Uphuhliso ngembali ngokufutshane mbono. izigaba Historical zophuhliso loluntu

Kukho eliqela imiba ingaphelelwayo ukuba bezisoloko iingqondo, ezimangalisayo. Ungubani na ke? Avela phi na? Siya phi? Ezi zezinye iingxaki ejongene iinkalo omkhulu ezifana bulumko.

Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ukuba ukuqonda oko uluntu yenzani Earth. Simazi izimvo abaphandi. Abanye babo babone ibali njenge zophuhliso ezazicwangciselwe, abanye - njengenkqubo avaliweyo elibujikele.

Ifilosofi yomlando

Le uqeqesho sisiseko isifundo uthatha umbuzo indima yethu ehlabathini. Ingaba kukho naluphi na isongo zonke iziganeko ezenzekayo? Sizama ukuba sombhalo kubo, uze maliqhagamshelanise kwizinto kwinkqubo enye.

Kodwa ngubani na eneneni ophambili? Man kudala inkqubo okanye isiganeko aqhutywa ebantwini? Ezi kunye nezinye iingxaki ezininzi ukuzama ukusombulula lo bulumko kwembali.

Ngethuba lokwenza uphando noHlahlolwabiwo uphuhliso zembali le mbono. Okulandelayo, siza kuxubusha ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Loo nto inika umdla elithi 'intanda kwimbali "okokuqala livela kwimibhalo uVoltaire, kodwa waqala ukuba sisazinzulu umalusi waseJamani.

Imbali yehlabathi uluntu ihlale abanomdla. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho abantu ababezama ukuba babhale, baze babonise iziganeko. Umzekelo bekuya kuba multi-volume ukusebenza nguHerodotus. Kodwa ke izinto ezininzi ichaza uncedo "kaThixo".

Ngoko ke, makhe naweva iimpawu ezinzulu kuphuhliso loluntu. Ngokungakumbi njengoko banjalo kukho nje isibini iinguqulelo ezinokwenzeka.

iingongoma ezimbini kwimboniselo

Uhlobo lokuqala ibhekisa iimfundiso qela liphikisayo ngamabanga. Kuthetha ukuthini ngala mazwi? Abaxhasi kwale ndlela, inkqubo kubonwa enye, yomgama kunye rhoqo phambili. Oko kwenza njengoko ezahlukeneyo iindidi inkcubeko, ngokunjalo zonke umphakathi wabantu luphela, leyo kubenza kubo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwale mbono, sonke siye ngokusebenzisa amanqanaba ezifanayo zophuhliso. Zombini Arabhu kunye Chinese kunye baseYurophu, kunye ngabaThwa. Kuphela kule ndawo thina kwizigaba ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa isiphelo bonke baya kufika kwenye uluntu zaphuhliswa. Ngenxa yoko, kuyimfuneko okanye ukulinda de abanye ezinyukweni kanye luya ngendaleko yayo, okanye ukubanceda kulo.

look Second kwi amanqanaba lophuhliso loluntu ebizwa onezigxina ezininzi. nembono yabo yahluke kakhulu kowangaphambili. Ukuba sisetyenziswe kombono unitary-stadial zenkqubela engenasiphelo siqwalaselwe, pluralists kule kwamathandabuzo.

Ngokutsho kwithiyori yabo, imbali yehlabathi yenziwa ezikhoyo ezininzi ozimeleyo, ibaleke indlela yabo yophuhliso. Oku kufana mycelium ehlathini. Sikhula ngaphandle kwaso Amakhowa ezimbalwa bemi kufutshane. Ngamnye kubo uya kuqhubeka bekhula ngendlela yayo, kodwa umthetho efanayo. Emva kweentyatyambo ukubuna kuza nokufa. Kodwa endaweni kuye, uza isityalo esitsha.

Ngoko, kwenzeka ukuba akukho ngendaleko rhoqo, kwaye umlando uyaziphinda. Yonke into eyaziwa kuthi, kwaba kanye impahla yabantu zangaphambili, nto leyo kufikelelwe kuyo kwaye wanyamalala.

ingcamango yendalo

Sithetha ngayo ingqiqo njengoko enjalo 'uphuhliso yembali le mbono. " Formational, impucuko okanye yendalo - akunamsebenzi. Into esemqoka - ezabe zibuthelene izazinzulu kwi uluvo enye. Intsingiselo nophuhliso, enyanisweni, nkqu abaxhasi ezininzi wayengayikhanyeli ukuba abantu yokuqulunqa phantsi kwemithetho efanayo kunye nezigaba, kodwa saya.

