Ukwakha umthamo wesakhiwo. Ukumisela kwindleko yokwakha

Umthamo wokwakha wesi sakhiwo uquka ubukhulu beendawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye naphezulu. Ukuchonga iiparitha zephantsi komhlaba zithatha isalathisi ukusuka kumgangatho wecala elicocekileyo kumgangatho wokuqala. Emva koko, makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi inkcazelo yesakhiwo sokwakha sakhiwo, ukuba le nto ibaluleke njani.

Ulwazi jikelele

Abantu abaninzi abangakwaziyo kwimigaqo yokwakha badla ngokudibanisa iingcamango ezithile. Akuyena wonke umntu owaziyo loo ndawo - indawo yokuhlala kunye jikelele. Akuyena wonke umntu owaziyo kunye nombono onjengevolumu yokwakha yesakhiwo. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuqonda okuchanekileyo kwemiqathango kunokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Indawo yokuhlala

Kwizakhiwo zepropati kunye neendawo zokuhlala zichazwe njengesixa semimandla yokuhlala. Kule meko, iikhabhinethi ezakhiweyo aziqwalaselwanga. Awuvunyelwe ukuba ahlele amagumbi okuhlala kwiiborori kunye nezakhiwo zezindlu kwiziko elingaphantsi nangaphansi komhlaba.

Indawo epheleleyo

Le xabiso sisibalo semimandla yonke indawo. Kule meko, sithetha zombini indawo yokuhlala kunye namagumbi okuhlala, kunye nezitshixo zeikhikhithali, ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, ii-corridors, izindlu zokuhlambela, izindlu zokuhlambela, izindlu zokuphumla, iindwendwe zendlu, imvula, i-mezzanines. Kwihostele kwiindawo zokubala zeofisi zonyango, indawo yenkcubeko kunye nenjongo yendlu iyongezwa. Kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo zezindlu, izakhiwo zasehlotyeni (imihlaba, iibhaloni, i-loggias) ziqwalaselwa kwaye ziyahambelana kwiiprojekthi ngokwahlukileyo. Kuyo yonke indawo yendlu ayibandakanyi iikorridi, iidumbula, iiholo zokuphakamisa, izitebhisi, kunye nee-vestibules.

Indawo e luncedo

Imilinganiselo yenziwe kummandla ngamnye weesahlulo kunye neendonga. Ubungakanani bemigqomo ukusuka kwi-1.8 m ukuphakama kufakwe kwiiparitha zamagumbi apho zikhona. Kuyafana nakwindawo engaphantsi kwinqanaba lokuhamba ngaphakathi kwendlu (kunye nomgama we-1.6 m ukuya ngasezantsi kweso sakhiwo esibonakalayo). Isikhundla esineenkcukacha ezakhiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokutshisa i-furnace ayiqwalaselwe. Musa ukujonga indawo yendawo ngaphakathi kwendlu.

Indawo epheleleyo yamaziko karhulumente

Iimpawu ezithathwe kumgangatho ngamnye ziqwalaselwa. Indawo epheleleyo ibandakanya ubungakanani behlabathi, izantsi zendawo, amacandelo ezobuchwepheshe angasentla. Iiparameters zeendawo zobuchwephesha zobuchweba kunye nobude obungaphantsi kwe-1.8 m ngaphantsi komgangatho ophantsi, isiseko kunye neepansi zokuqala aziqwalaselwanga.

Ukwakha umthamo wesakhiwo: isixa sendawo engentla

Ubalo lwenziwa ngokuphindaphinda indawo kwindawo ecwangcisiweyo ecaleni kwinqanaba elingaphandle kwesakhiwo kwisigaba sokuqala esingaphantsi kwesiseko ukuya kwindawo ephakamileyo (isakhiwo) yesakhiwo. Ixabiso lokugqibela lilinganiswa ukusuka phezulu komgca wokutshitshiswa kwamafutha kwi-attic ukuya kumgangatho ococekileyo kwisitezi sokuqala. Ngezakhiwo zomhlaba ophahlakileyo, ukuphakama komyinge ophezulu kwiphahla kuthathwa ingqalelo kwindalo yokwakha yesakhiwo.

