Ngaba iindawo zelanga zichaphazela ukubonakala kwamathala e-pigment kwesikhumba?

Inyaniso yokuba iipateni ezimnyama zibonakala zikhanyisa ngezikhathi ezithile, ithi ilizwi elidumiweyo, libonisa uluvo lokuba akukho mntu kwaye akukho nto iphelele emhlabeni: "Kwaye kukho iindawo elangeni". Izinto ezinje ziye zagcinwa ixesha elide kwaye zamehlo, kwaye iziganeko zibonisa oku. Ngokomzekelo, abahlalutyi baseRussia bathetha ukuba amabala e-Sun abonakala "akho izipikili." Yaye yinyani, ukuba ubukela inkwenkwezi enkulu ye-system yethu ngokusebenzisa i-glass smoke, ungabona amanqaku amaninzi, ngamanye amaxesha uqokelela kwimifanekiso yamanani amakhulu okanye amancinci. Yintoni le nto, kwaye yintoni inempembelelo kubahlali baseMhlabeni?

Okokuqala, ndimele ndithi ukuze sibone i-sunspots ngaphandle kwe-telescope, kufuneka ibe nobukhulu ubuncinane iikhilomitha eziliwaka leekhilomitha, eziphindwe eziliqela zihlandlo ezilikhulu kunobungakanani beplanethi yethu. Kwaye kucacile ukuba inkohlakalo enkulu kangaka ayikwazi ukungaqondakali eMhlabeni, kuba ubomi emhlabeni wethu kuxhomekeke kumbane welanga. Ngoko ke kwenzekani apho kwiindawo ezivuthayo, izigidi zeekhilomitha kude? Abantu babuze lo mbuzo ngaphambili. UGalileo Galilei waligqala iindawo eziphazamisayo, kwaye waqaphela ukuba ziyingcipheko. Ziqulethwe ngumongo omnyama (uGalileo wabiza ngokuthi isithunzi) kunye nesangqa somnyama (penumbra).

Usosayensi onobuchule wayengowokuqala ukuphawula ukuba i-sunspots ayibonakali ngokungafaniyo kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa ephakathi kwayo. Zibonakala zivela kwizibonda, kwaye "zitshintshe" kwi-equator, kodwa ungaze ufikelele kuyo. Ngowe-1841, izazinzulu zagqiba ukuba "i-patchiness" enjalo yesikhanyiso inexesha layo - malunga neminyaka eyi-11. Ekuqaleni, amaqabunga ambalwa, ahlakazekile, amachashaza amancinci avela, ngoko aqhubeka, aqokelela kumaqela, apho kukho ezimbini izinto ezimnyama-ezimpuma nasentshonalanga yeqela. Emva kokufunda ubungqina bezinto ezi zikhulu kwi-20 leminyaka, izazinzulu zafika kwisigqibo sokuba zifana neepalini ezimbini eziphambene nombane.

Kutheni ilanga lifika? Abavumbuli beenkwenkwezi badibanisa le ngxaki ngokunyuka komsebenzi we-magnetic field yeenkwenkwezi (yona, ngendlela, nayo inexesha eliyiminyaka eli-11). Ukunyuka kwe-plasma ye-solar, ukuphuma kwexesha eliqhelekileyo kwezikhundla kubangela inkqubo yokubonakala kwamandla ombane. Oku, kubangela ukuba kwindawo ethile iqondo lokushisa lento liwela ngeyure nesiqingatha sama-degrees xa kuthelekiswa nommandla ojikelezayo wezithombe. Njengoko i-radiation kwindawo epholileyo "ipholile" iyancipha, iso lethu libona le ndawo njengendawo emnyama.

Ingaba kukho naziphi na iimpawu ezimnyama ezikhulayo kunye nokunyamalala kwidiski yelanga edlala indima ebomini bemihla ngemihla emhlabeni? Ngokwabo, mhlawumbi akunjalo. Kodwa ekubeni i-sunspots ingqina ngokunyuka komsebenzi weenkwenkwezi, zikhonza "njengesilumkiso sesiphepho" kuthi, abantu. Iziphepho zamagnetic kunye nokunyuka kweengqungquthela zithintela kuphela ukunyuka kwexinzelelo lwegazi, oluphethwe ngumfutho wegazi ophezulu, kungekhona nje ukwandisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa yintliziyo kwintliziyo yabo kulabo ababethekele kuwo, kodwa kukhokelela ekubanjeni intloko nangomdla wokungabi nakwazi ukukhathala kubantu abaphilileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umsebenzi welanga ungaphazamisa nokusebenza kweenqaba zokusasaza, ukunxibelelana kwabaqhubi bee-pilot kunye nabalawuli bomhlaba kwaye bahlukumeze umnxibelelwano weselula.

Kodwa iindawo ezibonakalayo zelanga zixhomekeke ngqo. Umzimba wesikhumba onoxanduva lokuvelisa i-melanin kunye nobumnyama besikhumba (ngohlobo lwe-tan eliqhelekileyo okanye njengendawo ebumnyama) kuveliswa phantsi kwefuthe lemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ingakumbi yale mibala esiyithathayo, i-melanin ivelisa isikhumba. Kodwa i-irradiation ne-UV-waves igxininisa, kungekhona, kungekhona elangeni, kodwa ekukhuseleni uMhlaba ngongqimba lwezulu. Ingozi ehloniphekileyo ye-ozone-isiphumo sengqondo sethu sokunyaniseka kwimvelo - inciphisa umgca okhuselekileyo wemoya, ngoko i-irradiation ne-ultraviolet iyaqina. Ukuhluka kohlobo lwexesha lokushisa kwemoya kubalulekile. Ngokomzekelo, entwasahlobo (ngoMeyi-Juni) iindawo eziphezulu zingakhange zishushu, kwaye ilanga liphakame liphakamileyo. Ngoko ke, iMeyi yeTan iyona yingozi kakhulu: inokukhokelela kwindawo engadingiyo kunye nokushiswa kwelanga.