Theory ngokufutshane Malthusian. Malthus kunye imfundiso yakhe labantu

Thomas R. Malthus waba ngummeli we-classical yesikolo kwezoqoqosho kwiinkulungwane 18-19th. imisebenzi yakhe enkulu yapapashwa ngo-1798 no-1820. Malthus and "inkolelo sabantu 'wakhe benza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi.

biography

Malthus wazalwa ngo-1766, ngomhla we-14 Februwari. Uyise waba ngumntu emangalisayo kakhulu. Ebekuthanda inzululwazi, obuhle wahlobana Hume kunye Rousseau. Ngowe-1788-m izidanga Malthus Jesús College, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Ngokwesiko, njengoko unyana omncinane, kwafuneka ukuqala umsebenzi ngokomoya. Emva college, Malthus wamiselwa. Ngowe-1793 wafumana isidanga zenkolo. Ukususela 1797 ukuya 1803, Malthus waba umfundisi kwenye Surrey mabandla. Noko ke, ulutsha wakhe wayeyithanda indalo. Ngoko ke, lo gama Malthus waqalisa ukufundisa. Lonke ixesha lakhe free benza yophando iingxaki ubudlelwane of iziganeko zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo zendalo. Ngowe-1805 wavuma kunikezo ukwenza unjingalwazi kweli isebe Nakule mihla kunye noqoqosho yezopolitiko College of the East India Company. Apha, waba naye abe ngumbingeleli.

theory Malthusian (ngokufutshane)

Iye yaba umsebenzi iphambili ebomini bakhe. Uhlelo lokuqala lwapapashwa ngokuyimfihlo ngo-1798. Malthus kunye imfundiso yakhe kubemi yabangela ukuhlasela lapho ezininzi. Kungenxa emhlabeni kwaye ikhokelele ekubeni ukususela 1799 kude th-1802 waqalisa ukuya kwamanye amazwe e-Europe. Ebudeni uhambo, waqokelela data, iinkcukacha-manani. Konke oku lwazi wasetyenziswa ukuba atshintshe umsebenzi wabo. Emva kokuba tour 1803-m sele phantsi kwegama lakhe wapapasha uhlelo olutsha yencwadi longeziweyo. Imisebenzi elandelayo sele yandiswa kakhulu yaye yahlaziywa. theory Malthusian, ngamafutshane, waba imbali enkulu kuquka ukhenketho zembali, ucazululo ebaluleke kakhulu zezinye ababhali.

Ezi nkcukacha sokulungiselela

Xa uhlelo lokuqala kwethiyori Malthus ngayo abemi lushwankathela ithisisi ngobume demographic iqela zamazwe zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ekulungiseleleni lesincoko umbhali zange kwaziwa data elula manani, hayi nje amanye amazwe, kodwa iBrithani. Ngokomzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba inani labantu British - 7 yezigidi zabantu. Le ubalo lwenziwa ngo-1801-m, esi sixa phantse abazizigidi ezili-11. Xa hlelo lwesibini ukuba zithathelwe ingqalelo kuphela ulwazi lwamanani ezifunyenweyo, kodwa ibandla data accounting. Ukongeza, ingcamango Malthusian iye kwidama ngeenkcukacha ezisuka kwamanye amazwe. iintlelo 6 zakhutshwa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi. Ngalo lonke ixesha ingcamango Malthusian bonke kukuninzi.

Nature kwaye nokwanda rent komhlaba

omnye umsebenzi omkhulu, ezadalwa Malthus Le nto. Yanyatheliswa ngo 1815. Kweli phepha, umbhali, ngokusekelwe kwindalo ingeniso evela ilizwe, wazama ukuba atyhile ezisebenza lasungulwa kunye nokwanda, ku hlamusela ixabiso irenti ekuphunyezweni imveliso iyonke, ekhutshwe yi-Company. Kodwa imigwebo yakhe yokugqibela kwenziwa kamva. Ngowe-1820 wapapasha incwadi yakhe yesibini ezibalulekileyo apho imfundiso kwezoqoqosho Malthus sabhalwa.

