Ukutsalwa kwe-lactic acid: iteknoloji kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko. Ukutyalelwa kwe-lactic yeHetrofermentative

Umoya uvumela umntu ukuba ajonge ezo ntlawulo ezikuyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, abantu bazama ukwanda kwezo butyebi, ukudala into entsha kwaye ufunde enye into. Iibhaktheriya zizidalwa ezincinci zendalo, apho umntu uye wafunda ukuyisebenzisa kwiinjongo zakhe.

Kodwa kungekhona nje ingozi ehambelana neenkqubo kunye nezifo zepathogenic, ezi ziphila ngeprokaryotic zihlala ngaphakathi kwazo. Zisisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo obalulekileyo, oye wasetyenziswa ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo - ukuvumba. Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela ukuba le nkqubo imele njani kwaye indlela yokuvuthwa kwe-lactic yezinto ezenziwa ngayo.

Imbali yemvelaphi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesithambiso

Ukuqala kokukhankanywa kwenyaniso yokuba inkqubo yokuvumba isetyenziswe ngabantu ukufumana iimveliso ezithile, kwavela no-5000 BC. Ngaloo ndlela abaseBhabhiloni basebenzisa le ndlela ukufumana iimveliso ezifana:

• Ushizi;
• Iwayini;
• I-yogurt nezinye iimveliso zobisi.

Ukutya okufanayo kwangaphambili kwafunyanwa kwakhona kwiYiputa, eChina, eSudan, eMexico nakwamanye amazwe asekudala. Baqala ukubhaka isonka segruni, izityalo zemifuno yokuvumba, kwakukho okokuqala ukuzama ukulondoloza.

Inkqubo ye-lactic acid fermentation isetyenziswe ngabantu ngamashumi eminyaka. I-cheeses, i-kefir, i-yogurts yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesidlo ngamaxesha onke. Bonke abaphilisi kunye nabaphili bamazi bazi ngeenzuzo zezi mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, izizathu zokuguqulwa kwolu hlobo, ixesha elide lisaziwa.

Inyaniso yokuba izimo zokuvumba zifuna ubukho be-microorganism, abantu abakwazi ukuqiqa. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XVII, uVan Helmont ucebise ukuzisa igama elithi "ukuvumba" kulezo zenkqubo zokupheka, ezihamba kunye nokukhululwa kwegesi. Ewe, ekuguquleleni, eli gama lithetha "ukubilisa." Nangona kunjalo, kuphela kwi-XIX leminyaka, phantse kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini emva koko, i-microbiologists yaseFransi, i-chemist ne-physicist uLouis Pasteur yafumanisa ihlabathi ukuba kukho i-microbes, ibhaktheriya.

Ukususela ngoko kwaziwa ukuba ukutsalwa okuhlukeneyo kudinga ubukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-microorganism ezingabonakali kwiso. Ukufunda kwabo kwenzeke ngexesha lokulawula ukuvumba nokuliqondisa kwicala elifanelekileyo lomntu.

Ingundoqo yeenkqubo zokuvunywa

Ukuba sithetha malunga nenkqubo yokuvumba, kufuneka sikhombise uhlobo lwalo lwezinto eziphilayo. Emva kwakho konke, kwinqanaba layo, umane nje ngumsebenzi weebhaktheriya, ezikhupha amandla abo ubomi, ngelixa zivelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukutyelelwa kunokunyulwa kwelinye igama - i-oxidation. Ukuchithwa kwe-Anaerobic yento ephantsi kwefuthe leebhaktheriya ezithile, ezikhokelela ekubunjweni kwemveliso ethile. Yiyiphi into ephantsi, kunye noko kuya kuba nomphumo ngenxa yoko, ichongwa uhlobo lwenkqubo ngokwayo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya, ngoko ke kukho uluhlu lwale mitshintsho.

Ukwahlula

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zokuvumba.

