Ukufumaneka kwanokuxinana kwe-sulphuric acid. Ukuxhomekeka ye lexinene le acid sulphuric kwi ibhetri yemoto

Ukuxuba yaye wagxila sulphuric acid - kuba imichiza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba avelise kakhulu ehlabathini ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into. umnotho welizwe kuhlolwa ngokwemiqathango wavelisa kulo sulphuric acid.

inkqubo dissociation

Sulphuric acid isetyenziswa ngohlobo kwezisombululo zolwelo ezahlukahlukeneyo Zeziqalelo. Yena ivavanywa dissociation reaction ngokwamanqanaba amabini, ukuvelisa ion H ⁺ sele isisombululo.

H ₂ SO ₄ = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} SO ₄ ^-2.

Sulphuric acid lunamandla, yaye kwinqanaba lokuqala dissociation kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba phantse yonke molecule yokuqala ukungena H ⁺ -ions kunye HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (hydrogen sulfate) e isisombululo phantsi. Recent ngokungaphelelanga iba ngakumbi, ikhuphe H ⁺ ion ezinye kwaye eshiya kwaku- sulfate (SO ₄ ^-2) e isisombululo. Noko ke, hydrogensulfate, ukuba asidi, kodwa abakho nesisombululo H ⁺ yaye SO ₄ ^-2. Zalisa dissociation kwenzeka kuphela xa lexinene isicombululo acid sulphuric ikufuphi lexinene amanzi, r. F phantsi ukuxutywa eliphezulu.

Iimpawu ze-sulphuric acid

Kuyinto ekhethekileyo ngengqiqo ukuba isebenze njenge acid eqhelekileyo okanye oxidizer ngamandla - ngokuxhomekeke amaqondo obushushu kunye ingqalelo. Isisombululo hlambulula abandayo kwe-sulphuric acid idityaniswe intsimbi esebenzayo ukunika ityuwa (sulfate) kunye ukufika kwe-hydrogen. Umzekelo, basabela phakathi abandayo yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano H ₂ SO ₄ (abazazisayo full-step dissociation wayo) nezinki sisinyithi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Zn + H ₂ SO ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

I-sulphuric acid eshushu kanzulu, ogama konga malunga 1.8 g / cm ^3, inokufana i oxidant, zakudibana izinto ukuba egalelwe jikelele ukuba asidi, ezifana umzekelo ubhedu sisinyithi. Ngexesha reaction, ubhedu leyo oxidized, yaye ingqimba asidi lifinyele, isisombululo abunjwe ngayo sulfate yobhedu (II) emanzini kunye sukube sulphur dioxide (SO ₂₎ endaweni hydrogen, eya kulindeleka ngokuhlanganisa acid kunye kwensimbi.

Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + SO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Njengoko ngokubanzi oluvakaliswe lwee- izisombululo

Eneneni, uyazikhomba nasiphi na isisombululo lungabonakaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa xiyimiso lusetyenziswa kakhulu ngokobunzima. Ibonisa inani grams kwesinyibilikisi ubunzima ethile okanye umthamo isisombululo okanye ezinganyibiliki (njenge 1000 g, 1000 cm ^3, 100 cm ³ no 1 DM ^3). Endaweni ubude iigrem into kungathatha ubungakanani, ochazwa abamenzelayo, - ngoko ke xi izinyo ka-1000 g okanye 1 DM ³ isisombululo ifunyenwe.

Ukuba xi izinyo omiselwe ngokunxulumene ukuba isixa yesisombululo, kodwa kuphela isinyibilikisi, nto ibizwa ngokuba molality yesisombululo. Lubonakala yi kokuzimela lobushushu.

Amaxesha amaninzi xi ubunzima eboniswe grams 100 grams wesinyibilikisi nganye. Phinda eli nani nge-100%, oku zilungiselelwe ekhulwini ubunzima (yoxinaniso ngalinye). Oko kukuthi, le ndlela ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo njengoko isicelo isisombululo acid sulphuric.

ixabiso ngalinye xi isisombululo, sizimisele kwiqondo lobushushu lona, siyafana ezixineneyo ethile kakhulu (umz, lexinene isisombululo acid sulphuric). Ngoko ke, maxa wambi waziwa isisombululo. Umzekelo, H ₂ SO ₄ isisombululo, Lubonakala ipesenti yoxinaniso 95,72%, ukuba ukuxinana 1,835 g / cm ³ t = 20 ° C. Indlela ukufumanisa yoxinaniso kwesisombululo enjalo, ukuba inikwe kuphela mninzi sulphuric acid? Table ukupha imbalelwano loo ngumnyhadala nayiphi na incwadi kwemithi jikelele okanye kwanabacazululi.

