Ucalulo kwimveliso kunye nenkunkuma ukutyiwa. Ukuhlelwa eklasini ingozi kwenkunkuma

kudidi ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma kunye nemveliso angekhoyo. Ngoko ke, ukuze kube lula, ngokufuthi ukusebenzisa imigaqo esisiseko ngokwahlukana enjalo.

Imithetho-siseko yokwahlukana zenkunkuma iintlobo

Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo imigaqo esisiseko thaca ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• ekumisweni umthombo (uphawu isebe);
• isimo ukulinganiswa;
• ngomjikelo kwimveliso;
• imiyalelo yosetyenziso.

Makhe ihlale phezu kwabo bonke ngabanye.

Ngokutsho kumacandelo ahlukeneyo

Olu ngezigaba kwenkunkuma yokwenza kakhulu. Kuye kwakhiwa kwi umgaqo kumacandelo. Largest share ngezigaba iimveliso inkunkuma, baba phakathi kwawo: inkunkuma non-ahle okanye ahle zesinyithi, amalahle, iikhemikhali kunye namashishini iinkuni processing.

State of ukulinganiswa

Ukuhlelwa inkunkuma enjalo kuvumela ngakumbi ngokungqalileyo ukuba babe ulwelo, okuqinileyo okanye sukube. Olu lwahlulo kubalulekile xa ukhetha i iteknoloji yokugcina, kuqhutyelwe phambili okanye kwintshabalalo.

Ngenxa yoko, inkunkuma sukube kufuneka zigcinwe kwamatanki ezizodwa, engamanzi - izikhongozeli etywiniweyo, aqinileyo - kwimigqomo kwiziza okanye zokuyilahla.

Ukuze ubone kwiiklasi zabo Ukuhlelwa technology processing kwenkunkuma ezakusetyenziswa, ngokuxhomekeka ngesidanga Ukungabinakutsha kunye explosiveness. Asimele silibale ngayo letyhefu zabo.

Ngokutsho imijikelo yemveliso

Maxa wambi ngezigaba inkunkuma mveliso, nto leyo esicwangciswe qho kumacandelo. Oku kwenza ukuba uphucule yinkqubo inyathelo evelisa imveliso ekufunyanisweni ukusebenza kwinkqubo ezinokuthi abunjwe ngazo naziphi na byproducts.

Umzekelo lweshishini lemichiza, apho iintsalela womthamo ezinokunikezelwa ukuba inkqubo yemveliso (ngexesha neyanamhlanje okanye ukulungisa) ukuze kuyilwa ngexesha kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ulwahlulo ngasentla inkunkuma iiklasi swi kuqwalaselwa ukusetyenziswa zabo izinto lesibini ekrwada. Ngoko ke, lo luhlu ibonisa ikakhulu neenkcukacha zamanani, kunye koko kuphela - esemgangathweni.

iimpawu zenkunkuma Physical nemichiza

Ukuhlelwa inkunkuma Iipropati physicochemical kubalulekile kuvavanyo impembelelo yazo kokusingqongileyo. Oku, Kakade ke, ubalisa amacandelo eziyingozi ityhefu.

World Health Organization liphuhlise kucalulo lwenkunkuma udidi ingozi, owamkelwa UN ngokohlobo iinkqubo ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Oku kuquka uluhlu amacandelo eziyingozi ityhefu, ayaphuma kule kwinkqubo yemveliso. Uluhlu efanayo iquka izinto ezilandelayo: iarseniki, namayeza afanelekileyo, iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo organohalogen kwaye, kakade, mercury.

Njengoko kubonisa yetyhefu kwezinto uthathe ithamo lomlingani obulalayo usebenzisa leyo isiqingatha izilwanyana uvavanyo phambili isiphumo olubulalayo.

Waste yokuhlela ingozi

Ukuhlelwa inkunkuma eyingozi isekelwe phezu lwee- izinto eziyityhefu iqulethwe kuwo. Kwakhona kuthathelwa ingqalelo kunye nefuthe ihambelana lwamacandelo eziliqela.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe aseYurophu, inkunkuma udidi ingozi yokuhlela ngokususela kwinkqubo yabo kokusingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, le ndlela abangafezekanga, kuba le nkqubo luthintelwa ngovandlakanyo njengoko izinto ekrwada ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwicandelo mveliso.