Inxalenye engaphantsi

Ubala njani umthamo wokwakha yesakhiwo kwinqanaba elingaphantsi komhlaba? Kule meko, phinda ubukhulu becandelo elingaphandle kwinqanaba elingaphandle kwesakhiwo kwisigaba sokuqala ngaphaya kwesondlo ngokulinganisa umgama ukusuka kumgangatho ococekileyo kwisitezi sokuqala ukuya kwisiseko sezantsi okanye phantsi komgangatho. Xa kungabikho ngaphezu kweendonga zecandelo elingaphantsi kwendawo engasentla, umthamo wokwakha wesakhiwo uzimisele ukuqwalasela umbandela wangaphandle wesakhiwo ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lokubamba. Imilinganiselo yenziwa ngokuqwalasela ubuninzi bomhlaba okanye umgca ojongene nawo. Xa ubala indawo yecala elikwinqanaba elijikelezayo, iinkcukacha zokwakha ezibonakala ngaphaya kweendonga kunye neenombolo ezikhoyo kuzo aziqwalaselwe. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwemiqathango, isakhiwo sokwakha sakhiwo sibalwa. Umzekelo wefom ye candelo elingaphantsi komhlaba:

V3 = S3 x H1.

I-S3 - indawo kwindawo esezantsi engaphantsi (kwisiseko) ngobukhulu, ekulinganiselwe kwinqanaba lomgangatho wokuqala ngaphaya kwe-plinth. Ukuphakama kwe-H1 ukusuka phezulu kumgangatho wokugqiba kumgangatho wokuqala.

Izinto ezakhiweyo

Kwezinye iimeko kubalulekile ukubala umthamo wokwakha wesakhiwo, oqulethwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ziyahluka ngoqwalaselo ngokwecebo, ukuphakama, nokwakhiwa. Kule meko, yonke imiqulu yokwakha idibene kunye. Ukuqaphela ubungakanani bendawo ethile yesakhiwo, indawo yokumisa isikhala iya kubhekiswa kwindawo apho isahlulo sifana nokuyila okanye ukuphakama. Kumgangatho wee - attic, ekubaleni, sebenzisa isahluko esinqamlekileyo esecaleni kwinqanaba elingaphandle leendonga ezisebenza njengedingo ngobude besakhiwo. Amanyathelo ayenziwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobunqamle bezinto zokutshisa ukushisa kwi-attic okanye (ekungabikho kwe-attic) yokuphahla. Isakhiwo sokwakha izambatho, iifestile ze-bay, ii-verandas, i-loggias, iifriji, ukuguqulwa, ukukhupha (ngaphandle kweenkcukacha zobungcali) izixhobo zesakhiwo, i-domes kunye nezibane ezikhanyayo eziphezu kwendiza ephahlayo zibandakanyiweyo kubalo bonke. Musa ukuqwalasela xa ulinganisa ubungakanani be-driveways, i-porticos, i-balconies evulekileyo, isikhala esakhiweyo.

Imiqulu yokwakha: ulwazi jikelele

Ukubala kuqhutyelwa ngokwemilinganiselo enobuhlobo, iiprojekthi, ubukhulu, obuqulunqwe zizicwangciso zokubala. Njengamacandelo omlinganiselo apho umthamo wokwakha uchongiwe, iiparameters ezithatyathwe kumaxabiso kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Banikezwa kulawo macandelo eendawo ezifanelekileyo ze-SNiP. Umsebenzi wokwakha unconywa ukuba uhlolwe ngokuhambelana nezicwangciso eziqhelekileyo, iitheyibhile kunye nemifanekiso. Ezi zinto zivumela ukuba sibone indlela kunye nokulandelelana kwezibalo. Uvavanyo lusebenzisa ietafile ezithatha ingqalelo into ethile yomsebenzi. Umsebenzi wokwakha ubalwa ngokulandelelana okuthile. Ukuqala kulandela ukusuka kwindlu yangasese kunye neendonga zephantsi. Emva koko, umthamo womhlaba uzimisele. Uvavanyo olucetyiswayo ngokwahlukileyo kwicandelo elingaphantsi komhlaba, kunye neendawo ezingabikho zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

