Ukuphakama kwamanyathelo ezitebhisi: GOST. Ukubalwa kobukhulu bamanyathelo kunye nokunyathela kwendlela yokuhamba kwamanqanaba

Isakhiwo sezitebhisi, ukubonakala kwayo, induduzo kunye nokukhuseleko kubalulekile nakumaphi na amakhaya. I- design staircase design ephumelelayo iphakamisa izinga eliqhelekileyo lokuthuthuzela abantu abayayisebenzisa ngelixa elizayo, kwaye lichaphazela nenqanaba le-ergonomics kwigumbi. Njengoko kubaluleka nokubaluleka koyilo, phantse zonke izinto zalo ziphantsi kommiselo kwinqanaba lomthetho: ububanzi nobude bendawo, ubukhulu bezakhiwo, inombolo kunye nokuphakama kwamanyathelo ezitebhisi (i-GOST ne-SNiP).

Kubaluleka kokubala kwexesha elifanelekileyo

Ubungakanani obuphambili bokuyila izitebhisi zibalwe kwinqanaba lokuyilwa kwendlu. Ububanzi kunye nokuphakama kwamanyathelo endlela kuvumela abakhi ukubala iiparameter ezibalulekileyo zesakhiwo esizayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa kuphuhliswa ulunge lwezitebhisi, zikhokelwa yimimiselo kunye neemfuno zomnini wesakhiwo. Ukuthotyelwa kwamaphepha olawulo olawula ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa komsebenzi kuyinyanzeliso. Emva koko, umzobo wesitrato esinqabileyo sinesiqingatha semfazwe. Uyilo lufanele lusebenze, luthembeke, lulungele kwaye lukhuselekile.

Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa kwiziteyithi kwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke okanye kumaziko emfundo.

Kuchaneke kangakanani ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi

Amadokhumenti anokuqulethe imigangatho, imigangatho nemithetho, ngokuhambelana nazo zonke iziteyathelo kufuneka zakhiwe, yi-GOST ne-SNiP.

Kwizitebhisi ukusuka kwikhonkrithi kunye nekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo kukho i-GOST 8717.1-84 kunye ne-8717.0-84. Uxwebhu lokugqibela lusebenza nakwezitebhisi ezenziwe ngezakhiwo zetsimbi.

Ezinye zeengongoma zazo zichaza ukuphakama komda, zingaphi amanyathelo okumele zifakwe kuyo, kwaye ziphi ukuphakama okufanele zenziwe. Ikwacacisa i-angle apho izitebhisi zifakwa khona, ububanzi beziko kunye nohlobo locingo.

Ezinye izilinganiso zinikezwa ngamanani athile, ezinye zibubanzi apho abakhi bamakhi bangakhetha amanani afanelekileyo kubo.

Kuthetha ntoni "umthamo ophezulu weli nqanaba"?

I-angle apho phantsi kwesiteyithi kuya kufumaneka kwindlu yangasese, indlu ephakamileyo yezakhiwo okanye isakhiwo sikawonkewonke yixabiso elinconywayo. I-angle engancinci i-degrees ezingama-20, i-angle ephezulu i-degrees ezingama-50.

I-angle encinci ibonisa ukuba i-ladder isezantsi, oko kukuthi, i-sloping. Enyanisweni, kulula ukunyuka la manyathelo kwaye kunciphise umngcipheko wokuwa, kodwa lo mlo uphelele ixesha elide kwaye kuthatha indawo eninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo abaqulunqi bakhuthaza abanikazi ukuba basindise indawo yokuhlala ngokunciphisa ubude bezitepsi. I-GOST ibeka i-angle engavumelekanga yokuthambekela kwi-degrees ezingama-50, ekubeni amanyathelo aphezulu aphephile kumntu okhuphukayo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungafani, njengokufakela izitebhisi ukuya kuma-attics kunye neendawo zokugcina. Apha, izitebhisi eziphezulu zingavunyelwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokungapheliyo kunye nendawo ephantsi.

Efanelekileyo (kwindlu yangasese) yindiza yezitepsi ezityelelwe kwikota yee-30-35 degrees. Olu luhlu lwezalathisi luhambelana neziqhelo zendalo zentshukumo yabantu.