1. Utywala . Iqulethwe kwi-oxidation ye-molecule ye-carbohydrat molecule kwi-ethanol, i-carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye ne-ATP molecule (umthombo wamandla). Ezi zinguqu zenziwa phantsi kwefuthe kungekhona kuphela kwiibhaktheriya, kodwa kunye neefungulu zemihlathi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kule ndlela ngexesha elide ukuba iimveliso ezinjengebhiya, iwayini, imvubelo yombhaki, utywala. Amandla akhululwa ngexesha lokuchithwa kwe-carbohydrate iya kuqinisekisa iinkqubo zobalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo ze-microorganism. Le yintsholongwane yezinto eziphilayo zenkqubo.
2. Ukutshala kwe-lactic acid kune-oxidation ye-carbohydrate kwi-lactic acid kunye nokukhululwa kweenxalenye zeemveliso. Indlela eyenziwa ngayo kwaye zeziphi iintlobo zezinto, masiqwalasele.
3. I-oleaginous acid . Olu hlobo lokuvumba lubalulekile kwinqanaba lemvelo. Yenziwa kwindleko yobomi bee-bhakteria zesoyile ezihlala phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic phantsi kweebhugi, udaka lomlambo, njalonjalo. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo kwindalo, inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo zicutshungulwa. Iimveliso zininzi izinto, eziphambili phakathi kwazo zi- asiyric acid. Kwakhiwa kwakhona: i-acetone, i- isopropyl yotywala, i- carbon dioxide, i-acetic acid, i-lactic, i- ethyl yotywala kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Inye nganye yeentlobo ezikhethiweyo zibalulekile kokubili kwindalo yemvelo kunye neyoshishino. Iindidi zezilwanyana ezenza olo tshintsho ziye zafundiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zininzi zazo zihlakulwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze zithole isivuno esikhulu semveliso.

Ukutsalwa kwe-lactic acid: umxholo jikelele

Olu hlobo lokuvumba luyaziwa kumaxesha amandulo. Ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, abemi baseYiputa baseYiputa kunye namanye amazwe bakwazi ukwenza ishizi, ukuphuza ubhiya kunye newayini, ukubhaka isonka, ukuvuna imifuno neziqhamo.

Namhlanje, kusetyenziswe izitshixo ezikhethekileyo zeemveliso zobisi ezenziwe ngotshanje, kwaye iintlobo zee-microorganism ezifunekayo zihlonywe ngokufanelekileyo. Le nkqubo iyenziwa ngokutsha kwaye ihanjiswe kwi-automatism, eyenziwa ngoncedo lwezixhobo ezipheleleyo. Kukho abaninzi abakhiqizi abavelisa ngokukodwa i-lactic acid fermentation.

Ingundoqo yenkqubo yonke inokuthi ichazwe kumhlathi amaninzi.

1. Imveliso ephambili yokuqala ithathwa i-carbohydrate - elula (i-fructose, i-glucose, i-pentoses) okanye i-complex (sucrose, isitashi, i-glycogen kunye nabanye).
2. Iimeko ze-Anaerobic zenziwe.
3. Imveliso igawula i-lactic acid bacteria yohlobo oluthile.
4. Zonke izinto ezifunekayo zangaphandle eziphambili kwimveliso efunwayo zibonelelwa: ukukhanya, ukushisa, ukufumaneka kwamalungu athile athile, uxinzelelo.
5. Emva kokuqulunqwa kwenkqubo yokuvuthwa, umveliso uphathwa kwaye zonke izicwangciso zecala ziphela.

Ewe, le ngcaciso nje ngokubanzi yento eyenzekayo. Enyanisweni, kuzo zonke izigaba kukho ezininzi ezinokuthinteka kwezinto eziphilayo, kuba inkqubo yokucwilisa i-lactic yiphumo lomsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuphila kwezidalwa.

Izinto ezisemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuqotisa i-lactic

Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imichiza, ezi nguqulelo ziluhlu lweendidi ezilandelelanayo.

1. Okokuqala, utshintshi lwangaphambili luguqula, oko kukuthi, ityhunta yekhabhoni yezinto (i-carbohydrate) utshintsho. Oku kukhokelela ekubonakaleni kwamacandelo aphakathi kohlobo oluhluke ngokupheleleyo, lwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-substrate yokuqala i-glucose, ibuye ihlaziywe kwi-gluconic acid.
2. Ukusabela kokunciphisa ukuxhoma, okuhamba kunye nokukhululwa kwegesi, ukuveliswa kwemveliso. Iyunithi ephambili ngexesha lonke le nkqubo i-lactic acid. Yiyo leyo eveliswa kwaye iqokelelwe ngexesha lokuvunywa. Nangona kunjalo, oku akukona ukuxhamla kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho ukubunjwa kwama-molecule e-acetic acid, i-ethyl alcohol, i-carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye namaxesha athile ahamba nawo.
3. Ukuveliswa kwamandla kwenkqubo ngohlobo lwe-adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kukho ii-molecule ze-ATP nganye kwi-molecule ye-glucose, ukuba i-substrate yokuqala iyinkimbinkimbi, umzekelo, i-cellulose, ngoko iimolyuli ezintathu ze-ATP. Amandla asetyenziswa ngamabhaktheriya e-lactic ukuze aqhubeke nokuphila.