Umongo ingqiqo ngo 1798

Thomas Malthus kunye imfundiso yakhe injongo yokuqala kukuphucula ubomi babantu. Xa iphepha yakhe, umbhali usebenzisa iintlobo kweendidi namabinza. Xa umsebenzi wakhe akukho nje kwezoqoqosho, kodwa zendalo-bulumko, lwezenhlalo, kubuhle, kunye zenkolo. Kwincwadi yakhe ingqalelo ingxaki yezibalo nokuba naluphi uphuhliso lwentlalo ngokubanzi. theory Population T. Malthus wavakalisa njengoko umthetho obungunaphakade, akaguquki zendalo engaphephekiyo endalo. Umbhali ibango ukuba inani labantu kwandisa ngendlela zejometri impilo an arithmetic ukuqhubela phambili. Ngokutsho yabemi T. Malthus, Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva, umlinganiselo phakathi kwenani labantu kunye nezibonelelo kuya kuba 256: 9, yaye emva ezintathu - 4096: 13. Xa iminyaka 2000, umsantsa phakathi kweendidi bekuya kuba ibingenakubalwa kunye olungathethekiyo. Le mbono T. Malthus kamva kubizwa ngokuba umthetho yokwehla ukuchuma komhlaba. Ngokuphinda kabini inani abemi umhlaba, ngokutsho umbhali, kuya kuba ilingane ixabiso lomhlaba lehla ngesiqingatha. Abantu abaninzi, iintsalela ngaphantsi komhlaba kulinywa umntu ngamnye. Kulo mba, kukho ukusilela tyekelo ukwandisa imihlaba kwezibonelelo kokutya ngokwandisa inani labantu kwiplanethi yethu. theory Malthusian akagwetyelwa nawuphi izibakala yokwenene. Umbhali kuvela kuphela ukusuka kokucingelwayo hayi oluxhaswa bubungqina obuphathekayo, ubungqina nangayiphi na indlela ebalulekileyo ukubaluleka esebenzayo.

ingxabano

theory Malthus Noko ke, iqulathe yinyaniso. Kodwa yena ufaneleke kuphela assumptions bakhe, kodwa kunoko, uthetha malunga ukunganyaniseki zakhe zezenzululwazi. Umbhali ukhankanya xa zibona yakhe kabini yabemi North America ngo kwekhulu kwikota. Ukholelwa ukuba le nto iqinisekisa kwingcinga yokuba ukunyuka kwenani labantu kwi ukuqhubela yemigca. Kodwa ke eneneni, njengomntwana onengqondo uphawula yokukhula kwenani labahlali lungenzeki ngokukhululekileyo. Umbhali ithi ukuba ithisisi malunga kabini kuthatha indawo. Kulula ukubala ukuba kwimeko eyahlukileyo iminyaka eliwaka, inani labantu babeza lenyuke amaxesha 240. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba ngo-1001 BC. e. waphila kubantu-2, ngoko ngo-2001 baya kuba 2 x 1012 (okanye $ 2 zezigidi zabantu.). Esi sixa-mali malunga 300 amaxesha incinane ixabiso elililo namhlanje.

Iingxaki ekwahluleni

Veliswa in zejometri progression abe ke umbhali, kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Enyanisweni, umntu lijongene rhoqo zonke iintlobo imiqobo. Ezi Malthus bathi le ngxaki zilandelayo:

1. nciphisa Yokuziphatha. Umbhali ukholelwa ukuba yemini umntu kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba phambi kokuba ugqibe ukutshata, kuyimfuneko kukuzuza karhulumente apho kuya kuba nako ukuqinisekisa impilo zabantwana babo. Kunye nale utyekelo ubomi bentsapho sibe namandla alo ukugcina amandla kunye ukuvuseleleka yomntu celibate nzima nokuzinikela ukufikelela kwinqanaba elifunekayo ubutyebi.
2. Ezimbi. Ezi Malthus bathi uxhulumaniso nemvelo, ukungabi nasimilo, lo ihlekisa lesingqengqelo usapho, amaqhinga ezahlukeneyo athathiweyo ukufihla links ezigwenxa.
3. Ukungonwabi. Bakholwa indlala umbhali, imfazwe, isibetho, ubhubhane, nokubanjwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo, ukungondleki kakuhle abantwana, ngokugqithisileyo, ukusebenza nzima, imisebenzi eyingozi njalo njalo.

