Ukuvelisa imbewu weLungu kwizityalo kweentyatyambo. Indlela ezizalana izityalo

Le ekupheleni Mesozoic kunye nexesha Cretaceous ngolunya-langa uphawuleka lulongamo kunye nangokuyisasaza ngokubanzi lisebe entsha nasekusungulweni lisiza - angiosperms, okanye izityalo kweentyatyambo. Izizathu zale meko yaba izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka kwindawo yokugcina isakhiwo qela.

Namhlanje, iintyatyambo, iimbewu kunye neziqhamo, abathi bayinike, nje kuphela inxalenye ebalulekileyo chain lokutya kakhulu biogeocenosis, kodwa ngumthombo ukutya abantu, izinto iziyobisi ekrwada, izinto zoqoqosho njalo njalo. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-250 lamawaka angiosperms leyo ezikhoyo iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo (imithi, imidiliya, imifuno, amatyholo) bayihlale phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, amazwekazi kunye amazwekazi.

Ukwahlukanisa angiosperms

imbewu ukuzala sitho kwezityalo eneentyatyambo - imbali ngokwayo. Kwaba isakhiwo sakhe, inkangeleko, kwakunye nenani nabanye abalinganiswa morphological wonke kwisebe le angiosperms baziindidi ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Monocots. Kukho malunga nama-63 amawaka iintlobo, bemanyene iintsapho 122. Kwakhona, udidi iqulathe 3 amawaka ezizalwayo. Eyona ziqhelekileyo usapho: Cereals, Liliaceae, ovoid, Palm, orchid, Sedge, Bromeliads, Nymphaeaceae, ipepile kunye nabanye.
2. Dicotyledons. Ngaphezu kwama-190 amawaka iintlobo, simanyene-10 000 ezizalwa kunye neentsapho 418. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo yokugqibela: Cruciferous, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, umdiliya, ibhabhathane kunye nee- mbotyi, Solanaceae, Umbrella kunye nabanye.

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi ndidi na isakhiwo iintyatyambo, ingcambu, igqabi. Ixabiso loqoqosho ezi zityalo likhulu kakhulu (iinkcubeko iziqhamo kunye nemifuno oluvela umqhaphu, izixhobo zokwakha, idayi, amayeza, njalo njalo), kunye nendima kwindalo.

ezintsha mvelo ekwakhekeni

Abo several. Kuyinto ezi mpawu ukuba siyivumele angiosperms ahlale njalo kakhulu ehlabathini, sibe ndingenandawo kangaka apha naphaya ukulungiselela iindawo zokuhlala kunye neemeko zemozulu zokusingqongileyo.

1. imbewu ukuzala sitho kweentyatyambo izityalo - iintyatyambo kunye neefom emva iziqhamo. Imbewu ikhuselekile, wazigquma okanye iziqhamo yintlama Ixolo engqongqo, enika inzuzo enkulu kwiintlobo ukusinda nangokuyisasaza zabo.
2. Iintlobo ngeentlobo ngeendlela andise kwezityalo.
3. iintlobo ezininzi uvuvuzelo.
4. Apha naphaya kwee-isakhiwo lwangaphakathi iimeko ezinzima zendalo (imbalela, ukufuma ngokugqithiseleyo, ilanga eqaqambileyo okanye ukungabikho, iqabaka, njalo njalo). Oku kwaphucula olujikeleza, iintyatyambo, iimbewu, iziqhamo, ineengcambu ezomelele- njalo njalo.
5. Ukwahluka zezinto eziphilayo.
6. Andise kweentyatyambo akaxhomekekanga ubukho bamanzi.

Zonke ezi mpawu ukuba ezi zityalo ukuba singene kuyo yonke indawo ilizwe, babe ngababusi phakathi izihluma.

iziko Reproductive kweentyatyambo

imbewu ukuzala sitho kweentyatyambo izityalo - ke intyatyambo, ngoko iziqhamo egubungele imbewu okhula. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo intyatyambo, iinxalenye zayo abayinqobo lwezakhiwo, iindlela ipollen kunye nophuhliso - konke oku kwenza angiosperms intshatsheli ezizodwa phakathi izityalo kwi umsebenzi okuzala.

