Uluntu e India Ancient

amalungu Full-epheleleyo lo mphakathi ingqalelo kuphela iziza ilizwe, abanini ezizimeleyo. Ke phakathi kwabo kwasekwa eliphucukileyo ekuhlaleni, apho wayesebenza amakhoboka, Karmakar, izalamane abangamahlwempu kunye nabanye. Ukongeza, xa kwakukho zonke iintlobo zabasebenzi boluntu abasebenze ngayo, -raby, nanini neengcibi oluntu (potters, abachweli, ngensimbi). Ngoko ke, uluntu ngokwalo komnotho ingako yokwenza esixekweni. amalungu oluntu, njengoko umthetho, ilungu le Vaishya Varna, ningabakhonzi belali -k Sudras (amakhoboka ngaphandle kokuba aluyi Varna ezingezozakhe).

Kwiikota zentlalo kunye nolawulo, uluntu ubukhulu becala limelwe okuzimela. It wakhokelelwa kasibonda, imicimbi lali kuxoxwa ngazo kwiintlanganiso, nto leyo wayenelungelo lokuba abe khona amalungu kuphela ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo yoluntu: Ispory phakathi belali isigqibo kwezo ntlanganiso okanye zeengxoxo zamatyala okulamla ngenxa yomthetho wesintu, kodwa ke kwiimeko ezininzi kakhulu, ukuqonda entendelezweni kakumkani. Abahlali babenziwe umxhasi unkulunkulu wayo, emva koko yenze yezithethe. Le mibhiyozo usapho (ingakumbi emitshatweni) yazinyaswa ngabo bonke amalungu oluntu okanye inxalenye enkulu yayo. India wazama ukuba ukuphazamisa kwimicimbi zangaphakathi ekuhlaleni.

Njengoko amagunya karhulumente ngokomelela, uluntu walahlekelwa ithuba lokuba nempembelelo kwimicimbi karhulumente; kwikomkhulu kunye uluvo lwamalungu oluntu zange ingqalelo, kwaye emkhosini, baye bayeka ukuba: ukuba indawo enesihlwele esinzima yasebukhosini kunye mercenaries. evulekileyo benkonzo karhulumente bodwa 7b yenzuzo. Le rhafu yaba esisigxina yaye aphathwe intlawulo lokubonelela ukhuseleko kwangaphandle nangaphakathi, ilifa bazithembe kunye nokulahlwa amalungu impahla kunye nosapho ithuba ukulima wonwabe okanye ungonwabi. Kokuhlawula irhafu yaba ukuphunyezwa umsebenzi wendalo yoluntu, kunokuba ngenxa yengcinezelo yeklasi Thethani: amakhoboka nje Karmakar irhafu yengeniso akuhlawulwa. State phantsi pretexts ezahlukeneyo bafuna ukunyusa ubungakanani irhafu yaye maxa wambi ngemoto ukuze bonakalise abalimi; impendulo yokugqibela kule mvukelo. Kodwa yonke intsalela igcinwe: emacaleni aso omabini ezifunekayo ngamnye enye. Kuphela ezo abalimi kuqwalaselwa kakubi (ukuhlawula irente-irhafu), nto leyo waphathwa kunye umhlaba ngurhulumente. bubukho inkxaso yoluntu imo yezentlalo-nangokwasengqondweni yentshukumo zayo; on emilise wobugcisa kwayo bakha kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi (shreni) yokudibanisa Iimonki (sanghas) lwentsebenziswano Karmakar.

Uluntu e India Ancient

inkqubo amafa-Varna ibonakala ngokucacileyo kakhulu, ngokwendlela azibhala of dharma (isidima rulebook) oluqulunqwe Brahmans. Ezi ezinde (i edumileyo - "Umthetho Manu") anike iinkcukacha ezininzi malunga nemiba eyahlukeneyo ubomi kwamaNdiya yamandulo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye uphambene kakhulu, ukususela ngonaphakade, nokugxininisa ngamandla inviolability kwinkqubo yamandulo Varna kunye nelungelo "kabini-azalwe". Ngelo xesha, amaxesha ziye zatshintsha yaye isimo saba nzima ngakumbi. It iye ibaluleka hayi ngabafo imvelaphi, kunye nendawo kanye ngamnye kuluntu - ubutyebi, isikhundla esemthethweni. Terms abaninzi bakhula abathwaxwa yintlupheko yaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukubandakanyeka kwezolimo, inkonzo; Kshatriyas nje ube mercenaries okanye abalindi kubantu babucala. Ukubaluleka nokukhula zorhwebo kunye yobugcisa, vaisyas ezininzi zinemali nkqu Sudras: ndikhankanye imvelaphi mhlawumbi le Sudra ookumkani Magadha - Nanda. picture Social ubanzima ngakumbi kwaye ukuyilwa emphaya: i Terms kunye Kshatriyas bavame isizwe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ingqalelo Terms kunye Kshatriyas olunye uhlanga "yenzeka" okanye "elisezantsi". izizwe ezininzi umva ntaba kunye nehlathi asisiso nayiphi na iindidi.

Uluntu e India yamandulo.