Sebenzisa umphutha njengoko izinto ekrwada ekuveliseni

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili nawuphi na umsebenzi zorhwebo kunye noshishino - ekufezekiseni imali amandla kunye nezinto ekrwada. Ngoko ke, phantsi kwezi meko zoqoqosho kukuhlangana iimfuno zabasebenzisi ezinokwenzeka kunye nabavelisi, ezo izibonelelo banamhla kunye nobuchwepheshe ukusebenzisa inkunkuma njenge izinto ekrwada.

Ngokungafaniyo izinto ekrwada, inkunkuma ayikwazi pre-ebomini intsimi ethile lokusetyenziswa. Ngenxa yoko, inkunkuma efanayo isetyenziswa kwiinkalo mveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba kucalulo efanelekileyo ngokwelo phawu kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukwazi ezinye iimpawu yawo. Ngenxa yoko, yonke inkunkuma ukuba amaqela ngamaqela ezintathu eziphambili:

1. Yiba iimpawu ezimbi ezifana nokunqongophala ukufana ye ubume kunye nobunyulu. Izizathu zoku - kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo wear and tear, ungcoliseko, nesimo sezulu. Nangona ezi mpawu badalwe stochastic, ngoncedo zabo uhlaziyo sizimisele technology umgangatho imveliso ngenxa yeengxaki ezinzima zoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo inkunkuma kunye.
2. KaMasipala inkunkuma eqinileyo yokuhlela isekelwe phezu amathuba ukusetyenziswa nje izinto lesibini ekrwada. Ngamanye amazwi, anikwe uluhlu lweempawu ukuba lingaba nokulinganiswa kwaye ifakiwe nokubalulwa kunye nemigangatho zobugcisa banoxanduva kwicala ngokupheleleyo ngokurisayikilisha.
3. Ekubeni impahla ephambili ekrwada lidla ekubeni abhenele kwinkqubo yemveliso yinkunkuma, kunye nelahleko okanye ukonakala ezinye iimpawu yabathengi ezifunyenwe kunye neepropati ezihlaziyiweyo ukuba nobuntu ukuba analogu ekuqaleni.

Ngoko ke, lo inkcazo wenkunkuma kufuneka isekelwe kwenkcazelo ngohlobo ngalunye zeepropati ukuba kulinganiswa kunye ulwalathiso ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngempumelelo.

ukucaciswa yokwahlukanisa inkunkuma

Ngokusekelwe kwi kulwahlulo kwezinto ayaphuma ngethuba lenkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuba kwahlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili:

• iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ukuze umbandela, imilinganiselo yabo inyanzelekile xa kujongwa iindlela yemveli yokusebenzisa;
• iipropati ndilufumeneyo, imilinganiselo yabo kuyimfuneko ekumiseleni iindlela ezintsha kunye ezintsha ukusebenzisa izinto ezase.

Ukumiselwa iimpawu iqela lokuqala lwenziwa ngokusebenza uncwadi zenzululwazi efanelekileyo kunye namaxwebhu standard zobugcisa.

Kuba inkunkuma kunye nenkqubo iipropati ndilufumeneyo efunekayo zombini indlela yomlinganiselo standardised ngenxa kwiipropati zabo, kwakunye nokukhetha nezinye iipropati kuyimfuneko.

Ukwahlukanisa inkunkuma

Kuba inkunkuma yasekhaya zingahlulwa ayifaneleki ukuba ezinye izinto ukusetyenziswa indlu, ukutya kunye nempahla ukuba balahlekelwe iipropati zabo yabathengi. Kwakhona, le didi lubandakanya inkunkuma kamasipala eqinileyo, yokuhlela kumiselwa le miba ilandelayo: inkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma zasekhaya.

Ukubunjwa olu hlobo lwenkunkuma liya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana: inqanaba yophuhliso kummandla kunye lizwe, inqanaba yenkcubeko yabemi kunye namasiko alo, ixesha lonyaka njl Malunga nesinye kwisithathu zonke MSW - izinto ukupakisha, imali leyo esoloko kuyanda.

Classification isekelwe inkunkuma Ukwakhiwa multicomponent kunye ukungafani, ingxinano ephantsi kunye nokungazinzi (ukukwazi uyaguga). Njengoko imithombo doti ezamkelwa izakhiwo zokuhlala, kunye evenkileni, ezemidlalo, kunye namanye amashishini kunye nemibutho.

Ukubunjwa inkunkuma enjalo ibandakanya ezi ntlobo zilandelayo kuwo:

• Ngekhadibhodi (iphepha);
• izinto ezisindayo;
• inkunkuma ukudla;
• isinyithi kunye zeplastiki;
• isikhumba sokuhlanganisa;
• iglasi, umqhaphu, kunye neenkuni.

