Ukunyoba igosa. Zoxolelwaniso zokucenga. of the Code Criminal

Kukhona neze kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, umntu omdala ongazange weva ukunyoba kunye norhwaphilizo. Le meko lubheke phantse wonke ummi, aphile ubomi esebenzayo ekuhlaleni.

Ngelishwa, ngokufuthi kuluntu lwanamhlanje kukho iimeko xa nasiphi na isigqibo esibalulekileyo ebomini bomntu ixhomekeke igosa elithile. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kwindawo yoshishino kunye zezoqoqosho, urhwebo, ulwakhiwo, njalo njalo. D. Iintsilelo kwemithetho yerhafu, imithetho namasiko, i-Code zoLwaphulo kunye Code Administrative, imithetho yendlela isebenza kubo bonke abemi beli lizwe, yaye maxa wambi ukuba zilandele ngqo nomthetho kuyingxaki. Ukongeza, kukho iimeko apho amagosa bafuna izinyobo ngokwabo amanyathelo ekufuneka ukuba ngumthetho. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba kuzo zonke ezi meko, isicengo kwigosa - lo mmiselo, yaye ngenxa ezi zinto urhwaphilizo kunye esezansi ngaphezulu kunyaka ngamnye. "Musa ugcobe izandla zabo - akuyi kuya ..." - ngesingqala abemi ukuqaphela bayavumelana imfuneko yegosa. Ngelo xesha, ukupha ukwamkela ukunyotywa - ulwaphulo kwezoqoqosho, wohlwaywe ngokomthetho.

291 inqaku. ukufunjathiswa Cottage

UMgaqo Penal, ebisebenza ngalo mzuzu kwi Russian Federation (i-Criminal Code) wavunywa ngo 1996. Ubonelela kuba sisohlwayo ngenxa iintlobo ezimbini amatyala - ukunyoba igosa ukwamkela ukunyotywa. Phantsi isicengo baqaphele umvuzo zemali kwigosa, wathethayo kuye okanye efunyenwe nguye inzaliseko uxanduva lwayo ngoko nangoko. Ukunyoba kwigosa - lulwaphulo-mthetho mazwe. Yento isinyobo kuthiwa akakhethi isinyobo nalowo onika isicengo - le briber.

Njengoko kuchaziwe kwinqaku 291 of Code Criminal, ukugwaza igosa nokusetyenziswa umlamleli okanye umntu - kululwaphulo-mthetho leyo bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, isohlwayo kwi imali izihlandlo ezilishumi elinesihlanu phambi devyanostokratnoy ngokunxulumene zokunyoba, okanye avalelwe entolongweni iminyaka emibini ukuya elinambini, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ze-mthetho kwaye ukuthenga ubukhulu. inkunzi zithathwa ukuba isixa esikhulu kwisinyobo, ukugwaza igosa ngenxa yokuba wenza izenzo esazi mthethweni (yokungenzi). Kule meko isohlwayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuba ngqongqo kakhulu. Ulwaphulo - igosa isicengo - kuthathwa ukuba nigqibelele ngexesha lokufumana isinyobo ezisephepheni ubuncinane inxalenye kobutyebi ukusuka briber okanye umlamleli. nobutyala ukugwaza kwenzeka, ukususela kwiminyaka eli-16. Isohlwayo ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye notshutshiso zinokuphetshwa ukuba briber wafuna ngokuzithandela uncedo-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, wanceda ukusombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho waza wabonisa ukuba isicengo bacudise kuye. Kulo mzekelo, utshutshiso usebenza kuphela isinyobo-ezisephepheni.

ukufumana izipho. Inqaku 290 of Code Criminal

Isicengo, njengoko sibonile, kululwaphulo-mthetho. Sinyobo-ukuthatha ngabasebenzi njengenye yezinto zolwaphulo-zoqoqosho ezinzulu. Kulo mzekelo, isicaka lembambano lifumana ubutyebi ngabemi, esebenzisa isikhundla sakhe yaseburhulumenteni, ukusebenza okanye imisebenzi non-ngqo ngokuthanda briber. Ngokuba lo hlobo mthetho bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, isohlwayo ukuya devyanostokratnogo ubungakanani izicengo, entolongweni iminyaka yobudala okanye ukususwa ukuya kwi elinambini ukusuka ofisi, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu izinyobo kunye nezinye iimeko mandundu le ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukufunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisinyobo uya kuphindezelwa ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba ityala ekwanti. Ngu izinyobo ukuthatha twisisa ekufumaneni ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphezulu izibonelelo eziphathekayo ngaphezu kabini kumntu omnye. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kakubi self-ukukhonza ngamagunya ezisemthethweni bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo ngumthetho.

