Ummandla of China. China: labemi, indawo. Ukuxinana labemi China

Impucuko Chinese emdala kakhulu. Kuye iminyaka amawaka amane. Ukususela kwimihla Marko Polo Iinkwenkwezi ibandakanya abaphandi kunye nabahambi. Kweli lizwe, abahlali abaninzi - ulikhaya isahlulo sesihlanu bonke abantu emhlabeni. Ukuba sicinga kwindawo yaseTshayina, uRhulumente yeyona inkulu yesithathu ehlabathini.

Kwaye nangona imihla Mao Zedong, sele kudlule, amandla Communist Party, kwakunye nefuthe layo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi isekhona enkulu. Ngowe-1979, eli lizwe lasungula inkqubo karhulumente ebizwa ngokuba "2 + 1". It yaphuhliswa ngenjongo control lokuzalwa. Ngoko ke, lo usapho isayinwe kunye nesivumelwano karhulumente, apho amaqabane banyanzelekile ukuba umntwana afumane irhafu kunye nezinye iingenelo ezininzi. Ukophulwa imithetho esekwe kuqulatha nokungalali amalungelo zemali kwaye ewisa isohlwayo.

Kude kube ekupheleni koo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, i-Chinese awavumelekanga ukuzisebenzisela iimoto zabucala. Zonke izithuthi ilifa karhulumente. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abantu basebenzisa iibhayisikile ngaphandle kokukhetha, kwaye ngoku imoto enamavili amabini ayikho ngaphantsi ngokwemfuno.

Ummandla of China ngaphambili yahlulahlulwa kwimimandla ixesha ezintlanu. Loo nkqubo sele ikhona ukususela 1912-th ukuya kunyaka 1949-th. Okwangoku, eli lizwe lonke eli xesha elulawulweni ibekwe kwindawo ngexesha elifanayo. Emini ixesha saving akwenziwanga.

indawo okuyo

Yasezulwini ise eMpuma Central Asia. Ibonisa imaphu China, eli lizwe erhangqwe Russia, India, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Bhutan, iLaos, eMyanmar, North Korea kunye Vietnam. Ngokusemthethweni, uRhulumente phantsi kovavanyo bobabo kwisiqithi Taiwan, kodwa enyanisweni zange kuxhomekeka nabani.

Le ndawo China uye ezi mpawu zilandelayo ngokwezelizwe: esempuma - lweArabha, kwi ziko - induli ukuya ngasentshona - entabeni.

division zokuphatha

Ubume urhulumente imimandla emihlanu yesizwe lokuzimela kwaye izixeko ezine ngaphantsi ezizodwa, kwakunye amaphondo eTshayina, uluhlu equka iingongoma mabini anababini.

features zezulu

indawo China ilele zayimimandla emithathu zemozulu. Le ngokulinganisela, nefumileyo yaye emvula. Le ntaba sezulu yezwekazi.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iimeko zemozulu yelizwe ubukhulu becala ezimiselwe isiqabu yayo, ngenxa yokuba China i ngezinyuko giant lehla ukusuka ezintabeni eziphakamileyo Central Asia ukuya olwandle. Ezizezi it yakha uhlobo screen, ngomhla igalelo kwelinye icala ukuya nokugcinwa ukufuma okungena ixesha zemvula ehlotyeni ukusuka olwandle ilizwe, kwaye enye - zinganefuthe ngawona of umoya obandayo ukusuka kwindawo ukunyuka koxinzelelo ibekwe ebusika eMongolia, kuMzantsi nakuMntla eSiberia China Western.

Uninzi kummandla eTshayina (in macala onke. Km ukuba phantse 9.6 yezigidi) uphantsi kweempembelelo imozulu lizwekazi. Umahluko phakathi amaxesha kubalulekile.

