Umakhi lakwaWinter Ibhotwe e St. Petersburg

Le sesakhiwo eyinkunzi Northern of Russia igcwele amagama hlabathi edumileyo. Apha siye sasebenza esivumelana abalawuli nezidwangube iintsika ezifana Rossi, Quarenghi, Rastrelli, Montferrand, Felten, Trezzini kunye nabanye abaninzi. Makhe sithethe lifa womzobi enkulu St. Petersburg, uMdali olungaphambili iphambili yalo mzi emangalisayo, olubalaseleyo Palace Square kunye yonke sexesha ezinobuchule ekuthiwa oqolileyo sobuciko eRashiya. Kakade ke, malunga Winter. Ngegama umsunguli wayo. Le umakhi Rastrelli. I-Winter Palace ayikho kuphela isithsaba njengekhondo womzobi odumileyo, kodwa i lesikhumbuzo zokwakha zenkulungwane elinesibhozo.

umsebenzi Early

Winter Ibhotwe wezakhiwo, wazalelwa eParis ngo 1700, apho uyise - an nomkroli Italian - wabeka kakhulu iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba ekuphuhliseni italente, bakuba ndibone unyana. Emva kokufunda e Paris, Rastrelli ngo-1716 kunye notata wam bafudukela eRashiya. Ekuqaleni, lo wezakhiwo elizayo lakwaWinter Palace wayesebenza njengoko umncedisi kuyise, kodwa 1722 waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe kwilizwe elitsha yaye ngokufuthi uxabene. Kude kube kunyaka-30, waya eYurophu, ubukhulu becala eItali, eJamani, France. Eyona njongo ephambili yolu tyelelo ingabizwa uqeqesho. Ngeli xesha, kodwa walitshintsha izinto ezininzi ukusuka iinkosi aseYurophu, ukuze zenze umbono yabo isimbo ezimbejembeje, nto leyo iza ukuvakalisa ngokwayo amaphepha yokuqala ukuvela 30 kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo.

ixesha lokuqala

umyili Ikamva lakwaWinter Palace wadala izakhiwo eziliqela ngomthi eMoscow ngo-1730 ngu ukuze uAnny Ioannovny, wabamba etroneni ngelo xesha. Kungekudala emva kokuba evela kwikomkhulu yamandulo uKumkanikazi kwikomkhulu ezisemantla, ngowe-1732, ithatha up iprojekthi Rastrelli Winter Palace, ikwindawo yesithathu, kanti ke akukabi kuko wokugqibela. Ukongeza, ezimbini ibhotwe Biron wenza ngeli xesha. Leswo wakhe ngenxa ezimbejembeje ngokucacileyo ngakumbi abunjwe kwiiprojekthi okuntsonkothileyo ezinkulu isikali ngexesha elinye lemini.

Ibhotwe e Peterhof

Nokugqama italente Rastrelli kufika ngexesha lokusekwa yamandla uKumkanikazi Elizabeth. Wafumana odolo ezisesikweni kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu-isikali ngokubaluleka zesizwe. Imisebenzi ye iinkosi wabumba ubuso izakhiwo Russian kunye nehlabathi. esiphelweni Luks -sibonisa amandla ubutyebi bukhosi. Kwisayithi ye nqaba Engineering langoku lukhula entsha ibhotwe zasehlotyeni eli xhegokazi yokuqala karhulumente. Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 1746 ukuya 1755, enkosi iinzame wezakhiwo, avuke ngoku waduma ehlabathini lonke Grand Peterhof Palace. Ukususela 1752 ngo 1756 - ubuncinane yayingeyiyo Tsarskoye Selo Palace. Oku kufikelelwe nodumo ngamazwe kwaye khetha nabaphetheyo karhulumente aphezulu.

