Ubukumkani Asiriya ngembali yaso

Ubukhosi yokuqala zehlabathi yamandulo waseAsiriya. Le meko eyayikhona kwimephu yehlabathi phantse 2,000 iminyaka - ukususela XXIV ukuya VII BC kwinkulungwane kwaye malunga 609 BC. e. basaba khona. Sisihlandlo sokuqala waseAsiriya, kwafunyanwa ababhali amandulo ezifana yekaHerodotus, uAristotle kunye nabanye. Kwakhona ubukumkani Asiriya ichaziwe kwezinye iincwadi zeBhayibhile.

geography

ubukumkani Asiriya waba efikelela kuyo ITigrisi, Yolule ukusuka esezantsi ye Njengomncinane Zab emazantsi ezintabeni kwiintaba empumalanga kunye Zagras Masios kwi ntshonalanga. Xa ngamaxesha awohlukeneyo bobukho bayo, ukuba ibekwe kwi emazweni ilizwe, ezifana ne Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Sirayeli, Palestine, Turkey, eSiriya, aseSipro eYiputa.

Imbali Long eyaziwa kakuhle kwengqukuva enye yobukumkani waseAsiriya:

1. UAshur (ikomkhulu yokuqala, ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-250 ukusuka Baghdad yanamhlanje).
2. Ekallatum (capital eliphezulu eMesopotamiya waba ikhondo phakathi Tiger).
3. INineve (ise-Iraq namhlanje-).

ixesha kwimbali yophuhliso

Ukususela ibali ubukumkani uAsiriya kuthatha ixesha ixesha elininzi, ixesha lokubakho wayo ngokuqhelekileyo izigaba ezithathu:

• ixesha Staroassiriysky - XX -XVI BC.
• ixesha Sredneassiriysky - XV-XI BC leminyaka.
• Empire Neo-Asiriya - X-VII BC.

Ngalinye kula maxesha luphawulwa nkqubo yayo basekhaya bezinye iintlanga karhulumente, abasemagunyeni baba ngookumkani evela amakhosi ezahlukeneyo, ixesha ngalinye baqalisa ukunyuka kunye nemeko achumileyo soonyana baseAsiriya, utshintsho kunye notshintsho esimi orientation ubukumkani bukaThixo nkqubo angaphandle.

period Staroassiriysky

I-Asiriya weza kummandla kumlambo iEfrati phakathi kwinkulungwane XX. BC. e., uthe izizwe kulwimi isiAkkadia. Okokuqala Wakha isixeko uAshur igama imbeko kobuThixo lwabo olukhulu.

Ngeli xesha, kodwa kwakungekho bengatshatanga waseAsiriya, ukuze inkoliso Nome waba uAshur bako, ngubani yayibubukumkani ingumbuso of Mitanni kunye Kassite eBhabheli. Ikaliwe ukugcina ukuzimela eminye imicimbi zokuhlala zangaphakathi. Ngu Ashshurskomu Nome iquka iindawo ezininzi ezincinane ezisemaphandleni ekhokelwa ngabadala. Esi sixeko sahambela phambili ngokukhawuleza ngenxa indawo kakuhle geographical: ngawo iindlela zorhwebo ukusuka ezantsi, empuma, nasentshonalanga.

Thetha malunga alawula kweli xesha, lo mlawuli ayamkelwa, njengoko balawuli baba ngokupheleleyo amalungelo ezopolitiko uphawu abathwali kwesi status. Eli xesha kwimbali Asiriya abahlukunyezwa mbali njenge prequel kuba lula yobukumkani Asiriya. Ide kokuwa waseAkkad kwi BC ngenkulungwane XXII UAshur wayeyinxalenye, kodwa emva Ukunyamalala wakhe waba elizimeleyo ixesha elifutshane, yaye kuphela BC ngenkulungwane xxi. e. Ur wathathwa. Kuphela emva kweminyaka 200 amandla sokuyivula kubalawuli - ashshurtsam, ukususela ngaloo mzuzu iqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemveliso yorhwebo kunye yorhwebo. Noko ke, loo indawo ngaphakathi urhulumente zange kube kudala, yaye emva kweminyaka 100 uAshur uphelelwa intsingiselo yalo mzi engundoqo, kwaye iba irhuluneli omnye koonyana yomlawuli Shamsht-Adad. Kungekudala lo mzi uphantsi kwegunya ukumkani waseBhabheli, uHammurabi, kunye BC malunga 1720 kuphela. e. Iqala imbali ngokuthe ngcembe likarhulumente elizimeleyo Asiriya an.

sesibili

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV abalawuli BC uAsiriya amaxwebhu asemthethweni sele ekubhekiselelwe kuyo ookumkani. Ngaphezu koko, xa wayebhekisela, Faro kumkani waseYiputa, bathi, "umzalwana wethu." Ngeli xesha, kukho amazwe esebenzayo yamajoni belizwe; wenza ungenelelo zibe umHeti karhulumente, bagqogqa ubukumkani waseBhabheli, kwidolophu kwelaseFenike neSiriya, kunye 1290-1260 biennium. BC. e. iphela design sendawo uBukhosi baseAsiriya.