Yiyiphi idatha edityanisiweyo kwiprojekthi yophuhliso lweprojekthi

Iiparameters ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ukwakhiwa kwamanqanaba zi:

1. Ukuphakama komgangatho ngamnye.
2. Iindawo eziqhelekileyo zendawo yangaphakathi.
3. Uluhlu lweefestile, iingcango kunye nezivulo.
4. Uhlobo kunye neempawu zeendonga zamagumbi (iisiti, izikhokelo).

Ezi nkcukacha, ezichazwe yimidwebo yokwakha, zichaphazela ukuphakama kwamanyathelo ezitebhisi, i-GOST iphinda iqwalaselwe. Ukongezelela, amanani afumanekileyo akuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba yeyiphi na ukuphakama kwele nqanaba, ubude beemitha, inani kunye nobukhulu beendawo zokujika.

Ubukho beeparamitha ezisekelweyo akunakuthetha ukuba i-design ladder ayifuni ukuba ibalwe. Iiprojekthi zodwa ziyimfuneko, kuba ezininzi izinto zichaphazela ukulinganisa kokugqibela (izinto ezihamba ngezitepisi kunye nokucima, uhlobo lokuhlobisa kwazo, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuyila ngaphakathi).

Ukuphakama kwamanyathelo okunyuka kwamanqanaba kubalwa njani?

I-angle yokuthambekela kwesakhiwo kuxhomekeke kumanyathelo amaninzi akhoyo, ekuphakameni kwawo, kunye nakumgama phakathi kwabo.

Imigangatho ichaza amaphepha olawulo - iGOST kunye neSNiP. Ukuphakama kwamanyathelo kwitebe kunokuba kusuka kwi-12 cm ukuya kwi-22 cm. Ukukhethwa kwamanani athile kubangelwa yindawo yesakhiwo kunye nenjongo yayo. Kuloo manqanaba, asebenza ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye aqhele ukusetyenziswa, kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ixabiso malunga ne-14.5-17.5 cm.

Xa uthetha ngobunzulu bomtya (inqwelo ehamba phambili apho umntu ahamba khona), kubalulekile ukubonisa isibonakaliso sayo esiphezulu: Uluhlu oluvunyelwe luvela kwi-25 cm ukuya kuma-40 cm. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo ezilungele ukwenziwa ngamanyathelo, ububanzi obuyi-30-37 cm.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwezi zixabiso kubungakanani benyawo lomntu ophakathi, kunye nobubanzi bezinyathelo zakhe. Ukuba ngenxa yezizathu ezithile iiparameters eziphambili azikwazi ukusetyenziswa okanye umthamo ocwangcisiweyo wee-ladder uthintela ukufakwa kwamanyathelo alobu bukhulu, abaphuhlisi beprojekthi banciphisa ubunzulu ukuya ku-14.5 cm. Kulesi siboneko banikezela umgca obangela ubunzulu ngamacentimitha amabini okanye amathathu (i-overhang of the step).

Iyintoni indlela kunye nokuba yintoni ukuphakama kwayo

Ukuphakama kwamadigri kwanoma yiliphi iqela ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bokuphakama kunye nobukhulu bezinyathelo ngokwalo. Umntu ophakanyisiweyo uyindawo ephakathi kweziinyembezi.

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, ukuphakama okuqhelekileyo kwiteyathelo lesiteji ngu-14.5-17.5 cm. Ngexesha elifanayo, inkqubo yokubala iiparameters inikezela ukuvavanya okufunekayo ukulungelelana nokukhuseleko. Ukwenza oku, phinda ububanzi bokunyathela kunye nokuphakama kokuphakama (ngokutsho komzobo). Ukuba inani likwinqanaba ukusuka kwi-44 cm ukuya kuma-48 cm, ngoko i-ladder ingaqwalaselwa ikhuselekile.

Inani lamanyathelo

Umgca wokumgangatho wesiteti uqulethe, ngokuqhelekileyo, amanyathelo angama-12-15. Le nani inika abantu abaninzi ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza ukusukela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni kwesakhiwo okanye ekuhlaleni.