Kuba intyatyambo umntu - yinto kwimfezeko kubuhle, leyo idlalwa, ukunika nokumkholisa abanye, ukuze basezela ivumba layo elimnandi. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso yobume esi sakhiwo kakhulu izicacele - ilungu yokuzala imbewu kwizityalo kweentyatyambo. Ukubaluleka ukusebenza ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo neqanda nophuhliso sporophytes bembewu.

Ubume wentyatyambo

Imbali kunye neziqhamo naliphi na ilungu angiosperms kubume emangalisayo wamitha organic. Ukudityaniswa zonke iindawo zesityalo kuvumela ukwenza imisebenzi ekuzaleni ngokupheleleyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imozulu kunye neminye imiba abiotic yokusingqongileyo.

Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu ngokubanzi yesakhiwo intyatyambo.

Unit 1. Stem:

• peduncle;
• silahla.

2. Igqabi ngxenye. sepals senziwe (idla eluhlaza), kunye ezinamagqabi oyinxalenye Corolla. umbala kwalo kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka emhlophe emfusa ngebala.

3. Le ndawo okuzala. zokuzala, kuqinisekiswe yokuzala kweentyatyambo. It pistils, stamens, yamaqanda.

Ngaphandle iinkalo eziphambili okuvelisa imida ze akhuselwe perianth. Esi sakhiwo ibandakanya:

• ngendebe sepals;
• Corolla of zalo ezidaywe.

Perianth ingaba eyodwa okanye kabini, kuxhomekeke iintlobo zezityalo. Iqulethe inani elikhulu kwezinto ezahlukeneyo,-oyile ezibalulekileyo, zombala (carotenoids, xanthophylls, ngokuba yiklorofili, anthocyanins, kunye nezinye antofeinov). Ngenxa yokuba le ntyatyambo exudes ivumba ezitsala ezisasaza. Corolla has a ubungakanani eyahlukileyo umbala, kukwabalulekile ukuba asisuse izinambuzane, iintaka, namarhamncwa.

amalungu ngqo zokuzala kweentyatyambo izityalo ibandakanya gynoecium kunye androecium, phantsi kwekhwapha lo perianth. Androecium - ingqokelela zonke stamens, ukwenza umsebenzi ilungu lobudoda okuzala. Stamens isakhiwo esilula, emelwe yi izakhiwo ezinjalo;

• intambo staminal;
• Zeenkomo weziqingatha ezibini zamagxa, zokuyixakatha ngezithunywa;
• microsporangia - iindlwane ngaphakathi kumqumbi, apho inkqubo microsporogenesis kunye microgametogenesis (ukuyilwa madlozi kunye microspores).

Emva ezibophelele kwenzeka filament staminal anther peduncle, utshintshiselwano izondlo kunye neemveliso metabolic. Le microspores kuphumela kamva ukusekwa sporophyte eyindoda. Amadlozi kukhokelela ukuyilwa uthuli, nto leyo eya kuthatha inxaxheba kwezichumiso nembewu Ukwakheka.

Flower gynoecium abunjwe yi nengqokelela yonke pistils alo. Esi sakhiwo kubalulekile, njengoko limela, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, i-organ nemazi okuzala. Le pistil siquka:

• esizalweni;
• column;
• stigmas.

Yamaqanda - isakhiwo, owenza ebanzi kakhulu ye pistil. Ngaphakathi abunjwe Umselu inxaxheba lokusekwa pericarp. Phakathi kwezi zakhiwo kunye neenkqubo megasporogenesis megagametogeneza zenzeke. Kwakhona isizalo kwenzeka inkqubo ifakwe kwaye ukuyilwa nembewu, uphuhliso yayo.

kwisingqusho umhlathi ube nobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Isetyenziswa unxibelelwano phakathi ibala kunye maqanda. Luphawulwa inzalo, oko kukuthi akukho inxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokwesini.

Ibala ke ibambe nothuli ewela ukusuka istameni anther. Ubukhulu kunye nokumila la malungu iyahluka, kuxhomekeke kudidi lwesityalo uvuvuzelo.