Kufuneka, kunjalo, kufuneka wathi kabini inani landawo ezithathwe kwisigaba ethile yophuhliso yoluntu. Kodwa kwathi ngenxa yokufuduka, kunokuba kukukhula zendalo.

abantu nendlala

Ngokutsho iingcamango Malthus, unobangela ubuhlwempu na iingxaki nohlelo lwezentlalo eluntwini. Ihlwempu abanalo ilungelo lokufuna ukuba nantoni na evela izityebi. Ngokutsho umbhali, nevuthisayo bangabi natyala ngokumka kuqala. theory Malthus intlupheko isekelwe kwinto yokuba ubuhlwempu kukuba ubukhulu encinane okanye hayi kwaphela kuxhomekeke uhlobo urhulumente okanye yokwaba ubutyebi. Isityebi ke ayiyi kuba nako ukubahlangula ukutya kumahlwempu, kunye nomsebenzi. Kulo mba, amahlwempu, enyanisweni izinto ongenalungelo ufune ukutya okanye imisebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa ithiyori labantu Malthus, unobangela ubuhlwempu imithetho kunqandwa yendalo.

concept ukuqashwa

Lityhila ngokwayo kanye izicamango yombhali. theory Malthusian swi zizihlunu lomzabalazo yeklasi abasebenzi, ubungqina ubuze nasihlahla amabango ukuba abasebenzi yenza oongxowankulu. Umbhali ngakumbi wagxininisa ukuba intshayelelo luwolule izimvo zakhe phakathi amahlwempu kuya kuba nempembelelo entle kwi inginginya kubasebenzi, leyo, Kakade, oko kuluncedo nabalawulayo. Malthus wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze bazisunduze umzabalazo lomhlaba sabasebenzi. Ngelo xesha ke phofu, kwaye ngokuphandle bamchasa ukuphunyezwa iimfuno eziziziqalelo okusesikweni, kubalulekile ukuba amalungelo abasebenzi. Umbhali abeke phambili hypothesis ukuba abasebenzi ngokwayo ukuba ityala ukusilela yayo. sabasebenzi kwazo ngokwentlupheko kungancitshiswa ngokunciphisa kuphela izinga lokuzalwa. Amanyathelo yokulwa ukunyuka kwenani labantu ingqalelo nciphisa indlela yokuziphatha, usizi, ukuzikhwebula kwimitshato ulusizana, kokugqiba umsebenzi, izifo, imfazwe, nayindyikitya yokufa, nayindlala. Wabona oku kuphela lunokunyangwa kwaye zendalo ezinokusetyenziswa ukuze atshabalalise "amadoda ononyawo".

Ingcamango "amaqela esithathu" Malthus

Umbhali waba iqela categorical ngayo ingqiqo yexabiso Ricardo. Malthus wacebisa ukuba uphuhliso olulandelayo kwethiyori lezabasebenzi kunokukhokelela ukungakhuseleki iingxaki yongxowankulu. Ukongeza, ezisekelwe kwiimbono kaRicardo, wabhaqa uhlobo ekumfimfitheni sengeniso kwelo lizwe. Yena ngelithi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba nempumelelo yesizwe kukuba, kweli lizwe kunye nemikhosi phambili nemveliso baya inani elithile "amaqela esithathu" - non-kakuhle abathengi. Phakathi kwabo, ngokwembono yakhe, uya kuthengiswa yinxalenye yemveliso, inxalenye ingeniso ongxowankulu. Ngoko ke ingxaki lonikezelo yengeniso ziya kusombululeka.

