Yintoni undoqo eziphilayo? Ubume kunye nomsebenzi kwahlelwa

Kuzo zonke eliphilayo kuthatha reactions kwemichiza kunye neenkqubo. Yokuzilawula, ngokunjalo ukulawula imiba emininzi kubalulekile ukuba kufuneka isakhiwo okhethekileyo. Yintoni undoqo eziphilayo? Ukuvumela ukuba ukumelana ngempumelelo lo msebenzi?

Yintoni undoqo biology. definition

Oluphambili - isakhiwo eyimfuneko naziphi na iiseli zomzimba. Yintoni i core? Eziphilayo, oko njengesakhi esibalulekileyo senkqubo yonikezelo zonke izinto eziphilayo. I kernel inokufumaneka lenyama kwiseli enye, kwaye kakhulu walungelelanisa abameli zehlabathi eukaryotic. Eyona umsebenzi kwesi sakhiwo - ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza, nto leyo apha kwaye.

Emva ukuchumisa iqanda ngu isidoda senzeka ngxubevange nuclei ezimbini haploid. Emva ngokudibana gametes elilodwa ibunjiwe, undoqo apho sele kukho iseti diploid zofuzo. Oku kuthetha ukuba karyotype (ulwazi genetic ngumongo) sele iqulethe iikopi genes and unina noyise.

abayingxenye Diploid ekhoyo phantse zonke iiseli eukaryotic. elakha Haploid kufuneka kuphela gametes, kodwa amalungu kwakhona ezininzi eziphilayo zilula. Ezi ziquka ezinye Izimfimfithi elilodwa olunye-ulele, kwiseli iifom free-ophilileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uninzi lwezi abameli abe inucleus haploid kuphela kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wobomi.

Ukudalwa elakha

Yintoni isici core? Biology ukufunda ngenyameko nokwakhiwa isixhobo enyukliya, oko kukuthi. To. Kwakhona ukunika amandla okuqhubela phambili kuphuhliso yemfuza, ukuzala ezinto eziphilayo.

Core - it dvumembrannaya isakhiwo. Inwebu i ukwandiswa le reticulum endoplasmic, nto leyo esiyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuthuthwa kwezinto ukusuka iiseli kwakhiwa. Imixholo ngumongo ebizwa ngokuba nucleoplasm.

Chromatin - le nucleoplasm main kweziyobisi. Ukwakhiwa chromatin kwatshintsha: kukho ngokuyintloko nucleic (DNA kunye RNA), kwakunye iiprothini kunye ion ezininzi netyhidiweyo. DNA akhiwe nucleoplasm odolwe a chromosome. It zofuzo kwi kwisahlulo kabini, emva koko ngamnye Iiseti itshintshela iiseli intombi.

RNA kwi nucleoplasm yeyona ixhaphakileyo iintlobo ezimbini mRNA kunye rRNA. Messenger RNA eveliswa ngexesha ukhutshelo - ulwazi befunda DNA. kamva A acid molecule ribonucleic ushiya elakha yaye kamva lisebenza ithempleyithi ukuyilwa iiprothini ezintsha.

RNA Ribosomal amiliswe ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ebizwa nucleoli. Le nucleolus yakhiwe ukusuka ngokwezahlulo ekupheleni zofuzo, lisekwa constrictions eziziisekondari. Esi sakhiwo kunokubonwa neemicroscope bokukhanya ibala engundoqo zixinaniswe. RNA Ribosomal zazo kuhlelwe apha ingangena kukho icytoplasm kunye neeproteni ezininzi ifomu kunye ribosome.

ifuthe ngqo kwi umsebenzi zokubonelela ngumongo. Biology njenge efunda ngesayensi iimpawu chromatin ukuba ukuqonda ngcono iinkqubo umbhalo neyantlukwano cell.

imisebenzi kernel. iinkqubo SeBiological nucleus

Umsebenzi wokuqala olo ke lulolona lubalulekileyo ngumongo ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza. Core - isakhiwo eyodwa iseli, okt iqulathe inxalenye enkulu ngezakhi zabantu ... Karyotype abe haploid, diploid, triploid, njalo-njalo. ukuqaqamba Ploidy kuxhomekeke umsebenzi yeseli: gametes haploid kunye neeseli somatic diploid. Kwiiseli ze angiosperms endosperm triploid, yaye, ekugqibeleni, iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo olinywayo zenziwe iseti polyploid zofuzo.

Ukudluliselwa kwenkcazelo yemfuza kungena kukho icytoplasm evela ngumongo kwenzeka ngexesha ukuyilwa mRNA. Xa inkqubo ukukhuphela zofuzo le karyotype kufundwa, yaye ekugqibeleni kuhlelwe iimolekyuli matrix okanye umthunywa RNA.

Esinazo wawubonisa ngokwahlula iseli mitosis, meiosis okanye amitosis. Kwimeko nganye, le kernel ezisebenza umsebenzi ethile. Ngokomzekelo, xa prophase of iqokobhe mitosis core kutshatyalaliswa kunye zofuzo kakhulu kompaktizirovannye kweyela kukho icytoplasm. Kodwa meiosis phambi ukungaphumeleli kwenzeka ngumongo inwebu crossover zofuzo. Kwaye amitosis core siyabutyaka ngokupheleleyo yaye yenza igalelo encinane kwinkqubo ngokucandeka.