imali

Ephanga kwisinyobo yi njengemeko eyenza mandundu kuphando zokucenga. Ukuba into ukuphanga eqinisekisiwe briber bangaxolelwa ekufundeni nobutyala kunye ngenkxaso kunye noncedo kwabasemagunyeni uphando. igosa ephanga kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi wakwarhulumente kufuneka imbuyekezo ukuze lenze imisebenzi yabo iimfuno briber, okanye ngokuchasene noko, ngenxa yokuba athathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuze kuthathwe ngokomthetho. Le ngozi ingavezwa kwinto yokuba igosa ekubhekiselwe kwingqesho, ukungabikho amaxwebhu afunekayo okanye izinto, eyenziweyo kudala zonke iintlobo ngeentlobo zemiqobo ukwenza isigqibo, echaphazelekayo lo briber. Okanye igosa ulumkisa ukuba iimeko ethintela imisebenzi umntu ochaphazelekayo, okanye iimeko benzakalise briber, nabanako ukuthintelwa ukuba iinzame ukuhlawula extra ukudala. Intlawulo - oku sinyobo. Le Code Criminal unika sisohlwayo kuphela kuba isicengo esi-mfani ngoncedo yintliziyo briber.

History of zenkohliso

Igama elithi "ukonakala" livela corrumpire elithi - kakubi ofisi, ukunyoba, ukuze bonakalise. Eli gama yayisetyenziswa yokuqala komthetho wamaRoma - nkqu Yuliy Tsezar iyalwa zokunyoba, engavumi ukuba amagosa ukufumana isidanga igolide izixeko wanikela kubo ukukhuselwa. Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu, amagosa musa ukuthandabuza ukufumana isibonelelo eziphathekayo, usebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esemthethweni, kwaye ukunyoba kwakuxhaphakile. Le abasebenzi bakarhulumente Russian banikwa "ukutya" - imali ethile ukusuka abanomdla kwimpumelelo abantu babo ishishini. Ukongeza, amagosa afumana umvuzo kaNondyebo kaRhulumente. Ukugwaza ndamvelelayo ookumkani Ivan III, Ivan Grozny, uPeter Omkhulu. Kwakukho iminyaka xa ukunyoba kwaba sono silingenwe kukufa.

Ukunyoba eyayiqhelekile yonke eMpuma, kodwa ke daropodnosheniya umlinganiswa. KumaXesha Aphakathi kunye East, kakhulu, waqalisa ukuba alwe zokunyoba, amagosa self-ukukhonza lisuswe e-ofisini kunye kohlwaywa.

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, urhulumente uye wafumana onke amagunya olukhulu lolawulo likarhulumente liye zande kwaye kwafikela zonke iinkalo zobomi yabemi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni banzi zokunyoba, amagosa nabezopolitiko kuwo onke amanqanaba baye ngokusebenzisa phantse ekuhleni isikhundla sakhe esemthethweni, kwaye hayi kuphela, kodwa ukuba izinyobo ezivela kubahlali. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuphanga wathabatha uhlobo iminikelo iqela - oko kukuthi, bengathabathanga ukuthenga ezithile amagosa kunye namagosa, kunye nabameli zamaqela.

kutshanje Urhwaphilizo yenye yeendawo zokuqala kummandla ulwaphulo-mthetho kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini lonke. amagosa ezonakeleyo kunye noorhulumente amele emngciphekweni omkhulu naliphi na ilizwe, njengoko onokuphazamisa uphuhliso lizwe bawasingela phantsi igunya kurhulumente, yaye ngamanye amaxesha emngciphekweni ukhuseleko abemi balo. Ngoko, kwi 70s zenkulungwane lokugqibela kwakukho ihlazo ngenxa inkampani American "Lockheed", okuyinto bathengisa moya onganeno yaseJamani Japan. Amagosa kula mazwe bafumana iinzuzo zemali evela kwinkampani.