Ngokutsho ubungqina imithombo ezibhaliweyo abasusela kwi nkulungwane yokuqala BC, ngaphambili kwi Amathafa Omkhulu ukufudumala. Le nyaniso, kwakunye kwimihlaba ochumileyo lwamahlathi becala negalelo ekuveleni kunye nophuhliso ngempumelelo yezolimo kulo mmandla, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kwenza ukuvela impucuko enkulu.

Ekuqaleni ixesha lethu, imozulu yaba esibandayo. Umlinganiselo amaqondo ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuhambelana mihla, yaye emva koko waqalisa snap ngokubanzi abandayo ukuba kulo lonke Eurasia ngokuhamba kwexesha.

bokwakha

Le ndawo iyonke China likhulu - ngaphezu ezilithoba kunye nesiqingatha ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Noko ke, kukho intsimi onocwangco ngolu hlobo esilawulwa yesithethe bokwakha omnye akunakuthethwa malunga nayiphi na inkcubeko yaseYurophu. Bonke ubuchule obusisiseko zokusebenza bokuhombisa liphuhlise kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo kwaye nangoku afanelekileyo unanamhla. Ngelo xesha ichaphazela uzinzo benkcubeko lizwe oye wahlupheka oluninzi Ukuhlasela amazwe. Ihlebo siyifumana yokuba zonke ezintsha abahlali le wesizwe wacanda bemilo basuke yabo zehlabathi. Kungenxa yoko le nto izinto waboleka ayahluki kakhulu ukusuka Chinese omthonyama.

zokwakha rhoqo izixeko wenziwa esekelwe kwimigaqo Feng Shui. Ngoko ke, zonke izakhiwo zazalathe ukuya ezantsi. Kweli lizwe kwakukho inkqubo yonke kwemithetho yocwangciso lwedolophu, njengoko apho ulawulo kunye nenxalenye Imperial aloo mzi isoloko ibekwe kweli ziko, uhlaselwa ngaphambili nangesemva ngeendonga, ukwakha indawo ezitokisini. Izakhiwo ibalulekileyo kwakhiwa ecaleni koohola emikhulu evela esangweni emazantsi ukhangele ngasentla.

Ubude kunye nendawo nezakhiwo babezimisele ngokusekelwe imisebenzi yayo kunye nendawo umnini eluntwini. Yaye ngoxa i Ubuninzi babantu e China sele ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha yethu yayintle, abemi abaqhelekileyo balelwa ukwakha izindlu ngaphezulu kumgangatho omnye. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i umthamo-lwendawo ukwakhiwa ezizodwa zokuhlala. ubuhle kwebanga kakhulu kwandiswa nophahla umbala scheme. Ngenxa yoko, kwizakhiwo ombuso zaye zipeyintwe igolide, kwiitempile namakhaya kwamagosa - oluhlaza (ngamanye amaxesha blue). ezinde zagutyungelwa uphahla zizimvi magumbi.

Nomnikelo idumileyo

Echaza China: labemi, indawo, imozulu, inkcubeko, izakhiwo, uqoqosho kunye namanye amacandelo - akunakwenzeka singasathethi isiselo enye ezimangalisayo. Uye waba lwalawo yelizwe elide. Le iti. Kuyinto imveliso, onesiphumo inkqubo yokwenza izinto yokuqala. Amaqhina Ingca kwaye amagqabi bumbongorha ngokuba iti nelesmarado le. Kuxhomekeke apho iimveliso ukuze isetyenziswe ngexesha processing zabo, ajike aluhlaza, mthubi, emhlophe, nekarbhunkolo, intyatyambo, nakhandiweyo, ohlohliweyo, obomvu, iti emnyama.

therapy unique

Bendawo bamatasa e Tai Chi chuan. Olu luhlobo elikhethekileyo imithambo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo yamandulo umthambo. Yena, ke, isekelwe phezu uxhulumaniso engenakususwa amacandelo amathathu - intshukumo sezingqondweni nokuphefumla. Kwizixeko ezininzi ezigcinwe iiklasi nangaphandle phantsi kolwalathiso wabafundisi abaziingcali. Umsebenzi wabo byi Ministry of Health, bakholwayo ukuba kubhetele ukuhlawula ezilishumi, kunokuba ukunyanga iwaka.

