Ukubhala laseYiputa Ancient

Ukubhala Egypt yamandulo yayisekelwe eyayimela. Aba ngabo complex ngokufuthi ziye lula nje kunye nomfanekiso isitayile yento okanye a ophilayo. Ukubhala laseYiputa yamandulo - ubungqina bamandulo - ngexesha elitsha elibhaqiweyo phezu kwemiqadi eyayixhaswa ziintsika, iintsalela lwemihlathi ngqangi, imifanekiso kunye amangcwaba. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha xa abaphandi baseYurophu baqala ukufunda eli lizwe twisiseka yaseMpuma.

Igama "eyaziwayo" bobabo kumaGrike. Behlasela 332 BC kumazwe yamandulo phantsi kobunkokheli Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ukususela igama lesiGrike elithi "nomlinganiswa" lithetha eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "engcwele oqingqiweyo."

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, ukubhalwa waseYiputa yeyona ezintle kakhulu emhlabeni. Eyona engcono abantu ababa ukudala. Kodwa 5 AD, yokubhala yamandulo yaseYiputa wamandulo kulityalwa kangangamawaka amaninzi eminyaka, abalinganiswa ezine obusemfihlekweni nkqu bendawo. Kulo mzekelo, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe kodwa naphi na ehlabathini akukho namnye oyiqondayo. Izakhi ukubhalwa eYiputa yamandulo wazama kwiinkulungwane 16-17. Le ngxaki iye ukususela wazama ukusombulula izazinzulu ezininzi.

Kunye ekutshabalaleni impucuko elahlekileyo, kwaye isitshixo nokuqonda umbhalo wamandulo obhalwe. Le eyayimela yamandulo lokugqibela zaye oqingqiweyo 394 AD kwi ngayo. Temple Isis e Philae. Okubhaliweyo zakutshanje eyaziwa yaba Demotic umbhalo 452 AD.

Huge ixesha zembali (malunga emithathu zeminyaka nesiqingatha) ivakaliswa kwizicatshulwa. Kakade ke, lonke eli xesha, ulwimi yamandulo yaseYiputa yatshintsha. Abaphandi alabe libe amanqanaba ezintlanu zophuhliso:

- ulwimi Old baseYiputa kusetyenziswa ngexesha Old Kingdom (28-23 BC ngenkulungwane ...);

- kwixesha ukusuka kwiinkulungwane 22 ukuya 16. BC Isebenzisa i (sredneegipetsky) ulwimi zakudala;

- ebudeni 16 -13 iinkulungwane. BC. e. - ulwimi emva kwexesha zaseYiputa;

- amaYiputa demotic ezakusetyenziswa 8 ngolwimi. BC. e. 5 ekhulwini ngayo ixesha lethu.;

- 3-in. n. e waqalisa ukuba kusetyenziswa ulwimi Coptic.

Emva ayehlasela Arabhu Coptic ulwimi kwi AD ngenkulungwane 7 uqalisa kancinci andigweqe yi Arabhu.

Ukubhala iYiputa iza kuqwalaselwa, kunye imibhalo bamaSumeri, endala ehlabathini. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iyafana isiko eli lizwe yamandulo, kuye kwasekwa eyaneleyo ngokwabo. Inani kweempawu obhalwe, i ixhaphakileyo - ethile malunga anamakhulu asixhenxe. izinto ngabanye yeleta nako zaqala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu ixesha yaye ngokuyinxenye ngokuthi ekukwazini umbhali. Olu phawu, kwindawo yokuqala, abaphengululi ochazwa ngokuba hieratic (ngokudibanisa) ukubhala.

abalinganiswa Sami zihlelwa inkangeleko yazo. Ukuhlelwa Gardiner (IsiNgesi isazi) kucingwa ukuba yamkelwe.

Abantu e Egypt bamandulo zokubhala ezintathu:

- hieratic,

- obhalwe

- kanye demotic.

inkqubo obhalwe yokuqala, ngaphandle imifanekiso kunye pictograms. It yayisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela ukwenziwa imibhalo yonqulo.

inkqubo Hieratic na uhlobo ngokudibanisa inkqubo obhalwe lula. Kuye isetyenziswe ekulungisweni kwiitekisi zoshishino kunye esemthethweni.

Olunye uhlobo lwe nkqubo iye yaba yokuqhagamshela izixhobo Demotic.

Twisisa ukubhala abantu umYiputa ukuba sisazinzulu iminyaka engaphezu 2000. Ngo-Rosetta, kufuphi Alexandria, ngo-1799 kwafunyaniswa yi ilitye abangelwe encinane. Kwagqitywa sibhalwe umthetho kaFaro Ptolemy wesihlanu. Ukurekhoda kwenziwa kwiinkqubo ezintathu: obhalwe, demotic nangesiRoma. Stone, ogama Rosetta, uye waba ngomnye ezifunyanisiweyo ezibalulekileyo eenzululwazi, Egyptologists, kuba nokubakho isitshixo nokuqonda incwadi yamandulo. Sombulula imfihlelo yakhona ngo-1822 waphumelela i-engumFrentshi Zh.F.Shampolonu.