Uhlobo Imbali kwi kubugcisa obubonakalayo: inkcazo, abameli

Italy, indawo eyazalelwa uhlobo yezembali kubugcisa entle, wenza zonke ezi zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela olu hlobo yokudweba. NamaRoma inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko, kunye okuphunyezwe sisiseko vutshila onke amazwe Western Europe. Akumangalisi ukuba eItali ngexesha Renaissance, kwinkulungwane XV, kwabakho uhlobo zembali arts.

Imbali emfutshane

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na uhlobo zembali kwimizobo, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele iimpawu kwesi sithuba senzelwa le ngxelo. ixesha yase - oku ke abenzi bemilingo iingcamango humanistic eziye zabangela inkxalabo hayi kuphela umntu kodwa kwimbali yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko.

Iziganeko elidluleyo yobugorha yelizwe kwaye kwafuneka ukuba sibonise uhlobo yezembali arts. Imizekelo iquka oku kulandelayo: Imizobo Andrea Mantenya, "Le Triumph kaKesare" (1485-1492), iintlobo amalaphu Paolo Uccello, enikelwe Idabi San Romano kunye nabanye. Impumelelo ye Renaissance eItali, zanwenwa ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseYurophu, apho uhlobo yezembali arts waza waqalisa lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso.

amagcisa yaseYurophu yokudweba zembali XVII-XVIII eminyaka

iziganeko ezidlulileyo kuye kwatsala amagcisa kumazwe Western aseYurophu. Uphuhliso oku kunganxulunyaniswa kwinkulungwane XVII - le zebhola of classicism kunye sobuciko. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkcubeko ubugcisa etshatshalazeni kwaphuma kanye uhlobo zembali. Zonke ezinye iintlobo zobugcisa omhle ixesha elithile ukuze amnike indawo onentsingiselo kuba classicism ekujongwe ukuba udale ku kwindawo yokuqala imifanekiso yamaqhawe kunye Imizobo omkhulukazi.

Kulo isimbo, umxholo zembali, wasebenza uPetros Paul Rubens (womzobo "I-Battle of the Amazons", 1619-1620 gg.), Nikola Pussen ( "ukudlwengulwa Women uSabine", 1614-1615 gg.), UJacques-Louis uDavide, owabhala kokubini wamandulo kunye nomxholo lwanamhlanje. Le misebenzi luphawulwa umoya bokubanga, eyingozi zobuqhawe, amabinzana sublime yobuso kunye nezijekulo. Kumafa layo laphu kufana isenzo amaqhosha antique yafakwa a bombast wokubonelwa. Ukuze oku ziquka imizobo, abhalwe kwiincwadi zeVangeli. Umzekelo, Harmensz Van Reyn Rembrandt wadala womzobo "Ukubuya kwabafundi Wolahleko uNyana" (1669).

ukupeyinta Historical eYurophu kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX

Classicism yaye ngokukhawuleza yobuciko wanika indlela eya kwemisinga omtsha wezenkcubeko - romanticism. Abameli le meko kude ekutolikweni yobuqhawe elidlulileyo, ugxininise ingxenye ngokweemvakalelo. Artists ebekwe ukwenza umfanekiso onjalo ukuze nabo uvelwano kunye novelwano evela kubaphulaphuli. uhlobo Historical umzobo yaba uyilo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, njengoko kokuba umxholo iimvakalelo zabantu iimvakalelo. Ngokomzekelo, Ezhena Delakrua epeyinta "Massacre kwi neKiyo" ebhalwe ngo-1826. inokufumaneka mibala Historical, kunye nemisebenzi yezinye abadumileyo igcisa French Onore Dome: ukupeyinta "I Rebellion" (1848).

YaseYurophu yimbali ixesha umzobo Western yothando

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, lo uhlobo yezembali ubugcisa obubonwayo unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Oku kungenxa ukuvela indlela entsha - i ngokoqobo. abameli bayo bafuna ukwenza imifanekiso nempilo ngakumbi nemizi. Oku kunganxulunyaniswa umsebenzi Adolf von Menzel, owadala ngo-1850 uthotho lwemizobo abazinikele lolawulo Fridriha Velikogo. Inzala kwimbali yeli xesha ubukhulu becala wacaciswa iMvukelo ezininzi wanyikima iYurophu ngelo xesha. Kugquba yokuvukela yaqhambuka eItali, eFransi naseJamani. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi, amagcisa, ababhali bafuna iimpendulo langoku kwixesha elidlulileyo, yaye oku uchaza ukuvela ngokoqobo kwinkcubeko.

Ukuvela Russian zembali lohlobo painting

Umdla ukuhlaziya imbali yesizwe ya vutshila. Imvelaphi, iintlobo kunye neentlobo eRashiya - yinto isihloko kwenye ingxoxo, ngenxa yokuba inkcubeko yethu kubolekwe kakhulu yobuciko yaseYurophu. Ixesha of classicism kwiphandle enkulu lisukela emva kwinkulungwane XVIII: ngeli xesha amagcisa zasekhaya ubuyeleyo iziganeko elidlulileyo yimisebenzi yabo.