A ukwanda entsha yeemfazwe ukoyisa le Asiriya baqalisa ngexesha lokulawula uTigilati-pilezere, owaba nako ukufaka kwikhompyutha ePadan-aram, iFenike, kunye Asia Minor, enyanisweni, ukumkani izihlandlo eziliqela phezu iinqanawa kuLwandle lweMeditera, ukubonisa ukongama kwawo eYiputa. Emva kokufa a owoyisayo ukuhla umlawuli iqala ngokwaseburhulumenteni, nabo bonke ookumkani ezilandelayo andisakwazi ukugcina ezinabantu ngaphambili. ubukumkani Asiriya wagxothwa kumazwe zabo zomthonyama. ixesha Uxwebhu XI-X kwiinkulungwane BC. e. Iye yasinda kuzo, nto leyo ibonisa ukuhla.

Empire Neo-Asiriya

A nqanaba entsha kuphuhliso waseAsiriya yaqala emva kokuba Asiriya wakwazi ukuba bahlukane zezizwe ngesiAram bafika emdeni wabo. Loo owadalwa kweli xesha, uthathwa ukuba ubukhosi lokuqala embalini yoluntu. Le ntlekele ukuzitya zobukumkani uAsiriya ayiphumelelanga ukunqanda ookumkani Adad-nirari II kunye Adid- nirari III (ukuba nomama wakhe Semiramis wokubopha ubukho omnye 7 Wonders of the World - nesisitheliso Gardens). Ngelishwa, ukumkani zintathu zilandelayo nako ukumelana amagalelo kotshaba lwangaphandle - ubukumkani Urartu, waza waqhuba-nkqubo ongafundanga zasekhaya, leyo buthathaka kakhulu urhulumente.

Asiriya, Tiglapalasare III

Le ukunyuka ubukumkani yaqala xesha ukumkani Tiglapalasara III. Ukuba namandla kwiminyaka 745-727. BC. e., wakwazi ukuba bambambe emazweni kwelaseFenike, ePalestina, eSiriya, eDamasko laxhamla ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe kwiminyaka emininzi yongquzulwano ngezixhobo kunye nemeko Urartu kwalungiswa.

luck Good-nkqubo angaphandle ngenxa ukuqhuba inguqu zezopolitiko lwangaphakathi. Ngoko ke, ukumkani waqalisa nokususwa ngenkani yabemi balo ilizwe evela kumazwe ezinabantu, kunye neentsapho zabo kunye nepropati, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukusasazeka ngesiAram lonke waseAsiriya. Ikumkani yagqiba ingxaki separatism kweli lizwe, ukulaba indawo enkulu ibe anebala ezininzi noncinci ngabalawuli, angavumeli, ngaloo ndlela, ukuvela amakhosi ezintsha. Kwakhona, ukumkani wathatha ukulungiswa umkhosi; umkhosi amavolontiya kunye bezithanga zomkhosi, ukuba uhlelwe a umkhosi emi yobungcali, wamkela umvuzo wokulondoloza imali, zaqaliswa iintlobo ezintsha imikhosi - amahashe rhoqo kwaye kuliwe iinjineli, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa entlanganweni sezobuntlola kunye nonxibelelwano.

iphulo ngempumelelo wamajoni uTigilati-pilezere uvunyelwe ukudala lobukhosi uManeki ukusuka nePersian Gulf ukuya kuthi xhaxhe, kwaye nkqu isithsaba sokumkani waseBhabheli - Pula.

Urartu - Empire (Transcaucasia), apho ahlaselayo abalawuli Asiriya

Ubukumkani Urartu yayimi phezu kummandla lehewu Armenian yemizi ummandla Armenia mihla, kwimpuma Turkey, kumntla Iran kunye Nakhchivan Ukuzilawula Republic of Azerbaijan. Le abenzi bemilingo yombuso yaba ekupheleni IX - phakathi kwenkulungwane VIII BC, Urartu ukuhla kakhulu negalelo imfazwe ubukumkani waseAsiriya.

Emva kokufumana etroneni emva kokufa kukayise, uKumkani uTigilati-pilezere III wafuna ukubuyela kolawulo lwabo karhulumente phezu iindlela zorhwebo lwe Asia Minor. Ngo-735 BC. e. kwi kwidabi kuMlambo umEfrate west eludinini Asiriya akwazi ukwaphula umkhosi Urartu kwaye angashenxela ebukumkanini. YoMlawuli Urartu Sarduri wasinda waza wafa kungekudala emva koko, urhulumente waba ukuba mbi. ezihlangwini zakhe, Rusa ndakwazi ukuseka isgqibo yethutyana kunye Asiriya, elaphulwe ngokukhawuleza ngukumkani waseAsiriya uSargon II.

Ukusebenzisa into yokuba Urartu ukuba buthathaka yi boyisiwe, efunyenwe kwizizwe Cimmerian, uSargon II ngo-714 BC. e. umkhosi Urartian wabatshabalalisa, yaye ngaloo ndlela, Urartu Nezikumkani kwayo ziye olawulwa eAsiriya. Emva kwezi ziganeko, Urartu isabalulekile kwibakala lehlabathi.