Le mba we urhwaphilizo uxhomekeke kakhulu umgangatho wokuphila kwilizwe ngalinye kunye nenkcubeko yawo yesizwe. Umzekelo, oku kubonakaliswa ukuba eJapan kunye neTshayina, apho kulinywa ubulumko kunye nokuzimisela kwamagosa kunye neenkokeli urhulumente wabo, ukunyoba batwabulule bit ngaphantsi kwe kwamanye amazwe. Oku kubangelwa kwakhona ukuba imithetho yamazwe - kukho sisohlwayo nakwamkela sicengo ukuba ngqongqo.

mediation

Amalinge e ukugwaza - wakho izenzo zamaqela wesithathu igalelo ekuphumezeni kwesivumelwano phakathi briber kunye isinyobo ezisephepheni okanye ukuthenga i usasazo ukusuka kwelinye nxaxheba ukuya kwenye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kukholelwa ukuba uthatha okanye ukunikela isinyobo ngokusebenzisa umthetheli lula - isicengo-ongathathi kunye briber ayisoloko eziqhelekileyo kunye namanye, kunye kulo mzekelo, nguMlamli bayabandakanyeka ukhuseleko nokuthembeka enkulu. Amaninzi, umxolelanisi nayo inamcebiso umvuzo zemali kwiinkonzo zabo - maxa wambi nkqu ipesenti mali zidluliselwe izicengo iyonke.

Amalinge e ukugwaza bezonxibelelwano bukhatshwa sisohlwayo ngumthetho kuphela xa kukho ukunyotywa ezinkulu (Inqaku 291,1 kweKhowudi Criminal). ubungakanani ebalulekileyo ithathwa exabisa ngaphezulu kwama-25 000 engange. Kuba ulamlo bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, isohlwayo ukuya sorokakratnogo ubungakanani izicengo, okanye avalelwe iminyaka emihlanu. Isohlwayo ixhomekeke kubungakanani izinyobo kunye nezinye iimeko mandundu - umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa i indawo esemthethweni umlamli okanye izixa ingakumbi enkulu ngezinto inzuzo.

Ngaphezu koko, uncedo okanye nokuhambisana kwi ubugebengu kohlwaywa ngokomthetho, hayi kuphela xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lenziwe baze bagqiba, kodwa mzuzu xa umlamleli iye wanikela iinkonzo zayo kumaqela izinyobo. Esi sithembiso nje ulamlo sele kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho kwezoqoqosho.

The main iingxaki kuphando zokunyoba

Uphando zenkohliso akusoloko kulula. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ethintela ekuphandweni kwamatyala, yinto yokuba kwimeko ukunyoba ayikho babizwa ngokuba amaxhoba - bonke abathathi abanomdla izinyobo ukuba le nto ayikho makwazeke lokuthotyelwa komthetho. Urhwaphilizo sisenzo eyinzuzo elinganayo, yaye ungcolisa kwiimeko ezininzi, akanamdla isibakala ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho yatyhilwa - kungenxa umdla ngayo inxaxheba ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye notshutshiso izilangazelelo yayo. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiimeko apho isinyobo-mthetho yeyona violator umthetho, ikhowudi irhafu, imithetho yendlela, Code zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye zezolawulo.

Enye kuyingozi kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo imbono yoluntu, lilungiselelo isigxina phakathi briber kunye kothabatha isicengo, nto leyo iba kwimeko yemibutho esemthethweni, ngokuthe ngcembe yayinegunya mthetho.

Onke amatyala abaqhelekileyo ngakumbi apho amagosa, ukongeza post yakhe, kufuneka imibutho yabo yezoqoqosho kunye nosomashishini. inzala yemali kabini zabo baza kuxhaswa ngamagosa igunya namandla.