Owasungula le uhlobo imbali zobugcisa Russian - Anton Pavlovich Losenko. Wabhala ke Imizobo odumileyo ukususela mandulo Rus Intshabalalo yaMandulo ( "Vladimir and Rogneda", 1770) kunye imizobo abazinikele imixholo yamandulo. abalandeli bakhe Ivan Akimov, kwakhona jonga neziganeko Kievan Rus, uPetros Sokolov, obonisa imifanekiso wasentsomini, uGregory Ugriumov, jonga imbali kwenkulungwane XIII. Le misebenzi, kwakunye imizobo zaseYurophu isimbo lwamandulo, imifanekiso ukuphakama ezahlukeneyo kunye webali.

imixholo Historical kwimizobo Russian kule minyaka 1800-1850

imifanekiso uhlobo umzobo kubugcisa obubonwayo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kunjalo, ngenxa kuphuhliso lwemfundo, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane zifundo zembali ahlala mkhuba lwiimi ziveleleyo inkcubeko yokuluka. Ngegcisa le meko ubukhulu becala baqhubeka izithethe classicism, ngokukhetha into ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe izibakala yobuqhawe elidlulileyo. uhlobo zembali arts, ukupeyinta lunomahluko yi ezichazayo ngakumbi, ukuba ulonwabele kuthandwa omkhulu phakathi nezazi; naphakathi noluntu abaninzi.

Ukuze oku kuquka imisebenzi Antona ivanova "Le feat le abaselula Kiev ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni of Kiev Pechenegs ngo-968" (1810), Alekseya egorova "Ukuphumla kwi usiwa eYiputa" (1830). Ngelo xesha, indlela entsha - romanticism, ogama amalungu ukudala, imifanekiso ecacileyo emphefumlweni, uxinzelelo olukhulu kwengqondo. Umzekelo, uKarl Pavlovich Bryullov, owadala womzobo odumileyo malunga kokufa ePompeii, Fodor Antonovich UBruni kunye uAleksandr Andreevich ivanov, owabhala la mabali eBhayibhile.

imixholo ngokwezembali imisebenzi ababhali ngenkulungwane-kwikota yokugqibela

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, amagcisa baqalisa ukupeyinta izicaphulo kwimbali Russian. Kwimizobo, kukho uthotho lwemizobo elungiselelwe iziganeko ezithile elidluleyo lizwe lethu. uhlobo Imbali kubugcisa obubonwayo bafanekiselwa imizobo zilandelayo: imizobo Ili Repina "Princess Sophia e Novodevichy Convent" (1879) kunye "Ivan Grozny ibulala unyana wakhe" (1884), imisebenzi Vasily Surikov, abhekiswe iziganeko ezimangalisayo kwimbali Russia kwekhulu XVIII. Le misebenzi zizakubalulwa imifanekiso indlela nemibala novakalelo kunye nokusingqongileyo ngemvelaphi.

Uhlobo yembali arts

Amagcisa Local baqala ukusebenzisa nje kuphela iziganeko kwezopolitiko, kodwa nomfanekiselo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu Russian. Ngoko ke, abadumileyo womzobo wathabatha ekuthiwa nendlu yohlobo zembali. buciko, le meko iye yaphinda yathandwa kakhulu noluntu ofundileyo yelo xesha.

Njengoko isibonelo umsebenzi wababhali zilandelayo: Vyacheslava Shvartsa, wadala umfanekiso ezingela yobukumkani, uKonstantin Makovsky, owabhala malunga imizobo impangele ngenkulungwane XVII. izifundo nendlu Historical wathabatha ibaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi abameli umbutho "World of Art". Ingakumbi bekwenza ngemizobo yabo yepeyinti zazidlala nathanda komthendeleko, kodwa ngokundibamba lonxunguphalo (Albert Benoit ebonisa iziphumo amakhulu kwabalawuli Russian kunye empresses ngenkulungwane XVIII, evgeniy Lansere, obonisa indawo Noluyolo kwinkundla, Valentin Serov, zoba zokonwabisa kakumkani).

uhlobo Imbali ukupeyinta yamaxesha Soviet mihla

Kumaxesha Soviet, amagcisa baye babhenela iziganeko laseRashiya odlulileyo. Noko ke, baye bavuselela isiko zobugcisa kwizifundo kwinkulungwane XIX, obonisa imifanekiso zobugorha kwimbali Russian. Umzekelo, igcisa V. E. Popkov ithathwa ngunozala i "isimbo kakhulu" kwimizobo eSoviet (ukupeyinta, yoncedo ulwakhiwo izityalo umbane). Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa umsebenzi wakhe umxholo iMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic ( "abahlolokazi Mezen", 1965-1968.). A peni TE Nazarenko zezethu ukusebenza, leyo kungabonwa amanqaku zaguquka: uphakamo Pugachev, Decembrists.

amagcisa Contemporary babonisa umdla omkhulu kwimbali Russia. I. S. Glazunov waduma yokudala canvases omkhulu ngokuzinikela ekuqondeni elidluleyo kwilizwe lethu: "! ERashiya, bavuke" imveliso, ngokufuziselayo ebonisa bayahlelwa umbhali, (1994) kunye nabanye.

Ngoko ke, UPawulos, sinokuthi imixholo zembali ahlala kwindawo evelele kwimizobo yaseYurophu, ngokunjalo nokupeyinta Russian. Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuchaneka, idrama kunye komthendeleko ebezisoloko uhlobo zembali. Zonke iintlobo zobugcisa ocoliweyo ukugqithisa amazwi, kodwa lo style yinkokeli.