Loo nto ithi, xa umntu e Stone Age ongathanda ukuba adle, waya kuzingela okanye wayihlutha kwisiqhamo somthi. Amanyathelo okuqala zibandakanya umsebenzi enamandla nezokukhupha lwemvelaphi. Makhe sithelekise isipho. Inyama okunene sewulungile wona, kodwa ke kufuneka ukuba. Kufuneka siye emsebenzini, ukuze ufumane imali, uze sesithi kwabo ukutya. Ngenxa yoko, le nkqubo uhlala efanayo, kuphela ibe nzima ngaphezulu.

Ngoko ke, ingqiqo yendalo okulungileyo kuphela ithiyori, ngokuba bebona umntu ngaphandle. Umntu ngamnye kuvavanywa ngaphandle oluntu. Intsingiselo yalo mbono iza kuxhomekeka kukuba isimilo, imithetho kunye nemigaqo sele babekwa le ndoda ekuqaleni. Oko kukuthi, musa ukuphuhlisa thina, kodwa ukutyhila nje isakhono sabo.

Noko ke, ngenxa yale mbono akakwazi ukuba ngandlel khorwisaka hlanganisa zonke iinkqubo. Ngoko ke, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi, siza kujolisa eziseleyo iindlela ezimbini.

umqondo civilizational

Ingqalo uguqulelo zimbini ziqhelekileyo kuquka uphuhliso nonlinear loluntu. ukuchaza kwayo, ezifana Danilevsky kunye Spengler, imbali achazwa ngohlobo impucuko ekwanti, kukho ezazinemidla kunye original eyayingafane kuphela banxibelelane nabanye.

Ngexesha uphuhliso mbono, eminye yale mithetho lurhoxisiwe, eya emgangathweni iziganeko nasekusungulweni kuluntu kunye ukuhlanganisa kubo ibe kudidi enye.

ingqiqo Civilizational nophuhliso yembali ithetha lokuthobela, ukuba uluntu ezithile iindibano ethile. Zibizwa mithetho zenkcubeko-zembali.

Bonke abahlanu kubo boniswa mhla. Ngenxa yoko, impucuko zingathathwa kuphela njengoluntu, leyo ibizwa zonke izinto kolu luhlu lulandelayo:

1. ulwimi Common okanye iilwimi ukuba iqela ukunxibelelana nabanye.
2. Ukuzimela geqe kwabanye abalawuli kunye iingcamango oko kudala isithuba inkqubela.
3. Uchazo inkcubeko, amasiko kunye neenkolelo zonqulo.
4. Inkqubo ye sokuzalwa. Oko kukuthi, impucuko ngalinye inamathuba wokuzalwa, Vuka bawe.

Ngenxa yoko, sisetyenziswe uphuhliso zembali ziye zachongwa inani lamaqela asekuhlaleni. Ukuba ikhwelo kubo lizwe, ufumana neengingqi elinesihlanu: China, India, eMesopotamiya, ihlabathi lesiYuda, Mexico, Latin America, Greece, eRome, kunye nabanye.

Ngokusekelwe kule mbono, kuvela ukuba ibali - asikuko kwinkqubo silandelelaniswe kakuhle, elibujikele. Kwaye impucuko yethu ulindele ukuba ukwehla, kwaye uya kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe omnye nokubunjwa entsha ngokupheleleyo.

umqondo formational

Abaxhasi le ndlela ozibona kwimbali ezilandelayo zophuhliso. Phakathi neengcaphephe ezi mibono Marx, Ferguson, Smith, Engels.

Le ndlela ithatha indawo ngendaleko yomgama yabantu kwezo fom elula uhlobo mihla. Oku kusebenza zombini kubume emzimbeni, kwaye inkqubela zobugcisa.

Yintoni na le nto imfundiso yabo? Sisiseko sophuhliso loluntu, baye babone utshintsho iintlobo zemveliso. ngokupheleleyo siza kuxubusha ngakumbi, kodwa umongo imi ngolu hlobo.
Ekuqaleni, abantu akazange adale nto, banandiphe kanye into eza indlela yabo. Yaba lokuzingela ngokubanzi, ukuqokelela iziqhamo, ukuloba.

Kamva kwakukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ekhaya yabola imihlanganisela cereals, imifuno kunye neziqhamo. Ngoku uyakwazi ukucwangcisa indawo besizwe kunye nabantu, ngokuchaseneyo kwityala kunye amathamsanqa kweqonga odlulileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, abantu baqalisa ukuvelisa iimpahla kakhulu nangakumbi. Kwakukho urhwebo, wezandla. kubekho ukwahlulwa umphakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Kwakukho babengamakhoboka.

Endaweni kolu lwakhiwo eza bondage, ngelo xesha baqala ukuseka iindlela eyenzelwe endaweni lamandla oluntu. Kodwa zisetyenziswa kunye kwabasebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, kukho imveliso amandla, apho abantu bathatha kuphela indima yenkxaso, kodwa kusekho umsebenzi oqhelekileyo ngakumbi abasebenzi kwi mveliso.