Ngoko kucalulo inkunkuma nolahlo ngokubanzi.

Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma

Phakathi ekuthiwa kungaba ukuchonga iintlobo eziphambili ukuba ufuna ukwenza ntsha.

1. zasendlini. ukusetyenziswa bayinxalenye yalo, kuyimfuneko ukuba onke amashishini abo abafuni ukuba iingxaki kunye namagunya olawulo. Ukwenza le nkqubo kwimfuno zabo ukuba isizathu esivakalayo, kuqinisekiswa yi amaxwebhu afanelekileyo. Xa engekho yogunyaziso olunjalo iqumrhu loshishino inokuba ingxaki. Ngoko ke, le ndlela ilungileyo - ukuba babuyele inkampani, nto leyo inxaxheba ri umsebenzi lwenkunkuma.
2. Iplastiki, amagwebu, iphepha, njl Ngamanye amazwi, izinto apho ebezithunyelwe. Ukuqhutywa kwezi inkunkuma kuquka bundishicilele, waza ke kuphela labunjwa zithutha kwaye isetyenziswa izinto lesibini ekrwada.
3. izibane ezibengezelayo. Zinomtsalane ngokwaneleyo ukuze kungonakali, kususela iyunithi ngekhompyutha, isiseko kunye nebhalbhu - kukho izinto zexabiso ekrwada. Ukusuka amava siyazi ukuba oku ulahle inkunkuma nje ngenxa yokuba iqulethe mercury. Noko ke, xa kutshintshelwa yokulahlwa ezininzi iinkampani-iziqhubekisi zifuna oku Umthengisi izinto ekrwada kusiwa ngokuzimeleyo, yaye oku iindleko ezongezelelweyo.
4. Iibhetri. Namhlanje, oko yaqala ukuvela neendawo yokwamkela olu hlobo lwenkunkuma. Ngoko ke, lo ugxininiso engundoqo karhulumente kufuneka zibekwe liye ekukhuthazeni, intengiso kunye ukuvuseleleka lokuba sezingqondweni phakathi kwabantu. Le mveliso, kwakunye izibane ezibengezelayo, nayo eyingozi kokusingqongileyo. Enye ibhetri konakalisa ekwaziyo malunga 20 macala onke. eziimitha umhlaba owawurhangqe kunye nexesha yokwanda layo - kwekhulu ngekota. Kwakhona kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngaphakathi kulo iintsimbi eziyingozi ezifana mercury, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, kwaye bakhokele.

uthuli Iyingozi kakhulu amayeza

Ukuhlelwa inkunkuma amayeza isekelwe phezu ubuchule amaziko afanelekileyo. Oku amabhandeji ikakhulu lwamayeza kunye igozi, izihlunu yabantu, namayeza afanelekileyo okanye igazi.

Zonke butyobo evela kumaziko onyango sele itsale ingqalelo ethile, ekubeni ingaba kube usongo okusingqongileyo.

Yonke inkunkuma evela kwizibonelelo zempilo, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba yeengozi ezinobungozi, nyhikityha kunye moya zahlulwe kwiiklasi ezintlanu ingozi.

Umzekelo, iklasi A sibonelela inkunkuma non-enobungozi iquka mba, kungekhona ngaphambili wadibana kunye neencindi zomzimba izigulane kunye nezigulane esosulelayo. Kule klasi ziquka inkunkuma non-ityhefu.

Class B ibandakanya inkunkuma ezosulelayo. Oku kunokuba kunxulumene izinto kunye nezixhobo ne netuwa kwizigulane. Kufakwe izinto eziphilayo emva imisebenzi.

Hazard Class B - inkunkuma eyingozi kakhulu, nto leyo equka inkunkuma evela Microlaboratory, kwakunye nezinto ukuba ziye zadibana kunye nezigulane zizifo eziyingozi ezosulelayo.

Class D - inkunkuma, efanayo isakhiwo yalo mveliso. Ezi ziquka amachiza, tsiostatiki, kwakunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo, eziquka mercury.

Hazard Class D - inkunkuma eqhumayo, eziquka amaziko trash zonyango equlathe amacandelo eqhumayo.

UPawulos, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba kulahlwe olufanelekileyo zonke iintlobo inokuba isiqinisekiso nozinzo, kwaye kubalulekile kwihlabathi lethu nzima mihla le.