Uhlobo History. uhlobo Historical ezincwadini

Kwakunye mbali, umbhali ungaphinda-ukudala inkangeleko iziganeko elidlulileyo, nangona yokuzala abo yahlukile ngokuqinisekileyo ukusuka yezenzululwazi. Umbhali, ngokususela kwidatha imbali iquka imisebenzi yabo eyinyani creative - liveza ingaba yintoni na, ukuba nje oko ngokwenyani.

Imisebenzi best uhlobo yezembali, kuba nje ixabiso kubuhle, kodwa zembali kwaye ifundisa. Fiction nga bazobe yonke inkangeleko ixesha eladlulayo ukutyhila le ideology, imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, psyche, ubomi imifanekiso eshukumayo. ukuba ezeMbali kunye uhlobo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, kuba ubomi - ukuba yinxalenye yembali. Qwalasela imbali ye lokusekwa uhlobo yezembali uncwadi.

adventures zembali

Akukho nawuphi na umsebenzi echaza iziganeko zangaphambili, efuna ukuyenza njengoko babenjalo ngokwenyani. Maxa wambi kuphela umbandela ngenxa Imizobo ezimibalabala, isakhiwo sebali etsolo, umbala ezikhethekileyo - exotic, sublime, njl Oku adventures zembali Lubonakala (umz A. imveliso Dumas "Ascanio" "Herminia", "Black", "Bala Monte Kristu," "Corsican Bazalwana" kunye nabanye). msebenzi zazo eziphambili - ukwenza iyelenqe eyonwabisayo.

Ukuvela uhlobo yezembali

Art iincwadi zembali waqala ukubonakala yi ekufikeni kwexesha kwiinkulungwane 18-19. Ngelo xesha, ukuba wadala inoveli zembali - uhlobo olulodwa, nto leyo eye wabeka usukelo ngendlela ngqo ubomi eziqaphelekayo elidlulileyo. Yena (njengoko kwabonakala kamva umdlalo historical) yahluke kuyaphi imisebenzi enikelwe iziganeko eziqaphelekayo zangaphambili. Art iincwadi zembali luyaqala ukuba ziyaphuma ngokunxulumene nqanaba ebalulekileyo ulwazi zembali, oko kukuthi, inkqubo lasungulwa njenge inzululwazi. Kanye ngenxa yale kukho ezi ntlobo ngeentlobo.

Ababhali bokuqala ukwenza kuzo neentlobo ezintsha

Umbhali lokuqala, waqala ukudala imisebenzi izihloko umdla kuthi, kuba W. Scott. Ngaphambi kokuba isandla ekwakhiweni loncwadi babe Goethe kunye Schiller, abakhulu ababhali German. Xa umsebenzi idrama yokuqala nembali simelwe imisebenzi "Egmont" (1788) kunye "Goetz von Berlichingen" (1773). Owesibini wadala i "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "William Ndixelele" ngo-1804 yaye "uMariya Stuart" ngo-1801 Kodwa ke umsebenzi lenene kwilizwe nje Valtera Skotta, ekuthiwa ngunozala uhlobo kwinoveli zembali.

Ukuyiphi uthotho yemisebenzi ebonisa ixesha Zomnqamlezo ( "uRichard i Lionheart", "Ivanhoe," "Robert, Count of Paris"), kwakunye ukuyilwa ukumkani yesizwe lwaseYurophu ( "Kventin Dorvard"), i-revolution yongxowankulu eNgilani ( " Woodstock "," sithi "), crash kwinkqubo clan eSkotlani (" Rob Roy, "" Waverley "), kunye nabanye. Kuba ngqa imisebenzi yakhe ngokutsha ebuhlanti elidluleyo umbhali isekelwe isifundo lwemithombo yembali (kanti ngaphambili umzobi iindidi okumenza lokudlala ikhondo jikelele iziganeko kwaye amanani amaninzi wendlela iimpawu elidlulileyo). Nobuchule umbhali waba negalelo kuphuhliso olungaphezulu apho ngokwemigaqo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngeentlobo.