Eli nyathelo efanayo kubandakanya kuphela ukubandakanyeka kwabantu kancinci kwimveliso. Konke ufuna - kukuba ekupheliseni umonakalo kwaye anike iindlela zokusebenza ezifunekayo imisebenzi.

Ngenxa yoko, xa sincokola ngayo ingqiqo formational, kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba wayamkela inyathelo ilandelayo ngenyathelo kukwahlukana kwimbali yoluntu. Isiseko ivele kwezinto eziphathekayo. Makhe sijonge ixesha nganye iinkcukacha kuthi.

Ngabazingeli kunye abathezi

Nezimaphambili ezingundoqo zophuhliso zembali ayikhuphi ixesha ekulihlaleni abantu ngokwahlukeneyo esizweni ngasinye, wavelisa nto yaye akazange kukhula, kwaye sebenzisa kuphela iziphiwo endalo.

Oku kwenzeka ekuqaleni abantu. Zakudala, eli xesha ingqamana ubudala ilitye okanye paleolith.

Igama lwenzululwazi yeqonga - yesizwe okanye kwakudala. Ngeli xesha, abantu abazange kuyazi indlela yokutyala izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, hayi yasekhaya isilwanyana enye. Kuphela ngokwentelekiso usanda bekhululekile ngomlilo.

Indlela kuphela ukufumana ukutya kunye neempahla awayezingela angamahilihili. Nokuveliswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zeli xesha yahlulwe kwizigaba eziliqela. Ekuqaleni usebenzisa indlela kusondele - iinkuni, amatye, amathambo. Kamva safunda ukusingatha ezi mathiriyeli ukuphucula ukusebenza.

Izazinzulu isisihla silicon wafer ukuba yahlanganiswa kunye kwiphetshana ngomthi okanye uphondo, kusekwe litha ezikuwo. Kwakubonakala ngathi nezitshetshe kuqala. Ngaphezu koko, abantu baye bafunda ukwenza neengweletshetshe nemikhonto omashini isaphetha kunye notolo.

Ukuze ukondla isizwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukusebenza kunye ukuqhuba izilwanyana ezinkulu. Ngeli xesha, ukuphuhlisa unxibelelwano. Ekuqaleni, kuba usebenzisa izijekulo izandi, ngoko kwasekwa intetho esisiso.

Indlela yesibini ukuzondla babehlangene. Ngokwenza amaphutha, ukufumana iziqhamo ezityiwayo, imifuno, iingcambu. Kamva koku liphuhlise horticulture.

ubukhoboka

Ekuhambeni kwexesha (ukukhumbula ukuba sithetha malunga nezimaphambili ezingundoqo zophuhliso historical), inkampani baqala ukwabelana indawo nempahla. umaleko womhlaba, okanye njengoko zibizwa, nangokodidi ekuhlaleni.

Eyona amoyika na abo ngubani umyalelo kwaye athabathele kuwo uxanduva yonke imbewu ngokwalo. Zaba iinkokeli, iirula, igunya.

Okwesibini Ababingeleli umaleko ngentsimbi. Aba bantu ziquka ababengamazi sibaphathe njani wayesazi iimfihlelo ezithile mba kwaye wafumanisa ezinye iinkalo inkoliso musa nokumazi. Kamva bafumene iimfundiso kunye namagunya zonqulo amaziko (ibandla, imiyalelo zonqulo njalo njalo.).

Isizwe kufuneka zikhuselwe nokungena kule intsimi, imilinganiselo. Ngoko ke, amajoni baseka iklasi.

eliphikisayo Largest baba amagcisa abaqhelekileyo, abalimi, abelusi - kwezakhi esezantsi yabemi.

Noko ke, kule xesha, abantu baye basebenzisa nabasebenzi amakhoboka. Kubasebenzi emibi ezinjalo bathi bonke abo beza kuye bebaninzi zabo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kwaba lula ukungena ebukhobokeni ematyaleni, umzekelo. Oko akuthethi ukuba anike imali, kodwa ukusebenza. Kwakhona ethengiswe kwinkonzo abathinjwa abazizityebi kwezinye izizwe.

Amakhoboka aba yabasebenzi amandla iphambili kweli xesha. Jonga iiphiramidi eYiputa okanye Great Wall of China - ezi zesikhumbuzo sakhiwe izandla nje yobukhoboka.

Ixesha of feudalism

Kodwa ubuntu iye yakhula kwaye endaweni ukuvuyela inzululwazi weza ekukhuleni lokwanda emkhosini. Ezinawo kwabalawuli kunye namagorha nezizwe ezinamandla, abangelwa ngababingeleli ngakumbi, waqalisa ukuba ukunyanzelisa inqubo elingummelwane ezintlangeni zabo, kwangaxeshanye ekuthatheni ilizwe labo kunye irhafu bale.