U kuhamba kweNkqubo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, ivolumu ibalwa kwimeko ethile. Ngexesha le nkqubo, ulandelwano olulandelayo kufuneka lulandelwe:

• Ukuzibandakanya kunye neprojekthi yeprojekthi kunye nokubekwa kwazo kwindawo efanelekileyo yokulungiswa komsebenzi.
• Ukuphuhliswa nokulungiswa kweefom zefayili.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwetafile ezincedisayo zokubala kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, iimveliso kunye nezakhiwo.
• Ukubalwa kobuninzi bomsebenzi usebenzisa iinkcukacha zoyilo.
• Ukuphononongwa kwemisebenzi yezinto ezakhiweyo kunye nezinto ezingagqithwanga ngcaciso.

Iingcebiso

Ukusebenzisa izinto ezincedisayo, unokwenza lula umsebenzi. Kunconywe:

• Lungiselela kwangaphambili iibhile ezixhasayo eziqulethwe ngedatha eqikelelweyo yeenkcukacha eziqhelekileyo neziphinda ziphindaphinda, iinxalenye zesakhiwo, iintlobo zeenkonzo.
• Ukusetyenziswa okuphezulu kweefom kwiingqikelelo zendawo kunye nolwahlu lwezinto ezisisiseko kunye nezinto ezakhiweyo, izikhombisi zeendleko kunye nezicatshulwa ezichanekileyo.
• Ukuqhuba izibalo kulo myalelo ukwenzela ukuba iziphumo zemisebenzi yangaphambili zingasetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.
• Ukukhulisa ukusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha kwisakhiwo seprojekthi kwimveliso efanelekileyo kunye neendawo (ezincedo, jikelele, njl.).

I-Vedomosti kwimiqulu yolwakhiwo jikelele ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya izibalo zemizekelo ethile yomsebenzi kunye nezinto ezakhiweyo. Nanku kuyimfuneko ukuba ukhumbule ukuba iigatya zezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuqoqa iisahluko azihambisani.

Ulwazi olongezelelweyo

Ukubalwa kobuninzi bomsebenzi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, kwenziwa kwinqununu yesilinganiselo esungulwe kwi-SNiP. Ziquka, ngokukodwa, m ³ , pcs., T, m ² njalo njalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama elithi "imiqulu eqikelelweyo" lithetha nayiphi na imilinganiselo enqunywe yimidwebo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuqikelela iindleko eziqikelelweyo. Izibalo, njengomthetho, zivelise izixhobo (abaklami). Ukuthobela ukuchaneka okuchanekileyo, kucetyiswa ukuba iziphumo mazihlolwe ngabaqeshwa abaqikelelwa kwisiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo.

Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ezikhethiweyo okanye ezikhonkco