Policy okugcina Asiriya

Indlalifa uTigilati-pilezere III ayikwazanga ukubamba ezandleni zabo ubukhosi yasungulwa ezihlangwini zakhe, ibe iBhabhiloni ukuzimela. Ukumkani elandelayo, nguSargon II, kumgaqo-nkqubo walo angaphandle ayiphelelanga kuphela ukubamba ubukumkani Urartu, wakwazi kwakhona ulawulo waseBhabheli, waseAsiriya kwaye isithsaba sokumkani waseBhabheli, waza waphumelela abathintela zonke luqhankqalazo ibakho kummandla bukhosi.

Wobukumkani uSenakeribhe (705-680 gg. BC. E.) Sibe ngxabano rhoqo kunye nababingeleli bokumkani kunye nabemi. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, owayesakuba ukumkani waseBhabheli, wazama ukuba ukuphinda-ukuseka igunya lalo, oko kukhokelele kwinto ngenkohlakalo ukuba uyeza uSaneribe, kohlwaywa yiBhabhiloni, wabatshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo eBhabheli. Ukunganeliseki kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ukumkani kwakhokelela ukuba buthathaka karhulumente kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukugqabhuka neemvukelo, ezinye States wabuyela ukuzimela kwawo, kunye Urartu wabuya eminye imimandla. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yakhokelela kokubulawa yokumkani.

Kanye ngamandla, wambulala ukumkani hadon yindlalifa yokuqala zonke wayichola Ukubuyiselwa iBhabhiloni kunye nokusekwa ubudlelwane kunye nababingeleli. Ngokubhekiselele nkqubo angaphandle, ukumkani yakwazi ukuba alwe ayehlasela Cimmerians antiassiriyskie kthen imvukelo aseFenike benze iphulo ngempumelelo eYiputa, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ngokuthinjwa eNofu, ezinyuka ziye itrone waseYiputa, ukuba uwugcine lo uloyiso ukumkani ayiphumelelanga ngenxa wafa engalindelekanga.

wokugqibela ukumkani waseAsiriya

Ukumkani wokugqibela zeziziimbalasane Asiriya Ashurbanipal, eyaziwa ngokuba onolwazi yomphathi Asiriya karhulumente. Yaba nguye kwibhotwe lakhe waqokelela ilayibrari eyodwa amacwecwe odongwe. ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe waphawulwa umzabalazo rhoqo kunye ingumbuso States ofuna aphinde ukuzimela. Asiriya kweli xesha ilwa ubukumkani uElam, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukoyiswa ngokupheleleyo yokugqibela. IYiputa iBhabhiloni yayiza kufumana inkululeko, kodwa abazange baphumelele ngenxa iingxabano ezininzi. Ashshurbanipalu ikwazile ukwandisa impembelelo yayo linguLidiya, Media, nelaseFrigi, ukuba awadubadube saseNo.

Ukufa ubukumkani Asiriya

Ukufa Assurbanipal kwaphawula ekuqalekeni Troubles. WaseAsiriya ke wavuthululwa ubukumkani amaMedi yiBhabheli geqe. Le imikhosi emanyeneyo yamaMedi kunye namahlakani abo 612 BC. e. BaseNineve - isixeko iphambili zobukumkani waseAsiriya satshatyalaliswa. Ngo-605 BC. e. eKarkemishe uNebhukadenezare waseBhabheli oyisa indlalifa wokugqibela iiyunithi zomkhosi waseAsiriya, ukuze uBukhosi baseAsiriya yatshatyalaliswa.

Intsingiselo yembali waseAsiriya

ubukumkani yaMandulo Asiriya yashiya ubutyebi ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko nezembali. De kube lixesha lethu, ezininzi BAS-imikrolo ngemiboniso ubomi yookumkani kunye nezidwangube, eqingqiweyo imitha-ezintandathu woothixo ezinamaphiko, iiseramikhi ezininzi nezacholo.

A igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwazi malunga ihlabathi lamandulo wenza ibhaqwe Ithala ezingamashumi amathathu amawaka amacwecwe odongwe ukumkani Ashurbanipal, apho ulwazi amayeza, ngeenkwenkwezi, kunye nobunjineli ziqokelelwe, wada wabhekisela koMkhukula Omkhulu.

Kwinqanaba eliphezulu zobunjineli ayenjalo - Asiriya bakwazi ukwakha ichibi nomjelo kunye namanzi eemitha-13 ububanzi neemitha 3000 ubude.

I-Asiriya yayinjalo bakwazi ukuyila omnye imikhosi iingwanyalala indleko yexesha lakhe, bexhobile, bakuba zokulwa, izinja izikhongozeli, umkhonto amajoni yokulwa wasebenzisa uqeqesho, umkhosi yafakwa kakuhle.

Emva kokuwa karhulumente Asiriya waba yindlalifa kwimpumelelo eminyaka ubudala waseBhabheli.