Kwaba buyanceda ukuba ulidle ilifa amakhoboka hayi disenfranchised ngubani na kunyuka, kunye needolophana eziliqela kunye abalimi. Basebenza kumasimi ukondla iintsapho zabo, kwaye umbusi wendawo wabalungiselela nokhuseleko. Ngenxa yoko wamnika inxalenye kwesivuno kunye neenkomo likhule.

uphuhliso yembali le mbono ngokufutshane achaza eli xesha njengoluntu yenguqu ukusuka manual ukuya kwimveliso imishini. Ixesha of feudalism nkolelo iyafana ne kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye nexesha elitsha.

Kule nkulungwane, abantu kakuhle sisibhakabhaka ngayo - wafumanisa kumazwe amatsha, yaye zangaphakathi - ukuphanda iimpawu zezinto, kunye amathuba yabantu. Ukufunyanwa of America, India, i Silk Road kunye nezinye iziganeko okuluphawu kuphuhliso lwabasebenzi kweli nqanaba.

ENkosini feudal belilelakhe ilizwe, kwaba iirhuluneli, yena nabanye abalimi. Ngale ndlela ekhulula ixesha lam yaye wakwazi kubhiyozwe fun, benza ekuzingeleni okanye imfazwe wabaphangi.

Kodwa inkqubela Kwakumi ngxi. ingcamango Scientific bahamba phambili njengoko nobudlelwane kwezentlalo.

umphakathi industrial

A nqanaba entsha yophuhliso yembali le mbono luphawulwa inkululeko engakumbi, umntu, xa kuthelekiswa engaphambili. Qala ukuba kuvela ingcamango ukulingana kwabantu bonke, ilungelo lokuba wonke ubani unelungelo lokuphila ngesidima, kunokuba ngxi kunye nabasebenzi nathemba.

Ukongeza, kukho iindlela zokuqala ezenza imveliso lula nangokukhawuleza. Ngoku, ke kanye yintoni ichule ngokwenza ngeveki, kube yinto enokwenzeka ukudala eziliqela iiyure, kwaye etsala yobungcali ngaphandle ukuhlawula nayo nayiphi na imali.

Kwisiza yeevenkile guild kukho ezi mveliso yokuqala kunye nezityalo. Kakade ke, ukuba abathanga linokuyithelekisa mihla, kodwa ngenxa ixesha babe nje phezulu.
concepts Modern yophuhliso zembali angqamane kwinkululeko uluntu ngebhaxa kunye nokukhula yakhe engqondweni ngokwasengqondweni. Akumangalisi ke ukuba ngeli xesha kukho izikolo lonke bulumko, abaphandi nenzululwazi yendalo kunye nezinye izazinzulu zabo iingcamango zixatyiswa namhlanje.

Ngubani ongazange weva Kant, Freud okanye Nietzsche? Emva kokuba French Revolution, abantu baqala ukuthetha nje kuphela abantu balingane, kodwa malunga nendima nganye kwimbali yehlabathi. Kubonakala ukuba yonke impumelelo zangaphambili zathengwa iinzame womntu, kunokuba usebenzise oothixo ezahlukeneyo.

sigaba post-mveliso

Namhlanje siphila kwixesha yenzinto ezinkulu, xa sijonga le zembali inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu. Umntu uye wafunda ekwenzeni iiseli, ubeke unyawo phezu kwenyanga, ayihlola phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba.

ixesha lethu lunika umthombo ungaphelelwayo amathuba, kungekhona ngenxa nto ukuba igama yesibini kwexesha - lwazi. Ke kaloku ngosuku kukho ulwazi olutsha kakhulu njengoko zange ube ngaphambili kunye nonyaka. Asibi saba ixesha kulo mlambo.

Kwakhona, ukuba ukhangela imveliso, phantse bonke wenze amalungiselelo. Abantu bazalwa abangene ngakumbi kwinkonzo kunye nokuzonwabisa.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusekelwe ukukhulelwa linear kuphuhliso yezembali, abantu emke ekuqondeni bume simazi kunye nehlabathi zabo ngaphakathi. Kukholelwa ukuba isigaba esilandelayo ziya kusekelwa phezu nokudala uluntu ukuba ngaphambili ezichazwe kuphela utopias.

Ngoko ke, yiyo akhulelwe mihla lophuhliso zembali. Kwakhona ndaqonda okuninzi nzulu indlela ukwakhiwa. Ngoku uyazi hypothesis esisiseko malunga ngendaleko kuluntu ukusuka kuluntu zakudala namhlanje.