Ababhali abaninzi classical zibhekisela umxholo zembali. Ezi ziquka uVictor Hugo, ngubani na ke umbhali weencwadi ezahlukeneyo. Iinoveli Historical ngulo umbhali - "Cromwell", "Isalathiswana-Ezintathu", "Notre Dame de Paris" kunye nabanye.

Unomdla isihloko A. de Vigny ( "Cinq-Mars"), Manzoni, wadala 1827, "The Ungumyeni ', kunye F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov kunye nabanye.

Amanqaku romantics imisebenzi wadala

Uhlobo History, thaca imisebenzi Romantics, akunamsebenzi kusoloko ixabiso zembali. Kuthintela le kwaye luluvo ukucaciswa iziganeko, kunye nokutshintsha ngquzulwano yokwenene yentlalo, umzabalazo phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi. Isikakhulu abalinganiswa eziphambili iinoveli nje ngumfuziselo ifanelekileyo umbhali (umz, umsebenzi Esmeralda Hugo kaThixo), kungabi iintlobo ezithile zembali. Ichaphazela ikakhulu kunye nezopolitiko neenkolelo creator. Umzekelo, A. de Vigny, ngubani sympathized kunye begazi, iqhawe imveliso software eyenziwe ngabameli ekuthiwa-wobukhosi Fronde.

ulwalathiso olusengqiqweni

Kodwa musa nokuhlola ukufaneleka ezi zenzo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani sobunyani zembali. Umzekelo, iinoveli Hugo bakaThixo a iimvakalelo amandla enkulu impembelelo. Noko ke, inyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso ngakumbi kwiincwadi uhlobo zembali ngenkulungwane ye-19 iye yahlanganiswa kunye uloyiso kuyo imigaqo olusengqiqweni. Ukuboniswa esengqiqweni ngemisebenzi yabantu yezentlalo, indima yabantu kwinkqubo zembali, kwii kwinkqubo anzima omzabalazo phakathi imikhosi ezahlukeneyo ababandakanyekayo kulo. Le miba zobugcisa ziye becala uqeqesho esikolweni Valtera Skotta ( "Jacquerie" Merimee, "Shuany" Balzac). Uhlobo in olusengqiqweni refraction zembali eRashiya Waloyisa kwimisebenzi Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina ( "Arap Petra Enkulu", "Boris Godunov", "Ntombi I Yomphathi").

Ujula uhlalutyo engqondweni

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwi 30-40s, kwaba umngxuma entsha imisebenzi uhlalutyo ngokwasengqondweni (umzekelo, Waterloo umsebenzi umfanekiso "Charterhouse of Parma" yi Stendhal). Phezulu uhlobo yezembali ngenkulungwane ye-19 - lo amaqhawe "War Noxolo" yi Tolstogo L. N. Isebenza historicism esizibonakalisa ukudalwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yembali ezinkulu-isikali ukuqonda imbali, ngokunjalo ekudluliseni oluchanileyo lwasekhaya, lwentlalo, iilwimi, ngokwasengqondweni nemibono awohluke kuboniswe ixesha.

uhlobo Imbali ngenkulungwane ye-19

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, emva kokuba impumelelo ezininzi yesikolo realist, yeyona nkampani iphumileyo ezisekelwe bayahlelwa uhlanga kunye ubomi babantu eziphathekayo imibuzo zembali ephakanyiswe, regressing ubugcisa nophuhliso iincwadi zembali. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu intsingiselo jikelele yoohlohlesakhe ideology ukomeleza zinkuni kwi-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwakunye awemka ngokuya eliqele historicism ingcamango lwentlalo. Ukuphucula ibali ababhali ezahlukeneyo kweenoveli zembali. Umzekelo, A. France e ebhaliweyo kumsebenzi 1912 "Oothixo balambile", azinikele ngexesha French Revolution, nophethe ingcamango yokuba abantu kwezithuthi yayo yophuhliso.