Ukongeza, undoqo ngokungangqalanga inxaxheba ukuthuthwa kwezinto ukusuka iiseli ngenxa uxhulumaniso ngqo inwebu XPS. Nantso into undoqo biology.

form core

Undoqo, isakhiwo sayo kunye umsebenzi kunokuxhomekeka imilo le ndizayo. unit Nuclear kunokuba ngeenxa zonke, laphela, ngokohlobo vanes njalo njalo. D. kwifom amaninzi isiqalo ngqo izicwili ngamnye kunye neeseli. eyodwa engafani uhlobo lokutya, umjikelo wobomi, kwaye ngaxeshanye zahlukile kwaye zenza ndizayo eziba.

Lo mahluko imilo kunye nobungakanani ngumongo kunokubonwa umzekelo leukocytes.

• neutrophil lama nga abamnkela non-abamnkela. Kwimeko yokuqala sithetha inucleus intsimbi yehashe emile, yaye le fomu uphawu iiseli abaselula. Oluphambili abamnkela - kusisiphumo ukuyilwa izahlulelo ezininzi i inwebu, nto leyo a eliqela enxulumene kunye.
• Ngundoqo eosinophils iye ngokumila uphawu dumbbell. Kulo mzekelo, iyunithi ongundoqo ubunjwe amacandelo amabini ehlobene hlulo.
• Phantse umqulu yonke ahlala lymphocyte engundoqo enkulu. Kuphela inxalenye encinane kukho icytoplasm usahleli kwimiphetho kwiseli.
• Iiseli glandular izinambuzane engundoqo usenokuba isakhiwo branched.

Inani nuclei kwiseli enye inokuba nomahluko

Ayisoloko imi iseli umzimba kukho engundoqo enye kuphela. Maxa wambi kuyimfuneko ubukho izixhobo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu enyukliya ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaxesha linye. Kwelinye icala, ezinye iiseli ungenza ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle engundoqo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo iiseli ezingaqhelekanga apho eziba ngaphezu kwesinye okanye engekho ngokupheleleyo.

1. Iiseli Red neeplatelets. Ezi seli igazi kuthuthwe haemoglobin kunye lwefibrinogen, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Ukuze iseli enye bunokugcina zesixa into, ithe ayaba ezingundoqo yayo. Lubonakala ngokuba enjalo, hayi onke amalungu ehlabathini isilwanyana: amasele kwi igazi erythrocytes elikhulu ubungakanani kunye engundoqo esomeleleyo. Oku kubonisa olu didi abangekaphuhli xa kuthelekiswa ne zohlaza eliphezulu kakhulu.

2. hepatocytes kwesibindi. Ezi seli ziqulathe umphakathi ezimbini. Omnye wabo ulawula igazi ucocwe ityhefu, kwaye enye inoxanduva ukuyilwa heme, apho kamva iya kuba yinxalenye mpilo.

3. Myocytes striated inyama skeletal. Multicore cells kwezihlunu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngenkuthalo omkayo kuyondelelaniswe ATP nokwaphuka, kwakunye indibano iiprothini.

isixhobo Ingakumbi zenyukliya elula

Ngokomzekelo, cinga iindidi ezimbini lenyama: amoebae kunye ciliates.

1. Slipper ciliates. Le omzimba ummeli kwiseli uye nuclei ezimbini: i kwezityalo kunye okuzala. T. To. Ahluke iimpawu kunye nobukhulu, lo msebenzi osemqoka kuthiwa ezimbini yenyukliya.

abayingxenye kwezityalo linoxanduva umsebenzi zeselula ngemihla. It ilawula iinkqubo ze ukutya kwayo. abayingxenye okuzala kuthetha eqeleni iseli kunye conjugation - inkqubo ngokwesondo apho kukho ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi yemfuza nabantu zohlobo olufanayo.

2. ziiamoeba. abameli Bright - segazi kunye amoeba emathunjini. Eyokuqala iphathelene loo maphalo ndlongondlongo babantu, yaye yesibini - le symbiont njengesiqhelo, ohlala emathunjini aze abangele nawuphi na umonakalo. T. k. Segazi amoeba amaphelo ethunjini, kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini kunye. Ukulungiselela le njongo, nuclear izixhobo phawu: kwi ameba dysenteric ungaba kuze nuclei-4, kunye amoeba wamathumbu 0 ukuya kwi-8.

isifo

izifo ezininzi kwezakhi ezinxulumene yokuphazamiseka yeseti zofuzo. Nalu uluhlu lwe ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu abadumileyo kwiyunithi core genetic:

• syndrome Down kaThixo;
• siddrom Patau;
• syndrome Edwards ;
• syndrome Klinefelter kaThixo;
• syndrome Turner lowo.

Uluhlu eqhubekile ngamnye izifo iphawulwa iperi ulandelelwano inani zofuzo. Kwakhona izifo enjalo aphela rhoqo kuchaphazela zofuzo sex X kunye Y.

isiphelo

Isiqalo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo umsebenzi cell. It ilawula iinkqubo kwemichiza, kuba nguvimba yemfuza. Transport kwezinto evela kwiiseli, intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo echumileyo iiprotheni Kwakhona ezinxulumene kunye nokusebenza ngesakhiwo yeseli engundoqo. Nantso into undoqo biology.