ukusebenza

Phantse nangoko emva kokupapashwa kwethiyori Malthus 'yokuzala sele ingxoxo phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente, izifundiswa kunye walala abantu kwisangqa. Ukongeza abalandeli kombono, kunye neemeko eyayingabachasi. Abanye abagxeki baye phambili iingxoxo ngokwaneleyo ezakhayo. Malthus emsebenzini kamva ezicatshulweyo iingcali ezivela kwiinkalo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo. umsebenzi wakhe waba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwengqiqo zikaDarwin.

ukugxeka Marxist

Abameli zesikolo classical ndixelele indima zinkuni kwethiyori labemi. Marx wabonisa ukuba kakuhle le mbono isekelwe endaweni kwemithetho ezithile zentlalo noqoqosho capitalism postulates 'obungunaphakade lecebo "yendalo. Marx wabonisa ukuba imfundiso labantu ayikho kwaphela. Kuba owabumba ganisa ngabanini umthetho ethile ikhona. zokwanda Absolute ayikho kwaye akakwazi. ukwanda kwabantu - umbono othile. Esisebenza ngayo njengoko bebubalaselisa ethile inkqubo yobungxowankulu, evela phantsi kwempembelelo umthetho wayenemfuyo. Yile, kunokuba imithetho yendalo ngenxa yentlupheko sabasebenzi. I "impikiswano" eziphambili Malthus uye wasebenzisa umthetho nesayensi banciphise imbuyekezo. Marxists wagxeka kakhulu lo mbono. Bamela ukuba umbhali kunye nabaxhasi bakhe musa ithathele ingqalelo ukwanda amandla emveliso kunye nenkqubela zobugcisa. Lenin, bagxeke imfundiso, besithi ukuba akukho nzima jikelele zokufumana ukutya kunye bondliwe kwi ingxaki kuphela kwiklasi ethile zoluntu - sabasebenzi. Le ubunzima kuxhomekeke yongxowankulu ngqo, hayi nemithetho yemvelo.

umbono phumo

Le umbhali uyagxininisa impembelelo ingqikelelo theory liberalism Malthus kaThixo. Phumo wayekholelwa ukuba isenzo imfundiso loluntu liberalism ecetyiswayo. Njengoko core yale mbono ke obizwa imfundiso le division of labour. Kuphela xa nolwalamano olusondeleyo nalo mba kunokuba yinyaniso ukutolika iimeko zentlalo e-worldwork theory Malthusian. Society ivela njenge ezitshatileyo abantu ukuba benze ukusetyenziswa ngcono yeemeko zendalo yobukho. Eneneni, uluntu - ukuvalwa kulitshabalalisa efanayo. Kuluntu, endaweni yokulwa wasebenzisa efanayo. Sisiqinisekiso intshukumisa siphambili indlela yokuziphatha kwamalungu ayo. Kuluntu kufuneka kungabikho umzabalazo, kukho kuphela hlabathi. Naluphi na ungquzulwano akuboni ngokucotha intsebenziswano lwentlalo. Phumo unika ingcaciso wakhe iziphetho Malthus. Lowo ubunini wabucala indlela yemveliso uthi - umgaqo ebekiwe. Inika ulungelelwano phakathi inani kwabathengi kunye kunciphisa izibonelelo. Lo mgaqo yenza ukuzalana quota ngamnye ukusuka kwimveliso loqoqosho igcinelwe kwi umba kunye nempahla yabasebenzi. Nkulumo uyifumane ekunciphiseni izinga ukuzalwa phantsi kwempembelelo yoluntu, ukuphelisa amalungu nesilima oluntu, ngokuthi umzekeliso emifuno okanye isilwanyana ehlabathini. Umsebenzi inani labantu somzabalazo sobukho liphunyezwa "mqobo yokuziphatha umda inzala."

concept protection

Phumo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, akamkeli ityala ethunyelwe Malthus inkohlakalo kunye misanthropy. Umbhali ulumkisa abafundi nxamnye kwizigqibo engalunganga. Uthi ukuba kungabikho kuluntu nga ngumzabalazo ukuphila. Phumo wayekholelwa ukuba ukwenza loo yokuqiqa okungenaluzsini esekelwe neengcamango Malthus - impazamo gross. Wathi: iingxelo ethatyathwe kumxholo kusetyenziswa kabi, ngenxa yomsebenzi elanele engaphelelanga yokuqala yePhetshana. edition lwentsusa lwaqulunqwa phambi uyile ingcinga uqoqosho yamandulo lwezopolitiko.

