Ubugcisa be-XX leminyaka. I-Futurism kwiincwadi kunye nopopu

Ekupheleni kwekhulu elineshumi elinesithoba elinesixhenxe, ihlabathi "lincinci". Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso yezoshishino, ukuqina kongxowankulu kunye nesimo sengqondo esiqinileyo nesingathandekiyo ngokubhekiselele kubomi, ngokubhekiselele kumntu, kwaguqula iingqondo zabantu, kwaqinisa ukuphikisana phakathi kweengcamango ezingenakunqandeka zenkulungwane kunye nokuxhamla kwexesha elizayo. Kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukuwamkela le mithetho emitsha yobomi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunzima kangakanani ukuhlula kunye nolwazi oluhle, utshintsho lwalukhunjulwa, kwaye ukuphendulwa kokuqala kwabo kwavela kwiingcamango zabantu abalingayo, njengoko baninzi baziva ukuqala kwexesha elitsha.

Ngomnyaka we-1909 e-Italy, uTommaso Marinetti wakhupha i-manifesto ye-Futurists-umgaqo omtsha wobugcisa, ingcamango eyona nto eyayikuphika ngokupheleleyo imigaqo-siseko yokudala imisebenzi yobugcisa. Kwaye ukuba ngaba kukho i-avant-gard garde kwezobugcisa kunye noncwadi lwaqala ngokukhishwa kweemigodi kunye nezithethe, ngoko i-futurism iphumelele ngakumbi kule nto, kuba yayinzima kakhulu. I-Marinetti, umsebenzi oyintloko wolawulo olutsha, wamemezela ukuchithwa kwimihla ngemihla yesibingelelo sobugcisa kwaye wagxininisa, njengento ephambili, ukunyusa, ukunyanzelisa, ukunyakaza nokutshabalalisa.

ERashiya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, ukudideka kwiingqondo kwakukhulu, abaculi babefuna iindlela ezintsha zokubonisa ixesha eliyinkimbinkimbi, ngoko ke nayiphi na indlela ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kwezobugcisa kwangoko yafumana impendulo enemveliso, kwaye i-futurism yayingekho. Nangona kunjalo, i-futurism kwiincwadi kunye nokudweba sele ixhaphakile eRashiya. Abalobi abaninzi abadumileyo kunye nabangumbongo abaza kungena kwimbali yenkcubeko (V. Mayakovsky, I. Severyanin, V. Khlebnikov, D. Burliuk, B. Pasternak) baqala njengamalungu eembalo ezininzi zexesha elizayo, inkqubo yeengxelo kunye neendlela ezininzi zokuvakalisa imigaqo entsha Izikhokelo zobugcisa zazingabaluleke kakhulu kunezinto zobugcisa. I-Cubo-Futurists, i-ego-futurists, isosayensi kunye nabaphathi be-nitchevocks, bayamangalisa ingcamango yoluntu kungekhona nje ngeengxelo zabo ezinzima malunga nobugcisa bendabuko, kodwa kunye nokuveliswa kwabo okungavamile, kunye ne-antics ene-excentric. Uninzi lwabo lwaluhle kakhulu "abavelisi" ngokwabo. Abazange badale kuphela ubugcisa obutsha, kodwa baphumelele kakhulu ukuyibeka kuluntu, befumana imali efanelekileyo kuyo. Iindlela eziphambili zokuzithengisa zikarhulumente, ezibonakalayo kunye nokuziphatha. Banobukrakra bethanda umdla woluntu, uluntu luza ngokuzithandela lufike kwimiboniso nakubusuku bombhalo, ukunika ithikithi ngemali eninzi.

E-Rashiya, umkhwa omtsha we-avant gard garde ubonakala ikakhulu kwizibongo. I-futurism kwiincwadi iye yabonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-creation entsha yegama, iifowuni zesandi, izakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga zokwakha. Igama lamatyanduli amasha lalahlekelwa yintsingiselo yalo yesigxina kunye nelotiki, yajika yaba yintsimbi yeeplastiki kwizandi apho yayinokwenzeka ukuba 'iqhube' nayiphi na idizayini, yenze idibaniso entsha, engaqhelekanga, apho inentsingiselo yayikude neyona nto ephambili, okanye kunokuba kukho I ntsi ngiselo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-futurism kwiincwadi zazama ukudala ulwimi olutsha, idemokhrasi kunye nobunzima, ngokuqhelaniswa nokuguqulwa kwamhlanje kuluntu, kuyaqondakala kuwo wonke umntu kwaye kwamkelwe ngabo bonke.

Indlela entsha yokubugcisa ayifunwa kuphela ukuqonda kwaye idlulise izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqhubekayo, kodwa nokuguqula ihlabathi ngokwalo, ukudala ixesha. I-futurism kwincwadi ibonakaliswe yimvavanyo engaqhelekanga ehambelana nombala wemifanekiso yezandi kunye namazwi. Ngoko, isilathisi ngasinye kunye nesandi esilumkileyo sichazwe ngumbala othile wombala. Ukudibanisa kwimibongo yabo, ii-futurists ezidalwe ngoncedo lwamagama amacangca emibala, ngokuzama ukuzama ukuthumela imizwa ethile.

I-Futurism kwiincwadi yayisondelelene kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa. Olu phawu luye lwasasazeka kakhulu kwipayipi, ngaphezu koko, ezinye iibongozi zeza futurist zazingabalingisi bokuqala, umzekelo, i-V. Mayakovsky, i-V. Khlebnikov, i-V. Kamensky, njl. I-futurism ekupendeni, njengencwadi, ibonakaliswe kwiimvavanyo ezicacileyo. Ngaphezu koko, abadwebi be-K. Malevich, uP. Filonov nabanye ngokuncediswa ngamabhuleki kunye neepende zikwazi ukucacisa ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo kwi-toilet yintoni na iibongozi ezincwadini zabo ezifunayo.

I-Futurism kukuvukela, ukukhanyela ubugcisa bendabuko kunye nokuzama ukudala entsha, ejoliswe kwikamva. Le yimizingo ngegama kunye nesandi, ukukhangela izakhiwo ezintsha zokwenziwa kwezakhiwo kunye nezemfundiso ze-semantic, intando yesininzi, eziqondakalayo kubantu kwaye zikwazi ukubonisa utshintsho olunzima kuluntu lwenkulungwane yokuqala.