Ukuphenywa kwengqina elincinci: iinkcukacha zenkqubo

Amagunya okugweba kweli lizwe azaliswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ulawulo, umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo libekwe kwi-Art. 118 yoMthetho oyisiseko waseRussian Federation. Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abemi kwinkqubo yezogwebo kubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. Ngokwenza njalo, kusetshenziselwa imigangatho yamasebe asemthethweni athile.

Ubuntu bomthetho

Ithuba lokufaka isicelo kwinkundla lugqitywe ngobungqina be-de-kunye nomthetho wezomthetho. Esi sikhokelo saloo mva, umntu ufumana amathuba omthetho kwaye athatha uxanduva. Umthamo wezomthetho uqatshelwa yimibutho kunye nabemi ngokulinganayo. Kuboniswe ngokwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintsebenzo zobudlelwane. Umthamo wezomthetho ulawulwa nguBugcisa. 37 CIC. Iqulethwe kwikhono lomxholo, ngokusebenzisa izenzo zakhe, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akhe, ukuthwala imisebenzi, ukubeka inxaxheba ekuqwalaselweni kwamacala kummeli wakhe. Umthamo opheleleyo wenkqubo yomthetho uvela kubantu xa bekhulile.

Amalungelo omthetho kwizifundo ezingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18

Iminqweno esemthethweni, inkululeko kunye namalungelo abancinci abaneminyaka eli- 14 ukuya ku- 18 kunye nalabo abanomthamo wezomthetho onqongopheleyo ukhuselwe ngabameli babo kwinkqubo yokwahlulela. Zizo:

1. Abazali.
2. Guardians.
3. Abazali abazithandayo.
4. ITrasti.
5. Abanye abantu abanamalungelo afanelekileyo.

Kwingxenye yesi-4 yobuGcisa. 37 I-KПК imisiwe ukuba kwiimeko ezibonelelwa ngemithetho yombuso, ukukhusela iimfuno zabantwana abasusela kwiminyaka eyi-14 ukuya kwe-18 banokuqhutywa ngabanye kwiimeko ezivela kwiintsapho, abasebenzi, uluntu kunye nolunye ubudlelwane.

Ngokwe-Art. Umtshutshisi unelungelo lokufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yomntu, ukuba ngaba ngumdala wakhe, imeko yezempilo, ukungakwazi kwakhe okanye ezinye izizathu, akakwazi ukwenza oko.

Umthetho unikezela ngamatyala xa amagunya kamasipala, amagunya karhulumente, abemi kunye nemibutho bangathumela isikhalazo enkundleni ekukhuseleni iimfuno zentwanyana okanye isifundo esingafanelekanga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isicelo seqela elinomdla okanye ummeli walo. Eli lungiselelo lichanekile kwi-Art. 46 (inxalenye 1).

Ukumela

Ngokwe-Art. 64 (Icandelo 1) Abazali base-UK basebenzela egameni labantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18, ukuba akukho ziphikisana phakathi kwazo. Ngokwe-Art. Abantu abadala abangama-47 banelungelo lokumela ngokuhambelana nemvelaphi yabantwana abaqinisekisiweyo ngokuhambelana nenkqubo emiselwe ngumthetho. Abamkeliyo ngabameli babantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 ngesiseko sesigqibo sokwamkelwa komntwana, esaqala ukusebenza, kunye neziqinisekiso zobhaliso lo msebenzi. Amatrasti nabagcini bavele enkundleni kwiminqweno encinci ngokuhambelana nesigqibo solawulo lokugcinwa kwamatyala kunye kunye nesatifiketi esinikeziweyo.

Njengoko izikolo ezikhuselweyo zokhuseleko loluntu, abazali abavayo kunye nokunye banokukwenza.

Abameli bezomthetho baqhuba egameni labantu abangazange bafikelele kwiminyaka eyi-18 zonke izenzo zenkqubo, inokwenzeka ukuba yenze loo nto yokugqibela kunye nemingcele ehlinzekwe kumthetho.

Ukuphenywa kwengqina encinane kwinkundla: GIC

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo enkundleni, kunokufuneka ukuba umnxeba umntu ongakafiki eneminyaka eyi-18. Ukuphenywa kwengqina elincinci kwinkqubo yomntu phantsi kweminyaka eyi-14 kuqhutyelwa phambi kootitshala bezandla. Ngengqiqo yecunya eligunyazisiweyo ukulungisa ingxabano, utitshala unokuba khona xa efaka ubungqina kwisifundo esineminyaka eyi-14-16. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngenxa yombuzo wengqina elincinci kwiinkqubo zomphakathi , abazali bakhe, abagcini / abagcini banokubizwa.