Ukusebenzisa isigama

Nangona ukungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo imfundiso kubemi yenzululwazi, yaba yimpumelelo enkulu ngezangqa yongxowankulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba izicelo kule klasi yoluntu lanelisekile kakhulu kunye izimvo. Le nxalenye eyoyikisayo le mbono ithi ngeli xesha. nokusasazwa Active iingcamango Neo-Malthusianism e utoliko olwahlukileyo yabangela ukonyuka ngokukhawuleza kwenani labemi (ikakhulu kumazwe asakhasayo). Lo mkhuba ukhatshwa ukuqhubela phambili iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, umsantsa ezikhula inqanaba lenkqubela-phambili phakathi kwamazwe.

club waseRoma

It is a ngumbutho ongekho phantsi kukarhulumente ze kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. It wahlanganisa amanani kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye sobunzululwazi ezahlukahlukeneyo amazwe ehlabathini. I Club of Rome ubeke phambili ithisisi ukuba kwinkulungwane yama-20, abantu sele ifikelele imida kubekho kwisithuba elilinganiselweyo. Oku thaca kwingxelo yokuqala ngo-1972. Ngowe-1974, enye iimodeli zokusombulula iingxaki zehlabathi iye yaba ingqiqo yokuphucula inkqubo lwehlabathi moya yabafundi abambalwa. Le yokugqibela ibhekisa inkqubo-hlukeneyo noshowo, nto leyo yahluke ngokupheleleyo kokwanda nje oluninzi kwi undifferentiated. Ababhali basebenzisa olu lwazi ngokunxulumene ekukhuleni kwenkqubo yehlabathi kuyafana kuphuhliso ephilayo, apho amanqaku zobungcali lweziqalelo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokusebenza ukuxhomekeka kwabo. Imfuneko ukusebenzisa indlela enjalo, njengoko nxaxheba, kubangwa kokuxhomekeka yale ntlekele. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, zibandakanya, izinto demographic ekrwada, amandla, ukutya, okusingqongileyo kunye nezinye iingxaki.

isiphelo

Ukuba lohlaselo kwinkulungwane elandelayo intra-ucwangciso sandile phantse bonke abemi umhlaba, ukuba kuya kubakho isithintelo enjalo kwinqanaba abantwana 2.2-2.5 umtshato nganye, kukho izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, inani labantu on Earth leyo izinze abantu 11-12 billion ukuya. Njengoko ezi zinto zifuneka kuqala ibalulekileyo ngesisombululo iingxaki wesi yokwanda kwabantu inguqu ezendeleyo nezentlalo, ukuphakamisa umgangatho yenkcubeko eziphathekayo lokuphila izizwe kule planethi. Kulo mzekelo, hayi ukuba umbuzo yolawulo lokuzalwa enyanzelekileyo, ngokutsho kwithiyori eziphuhliswa Malthus. Kakuhle eli ukusombulula iingxaki yi uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe iqela lamanyathelo ngabom. Kuphela ndlela kwamanye amazwe kunye nemimandla kukwanda kwamanani abemi kufuneka olungongezwanga, kunye nabanye - ukuba baqale isantya phantsi. Isuke yimfuno kunyanzelekile esingqongileyo ukuba ibe njongo, uyalwa umda kwanda koluntu kwenza kubeyimfuneko abanaluncedo zeniyo-Malthusian ingqiqo. Ulwalamano Imiba ukuba abambiseneyo. umsebenzi Malthus kaThixo wabeka isiseko sokuphuculwa ngakumbi demographic trends zululwazi lophuhliso loqoqosho.