UMZEKELO xi recalculation

Makhe siye ukusuka kwenye imo yokuvakalisa kwenye yoxinaniso isisombululo. Masithi ukuba une H ₂ SO ₄ isisombululo emanzini nge-60% abasuka umdla. Thina kuqala sichaze lexinene i-sulphuric acid ahambelanayo. Table equlathe iipesenti (kwikholam yokuqala) kunye lexinene ahambelana yezisombululo zolwelo ye H ₂ SO ₄ (umhlathi wesine), siboniswa apha ngezantsi.

Inika ixabiso olifunayo leyo ilingana 1,4987 g / cm ^3. Ngoku abale molarity yesisombululo. Kuba oku kuyimfuneko ukumisela ubunzima H ₂ SO ₄ nelitha 1 isisombululo kunye ehambelana inani abamenzelayo of acid.

Umqulu, leyo abahlala 100 g sisombululo imfuyo:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

Ukususela ngo-66,7 ml ka-60% isisombululo eziqulathwe 60 g ye-acid buziilitha 1 of iya kuba:

(60 / 66,7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulphuric ubunzima izinyo acid lingana 98. Ngenxa yoko, inani abamenzelayo equlethwe 899,55 g grams ayo, iya kuba:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 nolovane.

Ukuxhomekeka ye lexinene esiti xi sulphuric iboniswe okuqashwa. ngezantsi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-sulphuric acid

Lusetyenziswa mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Ekuvelisweni kweti i-zentsimbi sobhedu kusetyenziswa nokucoca umphezulu metal phambi kokuba igutyungelwe enye into inxaxheba ekudalweni needayi kwakunye nezinye iintlobo asidi ezifana zehydrochloric kunye ne-nitric. Iyasetyenziswa ekwenziweni kweemveliso zoxubo, izichumiso kunye neziqhushumbisi, kwaye nangoku i reagent ebalulekileyo ekususeni ubumdaka ukusuka kwi-oli ekrwada kushishino ukusulungekiswa le.

Le chemical uluncedo kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kwaye lufumaneka lula njengesisombululo acid sulphuric ezisetyenziswa neebhetri abakhokelayo-acid (umz, abo ke ngezimoto). Ezo acid ngokubanzi iqela ukusuka malunga nama-30% kwi-35% H ₂ SO ₄ ngokobunzima, intsalela - amanzi.

Kuba izicelo ezininzi abathengi-30% H ₂ SO ₄ ziya kuba ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo. Noko ke, kolu shishino kwaye ifuna a xi eziphezulu kakhulu kwe-sulphuric acid. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha wokwenziwa kubhaliwe kuqala imvume yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano ngokwaneleyo kunye ne organic inclusions. Kanzulu acid ifunyenwe izigaba ezibini: kuqala, oko apha naphaya kwi-70%, kwaye emva koko - in a Inyathelo lesibini - bavuselwa 96-98%, nto leyo parameter umda imveliso aphuhle kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuxinana kwe-sulphuric acid kunye emaXhoseni yayo

Nangona phantse 99% sulphuric acid kunokuba ngokufutshane kwi reflux, kodwa ilahleko elandelayo SO ₃ abilayo kunciphisa xi ku 98.3%. Ngokubanzi, iintlobo kunye index 98% ezinzileyo ngakumbi ukugcinwa.

asidi grade Commercial ayahluka eyavela umdla, kwaye apho kokuba ikhethwe ezo amaxabiso apho lobushushu crystallization eliphantsi. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba ezakunciphisa ilahleko ziikristale acid sulphuric kwenze ngexesha zokuhamba kunye nokugcinwa. Iintlobo eziphambili zezi:

• Inqaba (oxide) - 75%. Sulphuric acid density iklasi ilingana no-1670 kg / m ^3. Fumana ebizwa-njalo yakhe. indlela oxide apho nitroso ngenxa baphathwa (oku kwakhona H ₂ SO _4, kodwa kwenitrojeni iqhawulwa) eziziiprayimari zokudubula ngumqolo igesi calcined eziqulathe sulphur dioxide SO _2, kwiinqaba emgceni (kungoko igama esiXhoseni). Ngenxa yoko abelwe acid kunye nitrogen oxides ezo singagqityelwanga kule nkqubo, kwaye wabuyela mjikelo wemveliso.
• Iinkcukacha - 92,5-98,0%. Sulphuric acid ezinoxinano-98% ye iklasi ilingana 1836,5 kg / m ^3. Kwakhona ezifunyenwe iigesi roaster equlathe SO _2, apho le nkqubo iquka acetic dioxide igcwala ukuba SO ₃ zoqhagamshelwano yayo (kungoko igama grade) ngeengcamba ezininzi okuqinileyo vanadium kuvala.
• Oleum - 104,5%. mninzi balo babulingana 1896,8 kg / m ^3. Le nesisombululo SO ₃ H ₂ SO _4, apho icandelo lokuqala iqulethe-20%, kwaye acid - yi 104,5%.
• High-grade oleum - 114,6%. mninzi wayo - 2002 kg / m ^3.
• Battery - 92-94%.

njani ukuba ibhetri yemoto

Ukusebenza kwale enye yamacebo kakhulu ethandwa ombane esekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo electrochemical ibakho phambi kwe-sulphuric acid zolwelo.

Automobile Ibhetri iqulethe yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano sulphuric acid electrolyte, kunye electrode ezintle nezimbi ngohlobo amacwecwe eziliqela. iipleyiti HIV senziwe ngayo sayingqombela brown - of dioxide lead (PBO _2), kunye nezimbi - of nombala "ilula 'bakhokelayo (PB).

Ekubeni i electrode ezenziwe lead okanye izinto ayitshi, olu hlobo ibhetri idla ngokuba abakhokelayo-asidi yebhetri. operability, t. E. I ombane yayo yemveliso ugqibe ngqo yintoni na ngeli xesha lexinene sulphuric acid (kg / m3 okanye g / cm ^3), zizaliswa ibhetri njengoko electrolyte.

Kwenzeka ntoni nge electrolyte xa iphiko ibhetri,

Le electrolyte ibhetri okhokelayo-asidi sisisombululo egcwalisekayo kwe-sulphuric acid amanzi iikhemikhali esulungekileyo Yek kunye xi umdla ka-30% ngerhafu ngokupheleleyo. Net acid onokuxinana 1,835 g / cm ^3, electrolyte - malunga 1,300 g / cm ^3. Xa ngaba ibhetri lingatshajiswanga, oko reactions electrochemical zenzeka ngenxa kwi-sulphuric acid ingakhutshwa kuphela electrolyte. ingqalelo yesisombululo ixhomekeke phantse ngokomlinganiselo lexinene, ngoko ke kufuneka kuncipha ngenxa ukuhla electrolyte yoxinaniso.

Logama nje obhobhozayo yangoku aqukuqela acid ibhetri ngokubanzi kufutshane electrode zayo kunye electrolyte uba yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano ngakumbi. nokuhanjiswa acid ukusuka ngumthamo opheleleyo le electrolyte kunye amacwecwe electrode ixhasa amandla malunga rhoqo reactions kwemichiza kwaye, ngenxa yoko, le ombane kwimveliso.

Ekuqaleni inkqubo yokulahla nokuhanjiswa le electrolyte acid kwi plate kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kuba sulfate ngenxa kunye pores kodwa afunyenwe izinto ebonakalayo i electrode. Xa sulphate uqalisa ukwakha bazalise pores ngayo i electrode, nokuhanjiswa ukwenzeka ngokucotha ngakumbi.

Kuthiwa kuyenzeka ukuqhubeka yokulahlela yonke imihla yonke acid ayiyi kusetyenziswa, kwaye electrolyte uya yenziwe amanzi ecocekileyo. Noko ke, amava abonisa ukuba inqanaba kufuneka ukuba kuqhubeka emva loxinano electrolyte lehla laya 1,150 g / cm ^3.

Xa loxinano sehlile 1,300 ukuya 1.150, nto leyo ithetha ukuba sulfate kakhulu kwabunjwa ngexesha indlela, yaye oko kozizalisayo izinto zonke pores kwi into esebenzayo Emacebeni, okt. E. Ukususela isisombululo sele ekhethiweyo phantse bonke sulphuric acid. Ukuxinana kuxhomekeke yoxinaniso ngokulungeleleneyo, kwaye ngokufanayo, lexinene isigxina ibhetri ixhomekeke. Isazobe. ingezantsi ibonisa ukuxhomekeka ibhetri electrolyte mninzi.