Kweentyatyambo izityalo: yokuzala

Ntyatyambo kuquka inani ezahlukeneyo stamens kunye pistils. Kukho ezinye iintlobo apho kukho stamens kuphela okanye pistils kuphela - zibizwa yinkunzi nemazi ngokulandelelanayo.

Yintoni na izityalo eneentyatyambo umdla? Ukuzala, ukuze babe zombini ngokwesondo asexually, t. E. ngokukha. Malunga sex ke, xa sibandakanya amalungu okuzala. Loo nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kwezichumiso kabini.

umongo wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Emva uvuvuzelo, izityalo ochumileyo amazwe (esebenzayo) umungu kwi ibala eyayibanjelwe apho ngokusebenzisa medium viscous kunye namacandelo ezikhethekileyo ancamathelayo. Emva koko iseli sh iqala ukukhula ngaphakathi kubo, ekusekeni tube umungu. Kungenxa ukuba ukufumana amaqanda ezimbini isidoda kunye iseti haploid zofuzo. Xa ngaphakathi Ovule, enye yazo zidibana kunye iqanda, eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo yaye zilungele kule nkqubo. Ngoko ke kukho elilodwa - diploid yaye kamva isishiya imbewu.

Isidoda yesibini iifyuzi kunye Ovule ngaphakathi iseli diploid, kwiziko. Isiphumo lo endosperm. Ezi nkqubo zilandelayo ukugqibezela umsebenzi lokuzala:

• of integuments Ovule kwakhiwa testa;
• iziseko carpel udonga zakha pericarp;
• iintlobo Ovule yonke imbewu xa iyonke.

Isiphumo uphuhliso imbewu phakathi iziqhamo.

Iindlela yaMaxwebhu

Kukho iinketho ezininzi ezingundoqo apho emazweni umungu kwi ibala. Ngoko ke, khangela iindlela uvuvuzelo of angiosperms:

1. Self-uvuvuzelo - ngaphandle inxaxheba ngabantu basemzini.
2. Ngoncedo nomoya.
3. Enkosi izinambuzane, izilwanyana, iintaka.
4. Ukusebenzisa amanzi.
5. uvuvuzelo ezingezizo - ngoncedo lwabantu.

ngezakhi

Veliswa imibala nako kuthwalelwa phandle ngokukha, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle iinkqubo ngokwesini. Ezi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Undoqo kukusebenzisa i iindawo ezahlukeneyo yokubaleka (iingcambu, amagqabi, iziqu). Ezinye iinketho ezininzi eziqhelekileyo:

• emva komnye;
• Mthovu;
• yokumilisela;
• iingcambu;
• ikari petiole.

Inkoliso yezi ndlela isetyenziswa ngabantu kwi ukuxutywa womfuno kunye neziqhamo izityalo.

Imbewu ye angiosperms

izityalo ezahlukeneyo - ezahlukeneyo imbewu. Ubume yale sakhiwo efanayo, kodwa ke imilo, ukwakheka, umbala zinokwahluka. Ukongeza, izityalo zinokuba yonyaka ingaphelelwayo. Annuals zivelisa kuphela imbewu, nto leyo zivuthwe, ngokuqhelekileyo ekupheleni kwehlobo. Ngoko ke, isizukulwana esitsha izakuvela kuphela ngexesha lokukhula elilandelayo. Imbewu iintyatyambo zonyaka adla ngokusetyenziswa ngabantu kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo zokuhomba. Le yokugqibela ziquka asters, eschscholzia, mpunzi, begonias, datura, calendula, izabelo, Cosmo, miralibis kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Iziqhamo kweentyatyambo

Flower kunye neziqhamo - inxalenye ebalulekileyo angiosperms. Avumela ezi zityalo zikhona kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kwaziwe luluntu ngokubanzi naphaya abaninzi.

iziqhamo izityalo azakubalulwa zilingo enkulu kweentlobo, zoviwo zabo, zohlelo kunye nentsingiselo zihlolwa zezityalo kulo lonke ihlabathi, inzululwazi kubo kuthiwa carpology. Avamise kakhulu ke berry, iziqhamo ilitye, apile, melon, granatina, pod, bean inani ngokokuma kwento, iphetshana, lionfish, Hesperides, kunye nabanye.