Novgorod Russia: iimpawu kuphuhliso emfutshane, imbali, inkcubeko, ubugcisa, abalawuli

Igama elithi "Novgorod Rus" lidla libhekisela kwixesha zembali xa Novgorod inkululeko yezopolitiko, yaye kuso kwakukho republic ephakathi. Esi sixeko kunye nelizwe layo owayamileyo bahlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwezinye oozilawuli East Slavic. Apha kwakukho iyunithi amandla ngokwayo, inkcubeko, imfundo kunye nolwimi.

ukuzimela imvelaphi

Rus yamandulo Wavuka kunyaka 882, emva kokuba Novgorod prince Oleg woyisa Kiev waza wayenza ikomkhulu lakhe. Ukususela ngoko, iziko zopolitiko ngasentla ixesha elithile baqalisa ukudlala indima yesibini. Kodwa nakuba kunjalo, oko abathetheli, kubonakala iirhuluneli apha, ngubani ke ngoko wasebenzisa igunya engundoqo kwaye baya ngukumkani eKiev (Vladimir Omkhulu kunye Yaroslav Mudry).

Le meko kakhulu xa bengatshatanga Russian yahlulwa izilawuli eziliqela ezizimeleyo. Bonke bephela alawulwa ngamalungu Rurik ubukhosi. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela yokuduka imibutho izilawuli, amabango macala kwegazi. Veliky Novgorod kwisiqalo ezi ziganeko nabo akwazi ukunceda kodwa ucinge inkululeko yabo.

Ababhali-mbali bayavuma ukuba ixesha yokubusa phezu kweenxweme Volkhov yaphela ngo-1136. Emva koko, ngokutsho isigqibo sebhunga, yena angamgxothi Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich, olwaba ngexesha Battle of the iintaba ukulinda nxamnye amajoni Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Kiev oqeshiweyo ubugwala yakhokelela, okokuqala, yokuba yena wasala ngaphandle lilifa, yaye okwesibini, kukuba kukho into ezimeleyo Novgorod Russia.

polity

Ukususela ku 1136, abantu Novgorod, wakhetha abathetheli babo, ukukhathaza omkhulu agnatic kunye neminye imigaqo belifa, yamkelwa kuninzi oozilawuli Russian. ubunzima kakhulu izigqibo yaye tysyatskiye posadniki. Ezi izikhulu zezindlu zooyise yeengcungcu abo bafumene impumelelo kwinkonzo karhulumente. Bona yonyuliwe yiNdlu.

Novgorod Russia ababa nakuhlala ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle tysyatskogo. Umntu kule ndawo bangunobangela walo lonke urhwebo phakathi komzi. Yena owayephethe kwinkundla ngolamlo, apho abarhwebi yasonjululwa iimbambano, ngokufuthi basemzini. emzini kakuhle ukuba kwakuxhomekeke kurhwebelwano ne eYurophu. Yaba nguye lowo eyindlela wonke ummandla East Slavic, apho ngasentshonalanga wenza oonomatse kunqabile uboya, martens, sables, kunye nezinye izinto itikiti enkulu.

Kwakhona tysyatsky kwi Chamber amelwe umdla yezikhulu mihlaba kwaye babizwa ngokuba ngabantu abamnyama, nto leyo ezele Novgorod Rus. Baba abahlali abahlelelekileyo nabaqhelekileyo ezidolophini Awunayo nawaphi na amalungelo. Amaxesha amaninzi, ukuze babe Posadnik (enyanisweni, usodolophu), kwafuneka ixesha lokuba ukusebenza ngaphandle tysyatskim. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV, ixabiso Indawo yandisa yinyaniso ukuba isibonelelo isihloko yeengcungcu.

isiko

inkcubeko ephakathi Novgorod eRussia lwahluke inkcubeko nabamelwane balo. inzululwazi Modern uyayazi okuninzi malunga ngokuba apha emantla, kusekho ezikhumbuzo enkulu kakhulu ixesha eladlulayo. Abembi bezinto zakudala, iingcali zeelwimi, zesayensi kunye nezinye izazinzulu uqhubeka ukufunda ngomdla ilifa yashiya Novgorod Russia. Iimpawu zophuhliso, ngamafutshane, undincedile isixeko inkcubeko ukuma ngebande elinye kunye namaziko Western eYurophu. Abanye abaphandi bade bathi ukuba Novgorod yenye neebhedi e Northern Renaissance.