Tsarskoye Selo Palace

Ezinkulu, okanye Catherine Palace, wazinza Tsarskoye Selo - mali incoko eyahlukileyo. Isakhiwo edume umhlaba ufanele italente engakholelekiyo womzobi, ebambe ukwakhiwa yakhe. Le yenye indalo yakhe edumileyo, wakhokela inkosi ukuba isithsaba yelifa lakhe lonke, ngenxa yokuba elandelwa wobugcisa yadalwa, leyo ngoku izindlu omnye neemyuziyam bazizinhanha emhlabeni - Winter Palace eSt Petersburg. Umakhi, wasibeka zonke zabo elikhulu elingathathwanga ngelo xesha amava kunye ubuninzi italente, ukunika isakhiwo, ethi namhla utsala izigidi abakhenkethi ukuze ubone.

Ubusika Palace

Ngenxa yoko, umakhi lakwaWinter Palace wathabatha phezu ukwakhiwa ngo-1754. Ngelo xesha, inkosi, iminyaka kunye engathatheki kuphela elite ehlabathini inkcubeko kunye ezopolitiko, kodwa ixesha le ndihluthe, ukwakha omnye zodumo bobugcisa ebizwa njalo-oqolileyo ezimbejembeje, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, uye waphila imini yayo. Le isakhiwo sigqityiwe phantse ngokupheleleyo ngo 1762. Esi sakhiwo uyingangamsha ngokwenene. NgokoMthetho lo izikwere enkulu evaliweyo okulala. Olungaphambili ebheke Palace Square - lo msebenzi wobugcisa kwi ukubonakaliswa yayo ephezulu.

Le ubukhazikhazi oyinyaniso, ukuqeshwa kwesithethe lobume ayikwazanga kugxininiswe ngcono. Ngokucacileyo, le nto Nantso kwagxilwa umakhi Winter Palace. Xa Peter 1, umzekelo, le esiphelweni pretentiousness zange anikwe nakuphi na ingqalelo, kodwa Elizabeth, intombi yakhe, wayemthanda obutofotofo, kwaye usoloko engqongwe kulo yena, kuquka izakhiwo.

Kwaye konke oku ubusika. Zombini olungaphambili (nalowo iya eweni, yaye omnye kwi Palace Square) ngokuvisisana enkulu kunye nobutyebi yomhombiso, obutofotofo, izenzo Kuvakala ukuba abalawuli Russian babeqhele ukuya phambili. Yiyo loo nto kude kube ngoku Petersburg likhanyelwe inani elikhulu labantu ukuba babone buqu ezi exteriors buvele ngaphakathi eminyaka ngaphezu emibini eyadlulayo.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ngeenxa ngexesha elifanayo wadala lesikhumbuzo ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo izakhiwo. Yayingeyiyo Smolny Cathedral yakhiwa kwiminyaka 1748-1764. Njengoko usazi, Catherine, lowo wenyuka kwetrone ngo 1762, akazange ungathanda pretentiousness oqolileyo izakhiwo ezimbejembeje. Oku nakanjani ukuchaphazela kwindawo ezikuyo yi ulawulo lwe womculo. Ekuqaleni nje wayeka, uze ngokupheleleyo waya eSwitzerland, kwaye silindele ukuba ukugqitywa yokugqibela indalo yakhe - i Smolny Cathedral. Rastrelli wafa ngo-1771, ngokutsho ubungqina omnye - eSwitzerland, kwelinye - in Russian. Le ukungaqiniseki kongeza kuphela imfihlelo umsebenzi sele edume ye uMdali adumileyo lwefacade Imperial St. Petersburg ngaphakathi.

Kodwa, ngoko kunokuba ingloriously, wagcina imihla yakhe ngokomakhi odumileyo lakwaWinter Palace, xa uPetros waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, yaye xa Catherine ayigqibile. Kodwa indalo yayo kwaye ngoku ukumangala. Ke, phezu kwazo zonke, igama womzobi lakwaWinter Palace wahlala kangangeenkulungwane omnye komkhulu.