Ngokwemvelo, ukuba umntu uyaqonda inguqu yezinto eziphilayo ngokubanzi, ngoko ke zonke iamolekyu eziphakathi kunye neenkomfa kufuneka ziboniswe. Enjalo, umzekelo, njenge:

• Pyruvic acid;
• Adenosine diphosphate;
• Iimleksile ze-nicotinamide diphosphate njengombambisi we-hydrogen nabanye.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mbandela ufanele ufumane ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kwaye kufuneka uthathelwe ingqalelo kwindlela yokujonga ngayo i-biochemistry, ngoko asiyi kukuchaphazela oku kweli nqaku. Siza kuqwalasela ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zobugcisa bokuveliswa kwemveliso ye-lactic acid kunye naluphi uhlobo lwe-fermentation enoba lukhona.

Ukutya

Ukuqhumisa kwe-Homoenzymatic ye-lactic acid kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezikhethekileyo zezilwanyana eziphilayo kwaye zihluke kwiimveliso ezinobungozi kunye nobuninzi babo. Kwenzeka kwindlela ye-glycolytic ngaphakathi kweseli ye-microorganism. Ingundoqo ibandakanya, njengento yonke, nayiphi na ukutya, ekuguquleni i-carbohydrates kwi-lactic acid. Inzuzo ephambili yale nkqubo kukuba isivuno semveliso efunwayo ngu-90%. Kwaye kuphela inxalenye esele iya kudibaniso lwamahlangothi.

Iibhaktheriya zokuvunywa kwalolu hlobo zilandelayo:

• Streptococcus lactis.
• Lactobacillus casei.
• Lactobacillus acidophilus nabanye.

Ziziphi ezinye izinto ezakhiweyo ngenxa yokuvumba komzimba? Ezi zidibaniso ezifana:

• Utywala e-ethyl;
• I-acidic acid;
• I-carbon dioxide;
• I-fumaric ne-succinic acid.

Nangona kunjalo, kwishishini le ndlela yokufumana iimveliso zobisi obumuncu ayisebenzisekanga. Kugcinwa kwindalo njengesiqalo sokuqala se-glycolysis, kuyafumaneka nakwiiseli zamathambo ezincinci phantsi kokuzikhandla okukhulu ngokomzimba.

I-teknoloji yokuvelisa ukutya okufanelekileyo kwondlo lomntu iquka ukusetyenziswa kwee-carbohydrate zokuqala njenge:

• I-glucose;
• Sucrose;
• Fructose;
• Mannose;
• Isitashi kunye nabanye.

Iibhaktheriya ezingenayo i-homofermentative ayinako ukukhupha amaninzi kula maqhina, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwabo njengemveliso ngexesha lokuvelisa akunakwenzeka.

Ukutyalelwa kwe-lactic yeHetrofermentative

Le ndlela ichanekileyo ngokusebenza ngokubambisa, ngenxa yokuba imveliso yezoveliso zeruba ezimbi-nziweyo zenziwa, ulondolozo lwemifuno lwenziwa, ukulungiswa kwemifuno kulungiselelwa imfuyo.

Uhlobo oluphambili oluchazwe ngaphambili lubonisa ukuba i-lactic fermentation pathogens yenziwa kunye nokwakhiwa kwenani elikhulu lemveliso. I-50% kuphela iswekile iqhutyelwa ngamabhaktheriya kwi-lactic acid, enye isetyenziselwa ukubunjwa kwee-molecule ezifana nale:

• Acetic acid;
• Glycerol;
• I-carbon dioxide;
• I-ethyl yotywala nabanye.

Yintoni engcono kwaye inenzuzo ngaphezu kokwakhiwa kwe-90% ecocekileyo ye-lactic acid ngeendlela ze-homoenzymatic? Into eyenzeka kukuba xa umkhiqizo oyintloko ukhutshwa kakhulu, umsebenzi obalulekileyo weebhaktheriya ezininzi uphepheliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukongezelela, iimveliso zilahlekelwa ezininzi iimpawu ezinokuzithobayo abazenzayo ngokuxhomekeka kwamacala. Ngokomzekelo, iphunga elimnandi lemifuno enamathanga anikeziweyo yenziwa yi-acetic acid kunye ne- isoamyl yotywala. Ukuba ezi zinto zingekho, umphumo wokulondolozwa uya kuhluke ngokupheleleyo.