Ukusasazeka ukunyoba kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo

Ngokutsho manani, ukusasazwa inamandla ifumene izinyobo ukuba ukuthotyelwa komthetho. Amaxesha amaninzi amapolisa kunye nabameli ofisi yomtshutshisi abe yena wonakele, nje ngokunyotywa waqonda njenge imbuyiselo ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo onzima, hayi phezulu ngokwaneleyo abahlawulwa ngurhulumente. Ukunyoba amapolisa, kwakunye naliphi na igosa - lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. mapolisa Traffic rhoqo kuphela othiya isicengo, kodwa ukuba abanike kubo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje le nto sele uyazi kakhulu kwaye phantse eqhelekileyo - nangona zonke iinzame ngurhulumente, ezijolise nokusiphula inkohlakalo. Ngelishwa, uninzi lwabemi ukwamkela imiqathango kwamagosa musa kuphazamisana nakwamkela sicengo.

Abameli amagosa, abasebenzi zolawulo ezahlukeneyo kunye namasebe basoloko ithuba lokufumana i sicengo. amagosa amaninzi, yaye ezinye iingxaki ayikwazi kuconjululwa ngaphandle intsebenziswano yabo inxaxheba, kunye nabanye abasebenzi abanganyanisekanga ukuyisebenzisa.

Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iimeko zokunyoba kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo zabasebenzi. Izipho ezivela izigulane nombulelo liyithatha ukumila kweli izicengo, ingakumbi kwimeko yokuxhulumana kunye iingcali zempilo ukusebenza kwizikhundla eziphezulu - amagqirha entloko, iintloko kwiiklinikhi nezibhedlele, njalo njalo Kuba akukho mfihlakalo ukuba ngesipho encinane okanye umvuzo ungafumana ngakumbi .. izinga eliphezulu lenkonzo, ukhathalelo kunye nonyango nakuwuphi na esibhedlele okanye kwindawo yonyango.

Abameli kwicandelo lemfundo, kakhulu, kukho ukubandakanyeka ukunyoba wambona. Ukufumana credits neeseshoni, ukwamkelwa kwiziko lemfundo, kwaye nasekugqityweni kwayo ngempumelelo ngenkqubo yemfundo - konke oku amaxabiso yayo imeko kwabahlohli ngamnye.

Ngokufutshane, ayikho na isigaba benkonzo karhulumente, kwakungayi wadibana abasebenzi abanako ukunyoba. Ngelishwa, amanyathelo athathwe nguRhulumente ngokunxulumene abasemagunyeni ayisoloko ukuvelisa isiphumo kulindeleke.

Umlo ochasene norhwaphilizo ibe

Phantsi komthetho, ukulwa urhwaphilizo kufuneka ugcine zonke iikomiti zolawulo lukarhulumente kunye. imithetho ngophuhliso kunye nemigaqo kuthintelo zokucenga. Kukho woncedo ezikhethekileyo, leyo kubiza ngokungaziwa ushiye ulwazi malunga abasemagunyeni okanye nokuphamba. Ukuze alwe urhwaphilizo, abakhonzi yoluntu rhoqo idityaniswe umvuzo, ukulawula phezu aba bantu oluqhutywa zonke iindlela ezinokubakho. Umzekelo, ividiyo khamera zifakelwe, nto leyo inceda ukuthintela isinyobo-baphathelane iimoto ezininzi abahloli. Isibheno uyakhuthazwa abemi amagunya zokunyanzelisa umthetho ngokunxibelelene urhwaphilizo. Iminyaka ngeminyaka, ukukhethwa ilukhuni abantu ukuba ukufikelela kwinkonzo karhulumente, ingakumbi kwizikhundla eziphezulu. Kwezinye amaziko karhulumente uthintela ngokungqongqo amathuba emisebenzi nezalamane okanye abahlobo, ukuya ekungaphumelelini umsebenzi ngenxa amaqhina entsapho.

Zonke ezi ndlela ukunika isiphumo ethile, kodwa zikhula kwiindawo ezininzi zorhwaphilizo. Isicengo kuthatha iindlela ezingaqondakaliyo. amagosa ezingenayo zifihla, yaye kubonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuya kuba nzima. Ngaba ukutshintsha iindlela apho yenziwa kunyotywa ngokupha nokwamkela.

