Zamandla Fusion ehlabathini. -Reactor fusion yokuqala

Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi uthatha inxaxheba kuphando nokumanyana. Iinkokeli unguye European Union, eUnited States, Russia, Japan, lo gama inkqubo eTshayina, Brazil, Canada kunye Korea kuyanda ngokukhawuleza. Ekuqaleni, zamandla fusion eUnited States eSoviet Union zinamakhonkco kuphuhliso izixhobo zenyukliya yaye wahlala emfihlekweni de inkomfa "atom Uxolo", eyayibanjelwe eGeneva ngo-1958. Emva kokudalwa tokamak yophando yiSoviet of Fusion yenyukliya kule 1970 kuye "Inzululwazi enkulu". Kodwa ke iindleko nokuntsonkotha yamacebo liye landa kangangokuba intsebenziswano ngamazwe yaba ithuba kuphela ukuya phambili.

zamandla Fusion emhlabeni

Ukususela 1970, ekuqaleni ezentengiso wamandla fusion uhlala luhlehliswe engama-40. Nakuba kunjalo, kuninzi okuye kwenzeka kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ekwenzeni eli thuba ukuze iyanqanyulwa.

Ezakhelwe tokamaks eziliqela, kuquka Zibhabha European, British kunye Mast yenyukliya Yomfuniselo Reactor TFTR e Princeton, USA. Iprojekthi ITER ngamazwe kungoku esakhiweni Cadarache, eFransi. Iya kuba tokamak likhulu zezokuba uza kusebenza kule minyaka 2020. Ngowe-2030, China uya kwakhiwa CFETR, nto leyo eya Zizigqithile ITER. Ngelo xesha, China liqhuba uphando yolwazi lokwakhiwa tokamak LASEMPUMA.

Fusion zamandla olunye udidi - stellarators - futhi popular phakathi abaphandi. Omnye LHD inkulu,, wajoyina i-Institute National Japanese for Fusion ngo-1998. Isetyenziswa ukukhangela uqwalaselo ilungileyo plasma yokuvalelwa ngemagnethi. German Max Planck Institute ngethuba elisusela kwi-1988 ukuya ngo-2002, uphando kwi-Wendelstein 7-AS reactor e Garching, kwaye ngoku - e Wendelstein 7-X, ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-19. Enye stellarator TJII esisebenza e Madrid, Spain. E United States Princeton laboratory plasma physics (PPPL), apho wakha Fusion enyukliya reactor yokuqala yale hlobo ngo-1951, ngo-2008 isima ukwakhiwa NCSX ngenxa overruns iindleko kunye nokunqongophala kwenkxaso.

Ukongeza, impumelelo ebalulekileyo uphando Fusion inertial. Building National ucinezelo Isibonelelo (NIF) ezixabisa $ 7 billion kwi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), ezixhaswa yi-National loLawulo Ukhuseleko yeNyukliya, wagqitywa ngoMatshi 2009, i-French Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-Oktobha 2014. zamandla Fusion usebenzisa laser zisiwe kwisithuba billionths ezimbalwa yesibini nama-2 million ziijowule ukukhanya kwi lobukhulu elinezinto milimitha ezininzi ukuqala fusion zenyukliya. Eyona njongo iphambili NIF kunye LMJ uphando ukuxhasa iinkqubo izixhobo zenyukliya zesizwe.

ITER

Ngowe-1985, i-eSoviet Union ecetywayo ukwakha tokamak elandelayo isizukulwana kunye eYurophu, Japan nase-United States. Lo msebenzi lwenziwa phantsi kwephiko le-Arhente. Kweli thuba ukususela 1988 ukuya 1990 wadalwa needrafti zokuqala International yenyukliya Yomfuniselo Reactor i ITER, nabo elo elithetha "Indlela" okanye "ukuhamba" isiLatin, ukuze angqine ukuba fusion unako ukuvelisa amandla ngaphezu kokuba lubamba. Canada kunye Kazakhstan wathatha inxaxheba wayengumlamleli Euratom neRashiya, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

Emva kweminyaka 6 ITER iBhunga iphumeze uyilo lokuqala esimbaxa reactor esekelwe physics esekwe nobugcisa ezixabisa $ 6 billion. Ke US wemka ukusuka yamaqumrhu, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ekuphunguleni iindleko kwaye utshintshe i projekthi. Isiphumo yaba ITER-ft ezixabisa $ 3 billion., Ke wena unako ukufikelela yokusabela wanazo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko, kwaye encomekayo bamandla.