Isivuno se-lactic acid ngo-50% sinelungelo lokunciphisa ukuphuhliswa kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wazo zonke iifungi ezingaphandle kunye nama-microorganism kwinkqubo. Kuba nangona i-1-2% ibangele kakhulu ukukhupha imvelo, apho kungabi khona nayiphi na into ephilayo, ngaphandle kwe-lactic acid bactteria. Yonke inkqubo iqhutyelwa kwindlela ye-pentose-phosphate.

Iimeko zokuvumba zeendlela ze-heteroenzymatic mazibe ngolu hlobo:

• Imvubelo enhle neyehlambulukileyo, eyongezwa kwisigaba sokuqala;
• Izimo zangaphandle ezichanekileyo, ezikhethiweyo nganye kwimveliso nganye;
• Izixhobo ezisemgangathweni kunye nokusebenza kakuhle;
• Zonke izixhobo zobuchwepheshe eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo.

Phakathi kweemeko zangaphandle, ukushisa kwenkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu. Akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu, kodwa ibanda liyakudla ngokukhawuleza lonke i-fermentation.

Namhlanje kukho itanki ekhethekileyo yokutya, eyenza ngokuzenzekelayo zonke iimeko eziyimfuneko zomsebenzi ochanekileyo nococekileyo wezilwanyana ezincinci.

Izixhobo eziyimfuneko

Njengoko sele sichazwe ngasentla, phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kufuneka ziqatshelwe amandla okuvunywa. Ukuba sithetha ngenkqubo yekhaya, ngoko kufuneka siyiqwalasele ukucoceka kwezitya ezisetyenziswayo xa silondoloza, ukwenza i-yogurt kunye neminye imikhiqizo. Enye indlela yokunciphisa inani labantu abahlala ngaphandle kwezilwanyana ezincinci ukubethelela izitya ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.

Ziziphi izitya ezifanelekileyo zokunqandwa komzimba? Le nto ingaba iglasi okanye iplastiki esemgangathweni (polypropylene, polyethylene), inokuthi ivalwe ngokufihlakeleyo.

Kulo shishini, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukuhlambulula kunye nokucoca izitya phambi kokuba inkqubo yokuqothula iqalise.

Iibhaktheriya ezisetyenziswe kwinkqubo

Ukuba sithetha malunga neenkcubeko zeebhaktheriya ezisetyenziselwa ukudala iimveliso zobisi ezinamakha kunye nokuvumba, sinokukufumanisa iindidi ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zezinto eziphilayo.

1. I-acidophilic Bulgarian wand.
2. I-Lactobacillus iintlobo ze-Sporolactobacillus inulinus.
3. Bifidobacteria.
4. Leukonostok.
5. I-Lactic acid cocci.
6. Lactobacillus L. L. Casei.
7. Iibhaktheriya ze-genre Streptococcus nabanye.

Ngokusekelwe kumanyano kunye neenkcubeko ezicocekileyo zezilwanyana ezikhethiweyo, i-ferments ilungiselelwe iimveliso zobisi ezimbi. Bakuseburhulumenteni, bangathengwa ngabani na. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kukuhambelana nemimiselo yenkqubo yokuqhumisa ukwenzela ukuba inenzuzo kwimveliso ebangelwayo.

Ziziphi iimveliso ezifunyenweyo ngenxa yoko kuvalwa?

Ukuba sithetha malunga nantoni na iimveliso zokuvumba zingatholakala ngosizo lwe-lactobacilli, ngoko sinokuthiwa ngamacandelo ambalwa.

1. Imveliso yobisi enotywayo (ubisi obisiweyo, i-yoghurts, varenets, i-kefir, i-cottage cheese, ukhilimu omuncu, ibhotela, iimveliso ze-acidophilic kunye nabanye).
2. Uhlobo lwe-Silage-uhlobo lwezilwanyana zasefama.
3. I-acid ye-latic, esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziyobisi ezingekho iziyobisi, ukugqoka izikhumba zoboya kunye nezinto.
4. Iibhaki, umveliso weeshizi.
5. Ukulondolozwa kwemifuno neziqhamo.

Konke oku kubonisa ukubaluleka kweebhaktheriya zeentlobo ezithile kubomi babantu, imisebenzi yabo yezoshishino.