Ukuzalana urhwaphilizo kwezinye izenzo

Indlela kunqabile ngokuqhelekileyo sihlume kwenzeka ngokwawo - amaninzi, isibakala zokunyoba ngokusondeleyo kwamanye amacala sicengo. Ukunyoba igosa kudla kunye namanye amatyala. Ukubiwa izinto zexabiso ethile - Inqaku 164 of the Code Criminal, gwenxa kwamagunya - Article. 286 of the Code Criminal, kakubi igunya - Art. 285 of the Criminal Code, ukuthatha inxaxheba mthethweni kwimisebenzi yamashishini - ubugcisa. 289 of the Code Criminal, ukunyoba yorhwebo - ubugcisa. 204 of the Code Criminal. Zonke ezi manqaku badla isicelo ukuya kwenye kunye nomntu omnye ngexesha uphando ngeenyani zokucenga. Kuyabonakala ukuba isohlwayo ukunyoba akukhethi izohlwayo zolwaphulo nayiphi na impahla ngentla, xa ulwaphulo mthetho lwenzeke khona.

Kufuneka wenze ntoni xa ucela ukunyotywa?

Ikhusela izilangazelelo ummi ngamnye kufuneka Criminal Code. Isicengo igosa engamelanga ithathwe njenge routine. Xa kwavela imeko enjalo, sinokwenza ngeendlela ezintathu:

- Ukuba uyavuma oku, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba uxanduva mthetho ngenxa yokuba nifumene isicengo, kwimeko kokubhengezwa oku, kuya kuchaphazela kuphela umamkeli kodwa wena.

- ukwala ukuhlawula isinyobo yaye wabalumkisa umqeshwa kwezinto ngeenjongo zakhe, hayi kuphela ukusombulula ingxaki, kodwa kuphakamise ubudlelwane ezimbi - igosa unalo igunya elithile, kungenjalo le meko nje nga sazi ukuba lilixa lokugqibela. Isigqibo entle kulo mzekelo kufuneka alinde, kunokuba okwahlukileyo - umqeshwa uya kwenza konke okusemandleni ukusombulula udaba lwakho, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba phezu kwenu hleka nje bathatha ekhaya.

- ezinengqondo kakhulu - ukwenza kucace ukuba igosa ukuba uyavuma ukuhlawula isinyobo. Zama ngelixa polochit kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingxaki yakho iya kusonjululwa noncediso. Emva koko, kuyimfuneko ukuba kucacisa uhlobo mali ababandakanyekayo oko, kufuneka njani ukuhlawulela iinkonzo, osamkelayo isicengo kuwe, ngexesha apho. Emva koko kufuneka uqhagamshelane amapolisa ukuba ubhale ingxelo malunga nento ukuphanga. Uyakwazi kufuna uncedo kwi FSB, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Interior, Uphando iKomiti iOfisi yoMtshutshisi, Customs, njl Phantsi komthetho, izicelo kunyanzelekileyo ukuba ukulungisa nayiphi na iqumrhu loluntu - .. Phezulu ukuba ndibhenele kuRhulumente okanye uMongameli Russia. Isicelo kufuneka sibhalwe phantsi, ikopi enye ihleli isezandleni zakho. Kulungile ukufumana phandle kwaye khumbula, ngubani na oya kujongana isicelo sakho nezinto omawuzilindele. Okukhona le meko iya kuchazwa ngokweenkcukacha, kokukhona ithuba lokuba lo mba uya kusonjululwa egameni lakho.

Urhwaphilizo - sisifo uluntu lwale mihla. Ijongana kuyimfuneko nje kuphela amaqumrhu karhulumente, kodwa abemi abaqhelekileyo, kuba ubunzima evela kumagosa ezikhohlakele, abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho manani, ithuba lokuwiswa urhwaphilizo kwilizwe elithile ngu-1: 250, kwaye xa amanyathelo afanelekileyo ezibanjiswa kumazwe amaninzi, amathuba bayanda - 1:23. Ngenxa yoko, le ngxaki kakuhle isonjululwe kunye, "lonke ihlabathi".