Abahlali Republic iingcali ezininzi zobugcisa. Oku kungqinwa inani elikhulu izakhiwo ezizodwa. Abaninzi kubo aye walilondoloza ngenxa yokuba apha bafika ingxokolo Mongol-Tatar. Rhoqo emathafeni ukuwubona rhoqo zatshatyalaliswa Vladimir eRashiya, apho ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuphinda-ayakhe imizi yonke. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIII, siyalaba belilinye ishishini ngenxa ukufa iingcali kunye neengcibi.

Kronike - yenye isenzeko olwahlukileyo Novgorod Russia. Iimpawu zophuhliso, ngamafutshane, kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ababhali yemicimbi yemihla amaxwebhu zabo uchaze iziganeko nje kuphela, kodwa lwaveza umxholo yobomi abahlali kunye ukubonakala ngaphandle komzi. Le isimbo wayengekho kwi nabamelwane ngakumzantsi wayo.

yokudweba

Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ezikhumbuzo Russian zobugcisa aphakathi walondoloza Novgorod yi Russia. Iimpawu yophuhliso kummandla umdla amagcisa aneziphiwo aphuma kuzo zonke iindawo Slavic. Ngomhla kweenxweme Volkhov Ayemfuna inkululeko kunye ngokonwaba, ukuvumela ukuba ukudala ngendlela eyiyo.

Painting Novgorod Russia wada zagqitha West. EYurophu, iicawa kwi Gothic kunye nezimbo Romanesque ihonjiswe ngokulambisa kunye esekelwe. Kwiitempile Novgorod sasinda inani enkulu ebhanyabhanya kwimixholo eyahlukeneyo yeBhayibhile. indawo yokudweba yayo ephambili wasinda kwinkulungwane XIV, xa wamangala iindwendwe nokuba ukususela eItali Byzantium.

Ngelishwa, isikolo na into lonke elidlulileyo. Anyamalala emva ukulawula weRiphabliki eMoscow. Iinkosana wenza yonke into wamnqumla Novgorod Russia. Iimpawu yophuhliso icawa esemantla wenza zinemali kukuhle ngaphezu eMoscow. Ngelo xesha linye basebukhosini yasekuhlaleni yaba nekratshi kunye eyahlukileyo. Konke oku ndamcaphukisa urhulumente kazwelonke. In XV-XVI iinkulungwane., Phantsi pretexts ezahlukeneyo, ezinye kwamaJuda ezibulalayo bathwalwa phandle. Kuvuthelwa kakhulu ezoyikekayo yaba ngesothuso Ivana Groznogo nonogada. Emva koko, isikolo Novgorod zobugcisa ngcembe damped waza wafa.

bokwakha

Njengoko ngokunjalo ukupeyinta, ukuzoba iplani Novgorod eRashiya eyaziwa ngokuphuma yayo ngokunxulumene Vladimir, Suzdal, eKiev, njalo njalo. D. In ngasentla ubomi kwiingcibi zemithi emihle, umsebenzi wengcibi yokuluka oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo kweenkuni. Kuyo yonke Russia Novgorod lelokuqala uyoyiswa ilitye nje izinto zokwakha.

Ngowe-1044 kwabonakala Detinets, yaye kamva kunyaka - ibandla Hagia uSophia. Zonke ezi yobuciko izakhiwo zazenziwe ilitye zigcinwe kule mini. iinkosi Talent Novgorod walibeka phambili icandelo lobugcisa. Stone ibhulorho ngaphesheya Volkhov ixesha elide yaba inkulu eYurophu, yaye ulwakhiwo lwalo lwaqhutywa kwi indlela ekhethekileyo.

izakhiwo Novgorod wazalwa Yindibanisela ngeendlela ezininzi. It usukela izinto baseYurophu, isimbo aseByzantium Russian ngokwalo. iimpembelelo Greek bangena esixekweni kunye ukholo Orthodox. School yaseYurophu uye iingcambu kweli lizwe ngenxa nokubambisana esebenzayo kunye abarhwebi angaphandle kunye okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League. Ekubeni ithathe kancinane yonke into, iingcibi basekuhlaleni sidalwe kwabo ukuluqonda. Amangcwaba Novgorod Russia wasinda ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba labazobi ezazakhiwe ngezinto zokwakha ixesha elide.

birchbark

Birch amaxolo, apho kuqhubeka ukufumana abembi namhlanje wayenovimba enkulu ulwazi malunga nobomi kwakhokelela Novgorod Russia. Ngokufutshane, zinceda phakamisa ikhuselo vu phezu indlela eladlulayo yobomi kunye nemikhwa ye ngoko abemi kwiriphabliki.