Ngo-2003, i-United States kwakhona wajoyina nalo, kunye China wavakalisa umnqweno wabo inxaxheba kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi ku-2005, amahlakani ekuvunyelwene ekwakhiweni ITER e Cadarache ekumazantsi eFransi. EU kunye France baye isiqingatha EUR 12.8 billion, ngoxa Japan, China, South Korea, eUnited States Russia - 10% nganye. Japan inika amacandelo ophezulu eziqulethwe ufakelo kuxabisa IFMIF 1 bhiliyoni yenzelwe izinto uvavanyo yaye unelungelo lokuba ukwakha i-reactor olulandelayo uvavanyo. Iindleko zizonke ITER kuquka isiqingatha kwiindleko ukwakhiwa kunyaka-10 kunye nesiqingatha - malunga neminyaka engama-20 zokusebenza. India waba lilungu wesixhenxe ITER ekupheleni kuka-2005

Yemifuniselo ukuba ukuqala ngo-2018 kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrogen ukuze kuphetshwe ukuba ipoti ye umazibuthe. Ukusebenzisa i-plasma DT kungalindelekanga phambi 2026

Injongo ITER - ukuphuhlisa megawathi 500 (imizuzwana ubuncinane 400) usebenzisa igalelo ngaphantsi kwe-50 MW amandla ngaphandle odala umbane.

Dvuhgigavattnaya Demo umboniso ziya kuvelisa omkhulu imveliso kombane ngokusisigxina. design Demo komqondo ziya kugqitywa ngo-2017, yaye ulwakhiwo lwalo ziya kuqalisa ngo-2024. Qala luya kuqhutywa ngo-2033.

Zibhabha

Ngowe-1978, i-EU (Euratom, Sweden kunye Switzerland) baqalise iprojekthi edibeneyo Zibhabha yaseYurophu e-UK. Zibhabha kunjalo ngoku yokusebenza tokamak sikhulu ehlabathini. Loo reactor JT-60 isebenza kwi-Japanese National Institute of fusion, kodwa Zibhabha kuphela ukusebenzisa amafutha deuterium-ntathu eziFihliweyo.

-Reactor yaphehlelelwa ngowama-1983 kwaye ulwazi lokuqala apho kolawulo fusion yenyukliya ku-16 MW yabanjwa ngoNovemba 1991 ukuba MW 5 yesibini kunye namandla esitalini ukuya deuterium-ntathu eziFihliweyo plasma. imifuniselo abaninzi baye kuqhutywa isifundo ezahlukeneyo zokufudumeza iziphaluka kunye nezinye iindlela.

uphuculo Eminye ezingabo Zibhabha ukunyusa umthamo wayo. reactor imasti compact ephuhliswa kunye Zibhabha kunye ITER yinxalenye yale projekthi.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korean lokwakhiwa tokamak National Institute for Fusion Studies (NFRI) e Daejeon, nto ezo plasma yayo yokuqala phakathi ku-2008. Le projekthi yolingelo ITER, nto leyo ke ngenxa yokusebenzisana ngamazwe. radius Tokamak ka-1.8 m - reactor kuqala ukuqesha lokwakhiwa iimagnethi Nb3Sn, ngokufanayo eziya kusetyenziswa ITER. Ngethuba lesigaba sokuqala, leyo eyaphela ngo-2012, K-STAR kwafuneka ukungqina ukusebenza ubugcisa ezisisiseko kunye ukuphumeza ixesha plasma ukubetha ukuya kwimizuzwana eyi-20. Kwisigaba sesibini (2013-2017) yenziwa ukufunda maxesha yayo pulses ezinde s ukuya ku-300 kwimo H, kunye lenguqu ukuya kakhulu AT-mode. Injongo kwesigaba sesithathu (2018-2023) kukufikelela intsebenzo eliphezulu kunye nokusebenza kwimowudi ukubetha elide. Xa Inyathelo 4 (2023-2025) ziza kuvavanywa ubuchwepheshe EZIYIMIZEKELO. Le fowuni leyo ayinakho ukusebenza isebenzisa eziFihliweyo DT kunye nepetroli.