Ukugqiba ukuba mangaphi amanyathelo aphezulu awakhiwe, iizwi zizakusebenzisa le ndlela ilandelayo:

1. Bala okanye ulinganise ubude obude beli nqanaba (umgama ukusuka kwisigaba sokuqala ukuya kumgangatho wesibini kumgangatho).
2. Yahlula ubude ngokuphakama okuphakamileyo kokuphakama.
3. Ukujikeleza ubungakanani obunokubakho kwi-integer kwaye wenze ukulungiswa kokuqwalasela ingqalelo idatha entsha.

Le algorithm yinto elula, kuba ezinye iimeko (ubukhulu bomgubo ophantsi komgangatho wokuqala kunye nesibini, uhlobo lwenqanaba ngokwalo , ukugqitywa kwamanyathelo) kuthathwa ingqalelo kwinkqubo yokubala kwangempela.

Iimpawu zezitebhisi ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi

Namhlanje, ukhetho lweziteyibrari ezininzi zabanikazi basekhaya lukhokelwa ngokukhokelwa kweemodyuli ezilungiselelwe ezenziwe ngekhonkrithi ephezulu (ibakala B15 okanye ngaphezulu).

Zenziwe ngabakhiqizi abaqinisekisiweyo, ngoko ke zonke iimfuno zeGOST kunye ne-SNiP (ukuphakama kwamanyathelo okunyuka, ububanzi babo nobubanzi, kunye ne-angle of inclination) zidibene.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zakhiwo kunceda kakhulu, kukhawuleze kwaye kunciphise iindleko zokumisa izitebhisi. IiRCstairs zihlala zizinzileyo kwaye zinokuhlobisa ngezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule, ngoko zifakwe zombini kwizakhiwo zokuhlala nakwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke.

Imiba eyahlukileyo yokuyila izitebhisi

Ukuphakama kwamanyathelo ezitebhisi (i-GOST ibonelelwe) kufuneka ibe yinto efanayo kuzo zonke izakhi zeli nqanaba. Oku kuyimfuneko enyanzelekileyo, eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisela komntu ohamba phakathi kweepansi.

Ukongezelela, iingcali zithi zikhululekile kakhulu kubantu ukuba bazalise ukunyuka okanye ukwehla ngonyawo abaye baqalisa ukunyuka kwizitepsi. Ngoko ke, ezininzi izixhobo ziqulethe inani elingaqhelekanga lee-degrees.

Ukuba ummandla phakathi kwamanqwanqwa unamanqanaba amaninzi, umehluko ekuphakameni kwawo kufuneka ulingane nokuphakama kwinyathelo.

Gweba izitebhisi kunye namanyathelo abo

Xa uyila i-screw okanye i-staircases, abaqulunqi kufuneka bajongane nabagijimi. Iimfuneko malunga nokuphakama kwazo zihlala zifana nezakhiwo ezihamba ngqo, ezijikelezayo okanye ezidibeneyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yefom ekhethekileyo yamanyathelo, ubunzulu beenyawo kunye nobubanzi bamanqanaba ngokwawo zilawulwa ngokuthe ngqo.

Oku kubangelwa kukuba akukho nto efanelekileyo kwaye ikhuselekile ukuhamba malunga nezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo njengesiko. Ngesi sizathu, abaqulunqi abacebisi ukuba bakhe isitela njengento ephezulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo izitepsi ezijikelezayo zisetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa kwi-attic okanye njengeendlela zokuncedisa zokuthutha. Enyanisweni, amaninzi amanqaku atyhalwa namhlanje ayenobungqina obuhle kwaye abe yinto yokubaluleka ephezulu kwigumbi. Ukwandisa induduzo yabaqeshi bexesha elizayo, ububanzi babo kunye nobude babo phakathi kwamanyathelo esiteyithi kufuneka kube sondele ngokukhawuleza kwiiparitha ezifanelekileyo.

Ukukhangela izitebhisi akufanelekanga ukufakwa kwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke nakumaziko emfundo. Kwakhona, kufuneka agwenywe ukuba umntu onokuhamba ngokukhawuleza uhlala endlwini. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umnini kakhulu ufuna ukumbona endlwini yakhe njengendlela yokwakhiwa kwamanqanaba, kufuneka abeke izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye namagumbi (igumbi lokulala, ikhishi, igumbi lokuhlala) kumgangatho wokuqala.