Ukutshintsha lexinene i electrolyte, indlela engcono yokufumanisa karhulumente obhobhozayo ibhetri, ukuba usetyenziswa ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Degrees obhobhozayo imoto ibhetri kuxhomekeke loxinano electrolyte

mninzi wayo kufuneka ijongwe rhoqo kwiiveki ezimbini kwaye kufuneka ihlale inkenteza efunda ingxelo ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.

Le electrolyte ashinyeneyo ngakumbi, esiti kokukhona iqulethe yaye kokukhona ibhetri. Density 1,300-1,280 g / cm ³ lubonisa ityala ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kulandela isidanga obhobhozayo ibhetri ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke loxinano electrolyte:

• 1,300-1,280 - icala ngokupheleleyo:
• 1,280-1,200 - ngaphezu kwesiqingatha engenanto;
• 1,200-1,150 - wamwisela ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha;
• 1.150 - phantse lilambatha.

Xa ibhetri ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuxhuma unikezelo ombane wayo Automotive of iseli ngalinye 2.5 ukuya 2.7 V. Kamsinya nje umthwalo liqhagamshelaniswe, le ombane ngokukhawuleza kusithwa malunga 2.1 V imizuzu emithathu okanye emine. Oku kungenxa yokuba kusekwe maleko ubhityileyo sulphate lead phezu komhlaba emacwecweni electrode ezingakhiyo phakathi umaleko ephambili kunye pheroksayidi metal amacwecwe ezintle. Ixabiso lokugqibela ombane iseli emva kuthungelwano lwendlela yokungena malunga 2,15-2,18 volts.

Xa ngoku uqala ukugeleza nge ibhetri ngexesha iyure yokuqala yokusebenza, kukho ukuhla ombane ukuya 2 V ngenxa yokwanda ukunganyangeki iseli yangaphakathi ngenxa ukuyilwa izixa ezikhulu of sulfate kuwuzalisileyo pores le amacwecwe kunye nokukhethwa esiti electrolyte. Nje phambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo ingxinano ekhoyo ngoku ye-electrolyte yi ezinintsi kwaye ilingana 1,300 g / cm ^3. Ekuqaleni kwalo underpressure kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa emva koko wabeka urhulumente elungeleleneyo phakathi lexinene acid kufuphi iinkcenkce electrode ukhetho volume kakhulu electrolyte inkxaso acid ngokungenisa iziqwenga acid entsha esuka isambuku electrolyte. Ukuxinana umndilili electrolyte iyaqhubeka ukunciphisa kancinci ulwalamano eboniswe okuqashwa. ngasentla. Emva ukwehla ombane lokuqala kunciphisa ngokucothayo, izinga yokunciphisa kuxhomekeke umthwalo bebhetri. Ixesha inkqubo schedule ukubhobhoza iboniswe okuqashwa. ngezantsi.

Ukulawulwa kwimeko electrolyte kwi ibhetri

Ukuze ubone hydrometer mninzi esetyenzisiweyo. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iglasi tube esivingciweyo ukwandiswa ekupheleni ephantsi, ezele imetyhuri okanye udubule, kwaye isikali esikwinqanaba kwi ekupheleni eliphezulu. Le isikali enombhalo ukusuka 1,100 ukuya 1,300 kunye neenqobo ezahlukeneyo intermediate, njengoko kubonisiwe okuqashwa. ngezantsi. Ukuba hydrometer ibekwe an electrolyte, iya kutshona ukuya kubunzulu ethile. Ngaloo ndlela ke uya asuse umthamo othile electrolyte, kwaye xa indawo lizama sifikelelwayo, ubunzima umthamo abafudukayo iya kulingana nje hydrometer ubunzima. Ekubeni lexinene i electrolyte lilingana umlinganiselo sobunzima wayo umthamo, kunye ubunzima hydrometer yaziwa, ngoko kwinqanaba ngalinye emanzini kwi isisombululo lihambisana ethile mninzi yayo. Ezinye hydrometers nayo amaxabiso isikali uxinano, kodwa ziphawulwe ngokuthi "imali", "isiqingatha digit", "ukukhupha Full" okanye ezifana.