K-EZIYIMIZEKELO

Yayilwa ngentsebenziswano ne-Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy kunye South Korean Institute NFRI, K-EZIYIMIZEKELO kufuneka inyathelo elilandelayo malunga nokudala kubenzi yorhwebo emva ITER, kwaye uya kuba isityalo yokuqala ngamandla okuvelisa amandla grid yombane, oko kukuthi, million 1 kilowatts ukuya kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Ubukhulu bayo baya kuba 6,65 m, kwaye oko kuya kuba imodyuli ingubo eyenziwe yi idemo projekthi. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMfundo, Science and Technology of Korea uceba ukutyala imali kuyo malunga triliyoni won Korean ($ 941 million).

EAST

pilot chinese ngcono lokwakhiwa tokamak (EAST) kwi-Institute of Physics e China Hefee wadala plasma lobushushu hydrogen yezigidi-50 ° C, waqhubeka imizuzwana 102.

TFTR

I American laboratory PPPL Esalingwayo mbawula reactor TFTR asebenza ukususela 1982 ukuya 1997. NgoDisemba 1993, waba TFTR tokamak yokuqala owahluke ngokwemvelo, leyo wenza amalinge olunzulu kunye plasma of deuterium-ntathu eziFihliweyo. Xa oku kulandelayo, le reactor wavelisa irekhodi ngelixa kulawulwa amandla 10.7 MW, yaye ngowe-1995, ingxelo obushushu lwafumaneka igesi insimbi ku 510 million ° C. Noko ke, ukufakelwa zange baphumelele amandla breakeven fusion, kodwa uzaliseka ngempumelelo injongo yokuyila hardware, eyenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ITER.

LHD

LHD kwi Japanese National Institute for Fusion lwenyukliya kuToki, Gifu Prefecture, yaba stellarator inkulu ehlabathini. Ukuqalisa i-reactor Fusion kwenzeka ngo-1998, yaye uye wabonisa umgangatho plasma yokuvalelwa, ezifana kwezinye ufakelo ezinkulu. Kuye kwafikelelwa kuso 13.5 lobushushu keV ion (malunga 160 million ° C) kunye namandla ka-1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Emva konyaka lokulingwa, ekuqaleni kuka-2015, iqondo lobushushu helium ngexesha elifutshane efikelele 1 million ° C. Ngowe-2016 I-reactor yenyukliya kunye plasma hydrogen usebenzisa MW 2, ubushushu ifikelele 80 million ° C kwikota yesibini. W7-X stellarator yeyona inkulu ehlabathini yaye icetyelwe ukuba kusebenza rhoqo imizuzu engama-30. Ixabiso le-reactor yaba € 1 billion.

NIF

National Facility ucinezelo (NIF) e yagqitywa ngoMatshi 2009, unyaka Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Ukusebenzisa laser ngemiqadi-192, i-NIF unako anikel amandla izihlandlo 60 ngaphezu nayiphi na inkqubo laser lwangaphambili.

fusion Cold

NgoMatshi 1989, abaphandi ezimbini, American Stenli Pons kunye noMartin Fleischmann waseBritani, bathi vo sungula va elula desktop Fusion ebandayo reactor, ukusebenza kwiqondo lobushushu igumbi. Le nkqubo kukugcina electrolysis yamanzi enzima usebenzisa i electrode palladium apho nuclei deuterium zaye sebenawo kunye ezixineneyo. Abaphandi athi Ikhupha ubushushu, leyo ziyacaca kuphela ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo zenyukliya, ngokunjalo kukho iimveliso icala yokuqaphela, kuquka helium, eziFihliweyo kunye neutron. Noko ke, ezinye experimenters basilela ukwenza le amava. Uninzi loluntu lwezenzululwazi akakholelwa ukuba zamandla fusion abandayo ngokwenene.

Elisezantsi amandla-reactions enyukliya

Iqalwa yi amabango "fusion lokulayita" uphando waqhubeka entsimini lwamandla ephantsi reactions enyukliya, ngenkxaso ezithile enokwehla, kodwa hayi eyamkelekileyo ingcaciso zenzululwazi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, unxibelelwano buthathaka nuclear (hayi anamandla, njengoko ngokucandeka yenyukliya okanye amagama) zisetyenziselwa ukwakha bamba neutron. Amalinge ziquka ukungena hydrogen okanye deuterium nge esingqengqelweni ngumnxibelelanisi kunye indlela kunye nentsimbi. Abaphandi ingxelo ukukhululwa amandla waphawula. Umzekelo engundoqo esebenzayo zisabela hydrogen kunye ngumgubo nickel, kunye nolophu, inani yiyiphi na enkulu kunokuba ukunika nayiphi na impendulo chemical.