Ukuchaneka kokuvavanywa kobuninzi bomsebenzi kwi-design yabo kukuba izicatshulwa ezikodwa ziqwalasela ubunzima beenkonzo zokudibanisa izinto ngaphandle kweendleko zabo. Kule nkalo, uqikelelo lubonelela ngezinto ezimbini. Iyokuqala-ukugqiba indleko yokufakela kwerhafu enye. Okwesibini - ukubala intlawulo yezakhiwo kwiimali zangoku. Inkqubo iyanzima ngento yokuba kwezinye iimeko, ixabiso leyunithi kunye ne-wholesale libonelela ngeeparitha ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko, umzekelo, isiqhelo esilinganiselweyo sokufakela isiteji sisetyenziswe kwisakhiwo esisodwa. Ixabiso lentengo lilonke kumitha yesikwere kunye neekhiyiti yemitha yekhonkrithi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo kuyimfuneko ukunquma inani lokuyila (kwiinqununu) kwaye ubale indawo yabo. Ngokumalunga nale meko, i-compiler yeshidi isebenzisa imidwebo kwaye ibonisa ngokucacileyo umveliso. Ekubunjweni koqikelelo kwizicwangciso, njengomgaqo, musa ukutyumba. Kule meko, kuphela inkcazo ekubalweni kwemigangatho yokusebenza isetyenziswa. Ngako oko, ekupheleni koko kuyimfuneko ukunika inkcazo epheleleyo yezakhiwo ezibalwe.

Ulwakhiwo lwamathambo

Kwizakhiwo ezithwele umthwalo ukususela kweso sakhiwo kunye nezinto ezidibeneyo, zibandakanya iikholomu, ukudibanisa, iitras, imithwalo kunye nemigqomo. Xa ubukhulu bokuba isakhiwo sisasazwa kwiindonga, kuthiwa yi-frameless. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuqikelelo lwezindlu kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu, icandelo elithi "I-Carcass" ayikho. Iindleko zokubambisana, ii-trusses, imithintelo kunye nemigqa ifakwe kwi "Coverings" kunye "Ukuqhekeka", kunye neentsika ezimi ngokwahlukileyo - kwi "Iindonga". Ubungakanani bomsebenzi ekufakeni iinqununu kunye neikholomu zekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo zichongiwe nganye kwisiqwenga semveliso. Kwifomula ye-monolithic, iyunithi yokulinganisa imitha yeekhikhi yekhonkrithi eqinisiweyo kwimeko. Imilinganiselo yezakhiwo zetsimbi zinikezelwa ngetoni e-1, kwizinto zokukhanya - kwi-100 m ² . Iindleko zokubeka iipaneli zekhonkrithi eziqinisiweyo kunye neepaneli ezikhethiweyo, iiplanga kunye neengubo zenziwe zichongwa nge-1 piece of the product.

Iifomula ezisisiseko

Umthamo wokwakha wesakhiwo kunye nomgangatho we-attic (V1) uchazwa ngale ndlela:

V1 = S1xH.

I-S1 - indawo ejikelezwe kwinqanaba elincinane lelo lwakhiwo ngaphaya kwe-outpass externally at level of 1st floor. H ukuphakama kwesinqununu ukusuka kumatshini wokugqiba kwisantya sokuqala ukuya phezulu ekuzaleni ukuzaliswa kwe-attic. Enye ifom:

V2 = S2 x L.

Inquma umthamo wokwakha wesakhiwo ngaphandle kokugqithisa i-attic (V2). I-S2 yindawo yesigxina esakhiweni ngaphandle kweendonga (phezulu komgangatho ngowesi-1 kunye nomxholo ophezulu wephahla). L yixabiso elinquma ubude besakhiwo kunye nobuso obungaphandle kwiindonga zokugqibela ngokwemgangatho womgangatho ongaphezulu ngaphantsi kwe-plinth. Kwimeko yokuqala kunye neyesibini, inani lokuhamba likhutshwa ngaphandle kokubala. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha bongezelela iindidi zeefestile zeebhitshi, iiskic, i-loggias, iitambours, ii-verandas, izibane ezikhanyayo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ubukhulu beibhalkoni (ezimbozwe kwaye zivulekileyo), iiproticos aziqwalaselwe. Ukuba ummandla weendawo ezahlukeneyo uhlukile, ngokokuqala misela ukuba umthamo wokwakha ngamnye ngokwahlukileyo. Emva kokuba ixabiso luchazwe.