Kudla zincwadi zincwadi zabucala kunye namaxwebhu zoshishino. Iziphumo okwenzayo uphinde ubhale uthando izono. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bakwazi nokuba ukufumana imiyalezo ahlekisayo ukuba ezikhumbuzo ezizodwa lwemveli yesizwe.

ukubunjwa

Ubukho iileta ngasentla kubonisa ukuba lokufunda nokubhala sele hlamarisaka uninzi zabemi. Abalawuli Novgorod Russia wazama ukuba imfundo. Umzekelo, oku kulapho Yaroslav Mudry wavula isikolo yokuqala, esiqeqesha iingcali neCawa noRhulumente Profile.

abafowunelwa olubanzi kunye nemizi yorhwebo yaseYurophu izinduna izityebi kuvunyelwa ukuba bathumele abantwana babo apho. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu abafana Novgorod wema kwiiyunivesithi Italian ka Bologna kunye German Rostock.

Novgorod kwiinkulungwane XII-XIII.

Imbali olwalubalulekile Novgorod Russia yahlulwe ixesha eziliqela. Ngenkulungwane XII, le Republic Kuye kwaba ithambo abaxabana phakathi ezahlukeneyo Rurikovich. Uxhulumaniso phakathi basezantsi kwaye nakumantla Rus Wayesenamandla, ngokunjalo phakathi kwelizwe Novgorod rhoqo wabonakala Kyïv, Chernihiv, nkqu nempi Polovtsian.

Kwinkulungwane XIII yaba ukuhlaselwa Tatar-Mongol. Hlokondiba of Batu Khan watshabalalisa iidolophu ezininzi kwimpuma nakumazantsi eRashiya. Army mbuya baze bazifake ukuya Novgorod, kodwa wacinga ngcono ngayo ngexesha akehla aye phambili Torzhok, ajike ukuya Chernigov. Oku kuye wasindisa abahlali ekonakaleni, nasekutshabalaleni. Nangona kunjalo, akukho okumiselwe Novgorod webhodi irhafu mkhosi.

Eli nani eyintloko imbali kwexesha Republic Alexander Nevsky. Ngelo xesha xa phantse yonke eRashiya bayagcuma ukusuka ukuphazamisa emathafeni, Novgorod kwafuneka lijongane kwenye isisongelo. Loo German odolo zomkhosi Catholic - leTeutonic kunye Livonian. Bavela kule aseBalti kunye iinkulungwane ezimbini basongela kwiriphabliki. Alexander Nevsky wawahlula ngexesha Battle of the Ice ngo-1242. Ukongeza, isibini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba woyisa balwa kwi Battle of the Neva.

End Novgorod Russia

Ngokukhula Moscow ubulawuli ka Novgorod kwafuneka ukulingana phakathi eMoscow iintshaba zawo angaphandle. Basebukhosini akazange afune ukuba angenise inzala Ivana Kality. Ngoko ke izinduna Novgorod wayezama ukwakha ubudlelane encedisayo kunye Lithuania kunye ePoland, nangona la mazwe bengenanto yakwenza inkcubeko Russian kunye nesizwe.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XV, Vasily II i Dark akwazi ukulungisa ngokusemthethweni koNebhukadenetsare yeRiphabliki ukusuka eMoscow. Unyana wakhe uIvan Iii wayefuna ukuya ekugqibeleni koyisa Novgorod. Xa Chamber ligqibe ukuya ukuba rapprochement kunye uKumkani Poland, iNkosana eMoscow wathi imfazwe abangathobeliyo. Ngowe-1478, wazibandakanya Novgorod eMoscow ukubusa. Yaba enye awona manyathelo abaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni enye Russian uhlanga-karhulumente. Ngelishwa, umgaqo abathetheli kunye nookumkani kukhokelele kwinto yokuba owayesakuba sikhundla Novgorod ephambili kurhwebo kunye nenkcubeko lulahlekile ngokuhamba kwexesha.