Imiba yenkqubo

Ngemvume yegosa elilawulayo, umgcini / umgcini / umzali unelungelo lokubuza imibuzo encinci kumntwana omncinci. Bangakwazi ukuvakalisa izimvo zabo kwimixholo yobungqina kunye nobuntu besifundo. Kwiimeko ezithile (ezizodwa), ukuba loo mfuneko ibangelwa ukusungulwa kweemeko ezithile zeso sizathu, omnye umntu okanye umntu onjalo okhoyo okanye ongeyena inxaxheba kwiinkqubo angasuswa enkundleni enkundleni ngesiseko sencazelo yomntu ogunyazisiweyo. Emva kokuba umxholo ubuyele kwiholo, ukuba ungumcimbi kwimeko, uyaziswa malunga neengqinisiso ezithathwe kwincinci kwaye unike ithuba lokubuza imibuzo.

Kubugcisa. 179 omnye umyalelo okhethekileyo uchazwa kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-16. Emva kokuphenywa kwengqina encinci enkundleni kugqityiwe, uyasuswa enkundleni. Ngaphandle kweemeko apho umntu ogunyazisiweyo ukukhokela inkqubo yakhe ibona ukuba kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo.

Ephakamileyo

Ngokwe-Art. I-57 ye-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation, inkundla inyanzelekile ukuba iphulaphule imbono yengane kwimibandela echaphazela iminqweno yakhe nayiphi na inkqubo, kwaye xa ifikelela kwiminyaka eyi-10, ithatha izigqibo kumatyala anikezelwe kumacandelo 154, 136, 143, 72, 134, 59, 132 e-Code Family, Yenziwa kuphela ngokuvuma komntwana. Kwezinye iimeko, uluvo lwentwanyana luqwalaselwe ukuba aluphikisana neemfuno zakhe.

Amalungelo omntwana

Ukuphenywa kwengqina elincinci lwenziwa ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo ehlinzekelwe abantu abafikelele kwiminyaka eyi-18. Ngokukodwa, isihloko sifunene uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lobuxoki. Iza ngokuhambelana nobugcisa. I-307 yeCandelo loPhulo-mthetho ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-16. Ukongezelela, ukususela kuminyaka echaziweyo, uxanduva lunikezelwa ukukhutshwa okanye ukwenqaba ukubonelela ngolwazi kumntu owaziwayo kumntu. Iza ngokuhambelana nobugcisa. 308 yeCandelo loPhulo-mthetho.

Ngaphambi kokuba uphenye ubungqina obuncinane, amalungelo akhe nemisebenzi yakhe ichazwe kuye. Ngokuhambelana noBugcisa. 69 yomthetho wenkqubo, umntwana anganqwenela ukunikela ubungqina ngokumelene naye kunye nezihlobo zakhe (abazalwana / odade, abazali / abazali abavayo, oogogo nomkhulu).

Ukuphenywa kwengqina elincinci: I-Code of Criminal Procedure yaseRussia Federation

Inkqubo yokunikela ubungqina kwimeko yobugebengu inamanani athile. Okokuqala, umqeshwa ogunyazisiweyo unyanzelekile ukuba ameme utitshala ukuba aphandle uphando lo mncinane. I-CCP imisela isiseko esivakalayo sokubiza utitshala. Awufikeli umntwana oneminyaka eyi-14 ubudala. Le nyaniso iqinisekiswa, njengommiselo, ngesatifikethi sokuzalwa.

Esinye isizathu sokutsala utitshala siya kuba sisigqibo segosa eligunyazisiweyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuphenywa kobungqina obungaphantsi kwexesha ngumphenyi okanye umphandi angenziwa phambi kootitshala xa umxholo uneminyaka eyi-14-18 ubudala. Eli lungiselelo lichanekileyo kwiSiqendu 191, Icandelo 1 leKhowudi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kootitshala kufuneka kuboniswe kwimeko yokwenza izinto. Ngenxa yale njongo, isisombululo sinokuqulunqwa esilungisa isigqibo somqeshwa ogunyazisiweyo ukuba ameme umqeshwa onokufundisa ukuba abuze umbonisi ongaphantsi kweminyaka. I-Code of Procedure ye-Criminal Federation yaseRashiya ivumela ukuba le nkcazelo ibhalwe kwakhona kwimimiselo.

