongeza, rhoqo kweentambo yenza ukwenza phantse naluphi na umgama unxibelelwano. Uthungelwano Unxibelelwano abunjwe zitsho iintambo zombane, ulondolozo lula, kwaye abe bhetyebhetye evumela ukudala ukusilela ulwalathiso circuitous ye kwicala umgca engundoqo. Frequency kweentambo kwaba lula kakhulu, enoqoqosho kwaye zithembekile, nto leyo ngoku amajelo Telegraph DC zisetyenziswa yaye ngaphantsi.