Ivame kakhulu-ebizwa ngokuba iincwadi lokomfuziselo, ngathi wambi ingqondo enzulu inkqubo zembali, kodwa eneneni kudala izakhiwo subjectivist, ukuba umlinganiswa eyimfihlakalo. Imizekelo iquka oku kulandelayo: eyasekwa ngo-1901, umsebenzi A. Schnitzler kaThixo "Le umkhusane Beatrice," ngowe-1908, Merezhkovsky - "noPawulos" yaye "Alexander I".

uhlobo yeMbali e East

Kwamanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu, kwelinye icala, ngeli xesha na impendulo yoluntu ezinkulu ixabiso lohlobo zembali. Oku kungenxa yokuba la mazwe baqalisa umzabalazo wenkululeko kweli xesha. Maxa wambi iincwadi zembali uba yothando. Umzekelo, ngemisebenzi H. Sienkiewicz, umbhali Polish:. "I uMkhukula", "Umlilo kunye Ikrele", "eqhubekayo Vadis," "Colonel Wolodyjowski", "Omnqamlezo"

Kumazwe amaninzi waseMpuma kombutho wenkululeko lesizwe isiseko lokusekwa kwinoveli zembali. E India, umzekelo, umdali wayo B.Ch. Chottopadhay.

Development of uhlobo emva kokuba October Revolution

E Western Yurophu, emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution iqala nomjikelo entsha yophuhliso realist inoveli zembali. Wanika zinjalo i-West ukuba abhale uthotho imisebenzi yimizekelo ebalaseleyo sobugcisa iincwadi zembali. Buyela elidlulileyo xa ngenxa imfuneko yokukhusela izithethe kunye nelifa lemveli lenkcubeko, kunye emiboniso ngokuchasene fascists ababhali nabantu. Umzekelo, ke kubhaliwe 1939, Thomas Mann novella "Lotte e Weimar", iinoveli emininzi Feuchtwanger. Ezi zahlukile wedemokhrasi, uhlenga humanistic, zinxulumene kakhulu luphawulwa ngexesha elifanayo umsebenzi onzima umbhali kwi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo yezembali imisebenzi owayephila. Kodwa ke kula maxesha kukho yamanyala kwamagama athile kwinzululwazi yongxowankulu zembali. Ngokomzekelo, maxa wambi kukho Feuchtwanger ingcamango inkqubela imbali njenge kumzabalazo wokulwa conservatism kunye nesizathu, oko phantsi indima abantu, wabonakalaliswa amaxesha icala elinye.

okuchithwa yobusoshiyali

Ukusuka ngokoqobo yali neqonga entsha, nto leyo ethatha ukuba uhlobo zembali kwiincwadi. ifilosofi bakhe baphikisana ukuba ubukho umlando ubuchule adibeneyo zabantu, ngoko ke iincwadi ngelo xesha ukuba zonke iimeko zokuphuhliswa esekelwe phezu kwemimiselo historicism. Ngale ndlela ekufezile iziphumo ezibalaseleyo. Imixholo zibalulekileyo zibe umfanekiso ebalulekileyo, eziqaphelekayo sakujika. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba uncwadi ngembali ixesha besukela nentetho equkayo, ezinkulu, enkulukazi. Ngokomzekelo, inoveli "Peter I" A. N. Tolstogo, obonisa umfanekiso yomphathi, kodwa ngaxeshanye, nto leyo ithetha bayahlelwa oonyana babantu bethu ithuba kakhulu kuphuhliso.

Imixholo ezinkulu uncwadi eSoviet yaba kumzabalazo ochasene ukumkani, isiphelo yakomkhulu inkcubeko advanced eRashiya, kwaye ixesha ukulungiselela revolution kunye nenkcazelo kuyo. Xa iincwadi zembali bubobabo becala wadala M. umsebenzi Gorky kaThixo "The Life of Klim Samgin" MA Sholokhov - "Makube aqukuqela i Don", AN Tolstoy - "The Road ukuya eKalvari" kunye nabanye.

Namhlanje zithandwa kakhulu imfihlelo zembali - uhlobo zimelwe ngemisebenzi Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, Alexander Bushkova kunye nabanye.