Umhlaba ongaphezulu, igcwala exineneyo kunye nezityalo herbaceous - isiseko wenzala

Umhlaba ongaphezulu, igcwala kakhulu zizityalo herbaceous kwinzululwazi kumhlaba ekuthiwa Turf. Ukususela ukuchuma-ntle lizwe ixhomekeke ikhoyo. Akukho nto nokuba Franklin koDelano Roosevelt (yesibini-amathathu umongameli waseUnited States) wathi ebantwini, kutshabalalisa umhlaba, ekugqibeleni utshabalalisa ngokwayo.

Inkqubo ukubunjwa womhlaba: kutheni ukuchuma zonke ezahlukeneyo?

Ukuze kwakhiwe umhlaba emhlabeni luphawulwa kwizigaba eziliqela. Ekuqaleni eziqhutywa ukutshatyalaliswa iliwa phantsi amanyathelo lotshintsho iqondo lobushushu, umoya kunye namanzi. ngamaqhekeza amancinci kwakhiwa Marl - oku izimbiwa wokuqala (zwi, feldspar , njalo njalo). Wabanika eli thuba ukuze uhlale organic.

Esokuqala babhaca baba ubulembu kunye ulele, amagciwane. ukukwazi kwabo ukuhlala iyatshintsha umaleko, iba elungele ngobukho kuyo izityalo ngaphezulu. Inqanaba elilandelayo sele kuxhomekeke lweMozulu: izimo ngakumbi (amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukufuma ngaphantsi, ukunqongophala iqabaka ixesha elide), kuya kuba lula yaye ngokukhawuleza inkqubo waya ngakumbi. Oko kukuthi, kwimihlaba esemazantsi ngentla zenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kwabo emantla. Kwi inkqubo lomhlaba-ukwakha ichaphazela elimi - kumathambeka ayikwazi ukufunxa ngokupheleleyo ukufuma, amanzi ehla, oko stagnates: kumathambeka kwaye ezihlanjeni umhlaba ezahlukeneyo.

Ukushwankathela, sinokuthi umhlaba ukuquka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwahluka kwinkangeleko - ukusuka intlabathi nodongwe, kwemichiza - ukususela wapheka podzolic phezulu, lo mgaqo- amanzi - emihle-zendalo anxile. In yayo enyulu umhlaba njenge enqabileyo kakhulu ifomu iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezahlukeneyo phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo.

Yintoni igama wangaphezulu?

profile Soil (kudwelisa phansi) iye maleko eziliqela, ngokuba lawo. Nwebu otyebileyo zomhlaba (kolundi) ubizwa ngokuba wamatye, elilandelayo - inguqu, ndingowokugqibela - umhlaba-yakheka.

Zenza kunye composition (wenzala) wamatye isibhakabhaka ixhomekeke ngekamva lomhlaba. impembelelo yabantu ezingenangqondo kuphazamisa imeko lomhlaba - ilifa ngokungafanelekanga ze iindlela zokulima umhlaba ukuvelisa izityalo ultra-high utshabalalisa umaleko wamatye ukhukuliseko wayo. Kwamahlathi kunye rhoqo imililo bawutshintsha ebusweni bomhlaba eluhlaza. Umoya nemvula ukugqibezela intshabalalo.

On ukuchuma komhlaba ukusebenza iintsholongwane ubomi. Phakathi umsebenzi wabo ebalulekileyo yile: iintsalela zesityalo (ingca, hay, amagqabi, amagqabi, amakhowa), uhlala izilwanyana (ziimpethu, izinambuzane, iintsholongwane, micro-eziphilayo). organic nemichiza ekuthiwa nomgquba, kwaye kwenza elundini wamatye. Microflora kunye microfauna, abasebenzi zemfundo kunye nokubuyiselwa kumhlaba otyebileyo, ebizwa microbiocenosis.

layers zathu

Kufuma - umaleko wokuqala kumhlaba otyebileyo.

Lo maleko ulala phantsi kweenyawo zethu - imifuno kunye nezilwanyana iintsalela. Phantsi umaleko kwabo amabhungane eziphilayo, iintlobo ziimpethu, iimpukane, iintakumba. Inani labo besukelana iitoni eziliqela ngehektare nganye. Konke oku inani elikhulu kwezidalwa ezincinane yindlela esebenzayo kakhulu, zihamba, badle, ziyazala, ekwenzeni inkunkuma yabantu, yafa ekugqibeleni. Izidumbu ukubola ukuya kwimo ephambili. Umhlaba ongaphezulu, igcwala kakhulu zizityalo herbaceous, kwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko zivuma.

Semisundululu - umaleko yesibini kumhlaba otyebileyo.

Siqulathe ubomi microflora inkunkuma kunye maleko microfaunal lokuqala kuhlala ngokwabo, isityalo ihleli. Kwezinye iindawo Ebubanzini kubalulekile - ukuya ku 20. Semisundululu ke leyonto izityalo nje yindlala kuphela, kodwa gcina (ukuphuhlisa) nezifo zabo.

