Imithetho obizwa

Obizwa - isebe ophanda leyo lifunda inguqu efanayo ubushushu kwi intshukumo vice versa. Ukuba icandelo ngokwanelisayo ebanzi, le yinxalenye Applied Physics yahlulwe amacandelwana ezahlukahlukeneyo, eziquka:

1. imithetho esisiseko obizwa.
2. Utshintsho kumandla Isigaba kunye neenkqubo thermodynamic.
3. imijikelo Thermodynamic nabanye.

Eneneni, imithetho obizwa - hayi nje i-sub, kodwa postulates isiseko engunobangela wafunda yesebe physics. Xa iyonke kukho amathathu ekuqaleni thermodynamic.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

1. I-mthetho lokuqala okanye umthetho obizwa. Okokuqala, khumbula ukuba kwamandla rhoqo igqithiselwe ukusuka uhlobo olunye ukuya kolunye. Uguqulo, kuxhomekeke imiqathango entshukumo ukuya olunokubakho umva, amandla kwinkqubo akuthethi kumka. Nangona kunjalo, umzekelo olulula kuqala, onika ukukhawulezisa, iphosa intandabuzo phezu lo mbono. Ngoxa siyahamba, kuqala iba kumandla entshukumo, yaye amanqaku awo ngokugqithiseleyo - isakhono. Enyanisweni, ukufuduka kufuneka babe isiphelo phambi, oko kukuthi, ibe ongapheliyo. Ukuziqhelisa, sibona ukuba Uhanjiso kancane, kuqala eyeka yawo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa ukuxhathisa umoya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amandla zochuku kwi intshukumo. Ngenxa yoko amandla ukuba sele inikwe unikezelo pendulum, inokusetyenziswa ukuze koyiswe izithintelo emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko, ubushushu eyenziweyo. Ngokutsho kukubuka izazinzulu ukunqunyanyiswa kunye nobushushu okukufutshane ngenxa yesehlo isindululo umbhodamo ukwimo pendulum omzimba kwakunye nomoya.

Eneneni, umthetho wokuqala obizwa waziwa ngcono ngokuba umthetho zolondolozo amandla. umongo wayo kukuba amandla kwinkqubo akuthethi shwaka, kodwa aguqulwa kuphela ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye, kwaye utshintsho ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye.

Kuba okokuqala waphawula okufanayo kuchazwa kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba. K. Moore. Wabonisa ukuba amandla ukuya kwamanye amazwe: ubushushu, umbane, intshukumo, ubutsalane, njl Noko ke, lo mthetho laliqulunqwe kuphela ngo-1847, Helmholtz, kwaye kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ... kube notorious ifomula E = mc2 sele yabelwe, nto leyo nayo iqukiwe Einstein izigqibo.

2. Umthetho yesibini obizwa, okanye. Wasekwa ngo-1850, izazinzulu R. Clausius, kuba la mazwi alandelayo: unikezelo amandla yangaphakathi ngaphakathi sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo iyahluka ngokungenamkhethe ukuze amandla luncedo lifinyele, ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza entropy.

3. Umthetho wesithathu okanye Umthetho obizwa. Ukuba engqondweni into yokuba ubushushu intshukumo nezidubedube random neemolekyuli, kunokwenziwa isigqibo ukuba injini kuquka ukwehliswa nomsebenzi wawo umzimba. Entropy ngu zero kwimeko apho naliphi na intshukumo random neemolekyuli uvinjwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ixabiso elililo entropy ukwimo kungabalelwa esazi ubushushu yayo zero epheleleyo. W. Nernst zizifundo elide kwaye zininzi kwafunyaniswa ukuba zonke izinto crystalline kuba umthamo ubushushu efanayo: kwi zero ingundoqo kwaye ilingana zero. Esi sigqibo umthetho yesithathu obizwa. Ukwazi oku, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuthelekisa entropy iindidi ngeendidi zezixhobo kunye notshintsho lobushushu.

Kukho kwakhona ebizwa ngokuba yi-zero komthetho obizwa, oko aklyuchaetsya oku kulandelayo: sobushushu inxalenye shushu kwenkqubo ekwanti kunabela kuzo zonke izinto. Ngoko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubushushu ilungelelaniswe kwinkqubo enye.

Imithetho obizwa - yiloo ngeekhomponenti asisiseko nenzululwazi ye ubucukubhede. Ngenxa okufunyenweyo ezenziwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, inzululwazi mihla kunye uluntu natyetyiswa fyabo, oomatshini abaninzi.

Imithetho obizwa kukhona jikelele kuwo onke amasebe ubucukubhede.