Ukuchaneka koyilo

Ukuba umqeshwa ongu-pedagogical uyamenywa ukuba aphande umbuzo ngongqina ophantsi, ulwazi malunga naye lubonakaliswe kumgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokukodwa, kubhaliwe:

1. Igama elipheleleyo
2. LeMfundo.
3. Isikhundla.
4. Indawo yomsebenzi njengomfundisi.
5. Idilesi yokuhlala.

Ngelo xesha, kulungile ukuba igosa eligunyazisiweyo liqhube uphando ukuze lifumene uhlobo lolwalamano phakathi komntwana omncinci kunye notitshala (ukuba kukho). Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukuseka ubukho / ukungabikho kweemeko ezidala izithintelo zokuthatha inxaxheba kweso sisebenzisayo kwiinkqubo.

Amalungelo oLwazi

Ngemvume yomphenyi, utitshala unokubuza imibuzo kumncinci ngexesha lophando. Ngaloo ndlela umqeshwa unelungelo lokunika le nto okanye loo mbuzo. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kwacaciswa, le nyaniso kufuneka iboniswe kwiprothotho. Lo myalelo wenziwa ngokuhambelana no-Art. 166 CCP (Icandelo 4). Ngokwemimiselo, zonke izenzo zichazwe kwiprothotho ngendlela ebenziwayo ngayo.

Ingundoqo yelungelo lommeli

Kufanelekile ukuthetha ukuba ekuphandeni kwamacandelo athile amacandelo, kusoloko kudingekile ukuba kuqhutywe uphando lobuncinane. Ukwenziwa kobugqwetha kwiimeko ezinjalo akunjalo ngokubanzi njengoko kubonakala ngathi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukufeza le nkqubo kubandakanya ubunzima bokusebenza kwengqondo, ingakumbi kumntwana ngokwakhe. Kule nkalo, imimiselo inika ubungqina bokuba ngummeli xa uphendulwa ngabantwana.

Imigaqo nemigqaliselo

Ngokuthe ngqo ngqo kule ndaba kuvela ngokuhambelana no-Art. 191 yoMthetho weNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho. Ukufezekiswa kwalo mgaqo wezomthetho kwenziwa ngokuhambelana nefomu eqinisekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngaphambi kokuba isihloko sinelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba ekuphenyweni komntwana omncinci, kufuneka afumane isikhundla sakhe sommeli. Ukongezelela, ukumkelwa komntu kwinkqubo kwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwesicengululo esifanelekileyo. Isetyenziswe ngokwemiqathango esekwe emthethweni, kwaye ibonakaliswe kwimiba yezixhobo. Enye imeko kukuba ummeli unokuthatha inxaxheba kuphela kwisenzo sokuphanda apho incinci isebenza njengophenywa.

Kule nto sinokwenza izigqibo ezilandelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eli lungiselelo livumela ummeli ukuba athumele isicelo sokuthatha inxaxheba kungekhona kuphela kumbuzo omncinci, kodwa nakwi-confrontation. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umntu ongeneminyaka engama-18 uya kubandakanywa kwiinkqubo kwindawo ehlukile, imfuno yenkampani enomdla ingasala ngaphandle kokwaneliseka. Kanye kunye nomsebenzi wezithuba zokufundisa, ummeli wezomthetho kufuneka anikwe ilungelo lokubuza imibuzo kumntwana ophandulweyo kunye nemvume yomphenyi / umcebisi. Ngamnye wabo ubonakaliswa kwimiyalelo. Ukulungiswa kukuxhomekeke kule mibuzo eceliwe, kodwa ibelwe ngumphathi wophando / uphando.

Isiphelo

Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwincinci kwinkqubo yoluhlu okanye yolwaphulo-mthetho lunobungcali obukhethekileyo. Esi sifundo sinokufumana ulwazi olucacisa iimeko ezithile okanye ulwazi olunokuba luncedo ekucaciseni kwabo. Kwezinye iimeko, umntwana omncinane unokwesaba ukutyhila idatha eyaziwayo. Ngokuhambelana nomthetho, ii-arhente zokuthotyelwa komthetho maziqinisekise ukukhuselwa kwabantu abathatha inxaxheba kwimeko. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ulwazi lomntu malunga no bungqina luyafihlakeleka kwiinkcukacha zoluntu.