Phela elima nzulu (umba) yokonakalisa ezikroziswayo semisundululu, kunye imbewu ehlwayelweyo emva kwale nkqubo, nika isityalo ithambile.

Biomineral (yesithathu) inwebu kumhlaba otyebileyo.

Umhlaba ongaphezulu exineneyo yimimango zengca, kufuma ikhusela umhlaba kukoma ngaphandle kwelinye icala, kwelinye - ivumela ukufuma ukuba zingene nzulu ngaphakathi. Kule ubunzulu zidluliselwa batyala ibolile uhlala, kunye semisundululu. abasabela kwemichiza ezenzeka ngathi ikude, baziqwebele isichumiso biomineral ukuze izityalo zikhule. Iingcambu zezityalo zingene nzulu emhlabeni (kangako nzulu njengoko ukuphakama yezityalo), ukufumana isondlo esaneleyo kule umaleko.

Umaleko wesine kumhlaba otyebileyo - wamatye.

Isebenzisa amagciwane phantsi kweemeko ukufikelela elilinganiselweyo emoyeni nokufuma, ukudala iikhompawundi ezizizembiwa ekhethekileyo, icarbon dioxide, igesi kunye biogases ezinokutsha. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba biosynthesis, nguye lowo kudala bioazotnye abekwe. Lo maleko kwelinye icala, uyotha izityalo, kunye kwelinye - izityalo, kwakunye kwaziwe microfauna ukufunxa nokuganga carbon dioxide methane. Ngaloo ndlela 'ukusekwa bioazotnye sokuzuza lomhlaba.

Umhlaba ongaphantsi, udongwe - umaleko wesihlanu kumhlaba ochumileyo

UMthetho ukutshintshiselana zegesi kunye exchange ukufuma kwi kubunzulu ye-20 cm.

Ukuhlelwa Imihlaba Russian V. Dokuchaevu

Vasiliy Vasilevich Dokuchaev (1846-1903), komhlaba kunye nomhlaba ingcali yenzululwazi, wadala kucalulo lomhlaba Russian. Phakathi ukwakheka komhlaba, yena wakhetha oku kulandelayo: udongwe, isanti, obambe, umgquba, ikalika, bazipheka, obambe.

ubumba

Olu nyango otyebileyo, ezityebileyo zizondlo, kodwa kunzima-to-nomhlaba. Emva omiswe, baba ashinyeneyo kakhulu. Ukwenzela ukuphucula ubume babo kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube iseti yonyaka amanyathelo technical: ukumba, ukwenza umhlaba avuthulukayo, umgquba, uthuthu kunye nja-.

isanti

Oku, amanzi umhlaba ngokukhawuleza akubonakali evakalala. Bona kuphele potassium nezinki, ifuna ukuba inkunkuma, izichumisi (ngeedosi ezincinane) kunye nomhlaba kwesoyi. Kuphela kulo mzekelo zingafumaneka wangaphezulu enengca.

osisivunda

Ezi imihlaba echumayo, ukuba nomoya kwelinye icala, kunye kwelinye - kakuhle ukugcina ukufuma. Kodwa xa siphanda rhoqo kakhulu ngaphezulu uqweqwe ekhasa ethintela ukungena ukufuma.

nja-

Ezi imihlaba kunqaba calcium potassium, Phosphate encinci. Kodwa xa ufaka isanti, ikalika nezimbiwa nezichumiso - emva kwexesha elithile emhlabeni uba obungabangeli mdla kunye echumayo.

lime

kumhlaba onjalo bebaninzi eRashiya. Kubume - isiqingatha ikalika, isanti okanye ezinye udongwe. iingcambu zesityalo kulo mzekelo, amanzi, oko retards kwesikhoko phezu komhlaba.

isoyi

Umhlaba ongaphezulu, igcwala exineneyo kunye zengca, - nenkcazo Turf. Ezi Imihlaba kwasekwa kwiindawo enkulu vula St. Petersburg ukuya eKaliningrad kunye ena. Ukufuma ezininzi zengca engcotyeni adale microclimate ekhethekileyo umaleko echumayo, leyo elicebisa izityalo etyalwe kwizimbiwa nomba kwiziphili kwakunye umhlaba omnyama. Ezi imihlaba kudala isetyenziswa hay kunye namadlelo.

osisivunda

La mazwe kulula ukufunxa ukufuma, ezingeyo a uqweqwe. Bakhawuleza ukufudumala. Imisebenzi yezolimo kubo - ukuqaliswa umgquba, umgquba.

Ukuhlelwa Modern imihlaba

Ekubeni 50 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini sele sifakele systematization omtsha lomhlaba, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izikhombisi diagnostic kwi-akhawunti kweemeko zomhlaba kunye neemeko ezikhoyo zokusingqongileyo.

Ulwahlulo zamvanje yapapashwa ngo-2000. Ibizwa iprofayile-yemfuza athathe ingqalelo ubume ubume bomhlaba kunye neempawu zayo.