Umgaqo iphambili yonyango Chinese akuthethi ukuba kuziswe kwimpilo ngaphandle, yaye eza kuvusa imikhosi angaphakathi omzimba. Umthambo kule nkalo omnye kuphela iinketho ezininzi. Umzekelo, kwi iiholide ngayo. Hainan kucetywa ukuba kupheliswe ediliza ngokufumana izimbiwa kunye namanzi okuhlamba enuka kamnandi. Spa Local, ubuchwepheshe bale mihla ziye sele idityaniswe nalawa kwiindlela zakudala ndahlukane izifo zabo ngempumelelo. oogqirha Chinese sekela unyango kwi ingqiqo xa mintlhaveko ezisixhenxe. Ukuba akweyisile ngumsindo, uloyiko, intlungu, unxunguphalo, usizi, ukumangala okanye ulonwabo, oko angayitshintsha lizama yomzimba wakhe, oko kukuthi, kukhokelela ekubeni isifo. Ke Hainan amanzi ezimbiwa, ukuba susa nje uxinezeleko ekhoyo ngokwasemphefumlweni ngenxa umxholo ephakamileyo zesilivere, yemanganizi emanzini.

labantu

indawo China phantse zizigidi 9.6 macala onke. km. Kule ndawo enkulukazi umiwe beentlanga amahlanu anesithandathu. Ngokutsho China Population Census, eli lizwe million 936,7 Chinese (Han) kunye nabameli yezigidi 67,23 of bambalwa yesizwe.

imephu Density kubemi eTshayina ibonisa angalinganiyo ngezinto abantu bafaka. Ngaloo ndlela, uninzi Han abantu abahlala nezitya of the iteksti River, Mthubi River kunye Pearl, kwakunye emantla-mpuma lizwe - on Sunlyaosskoy ethafeni. Ngokumalunga aligcuntswana zesizwe, nangona ubungakanani omncinane, asezikhundleni 60% karhulumente. Ziphila Tibet, e Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Huenskom, Guangxi Zhuang, Xinjiang, kwaye kumaphondo elinesine.

Ummandla isikwere eTshayina. km iphezulu kakhulu, kwaye yokufudukela lwangaphakathi yezigidi zabantu zidlala indima ebalulekileyo lonikezelo kubemi. Ngokufuthi, abahlali imizi lihamba kwiindawo ngokwaneleyo.

Okwangoku kweli lizwe kukho utshintsho lolawulo eziphathekayo wokuzalwa inkuthazo. Umzekelo woku islogani omtsha nkqubo ngokwedemografi, nto leyo ithi "abantwana ezincinane, ngokukhawuleza, sisityebi." Ngokutsho National Bureau of Statistics, elesithandathu ngoJanuwari 2005 inani labantu Chinese iye yafikelela kubantu kwibhiliyoni amathathu, anamanci ezigidi. abasemagunyeni bazama ukwenza konke okusemandleni neqondo lokuzalwa kwabantu ngu zero. Kulindeleke ukuba ngowama-2030 inani labantu Chinese ifikelele incopho yayo iya kuba 1.46 bhiliyoni. Kulindeleke ukuba inani lobuninzi abemi eyomeleleyo iya kuba ngo-2020 kwaye iya kuba li-65% labantu bebonke (izigidi 940 zabantu).

Iingcali zithi xa abasemagunyeni azinikezelwanga kubongoza umthetho umda inani labantwana, ngokuthi phakathi kwenkulungwane, urhulumente ngokuthandwa ngabantu isihloko ihlabathi liza kuya India.

iimpawu

Imaphu amaphondo Chinese lubonisa iiyunithi imashumi mabini namibini indawo. Ngamnye kubo indima yolawulo nje kuphela, kodwa umahluko yenkcubeko. Uninzi amaphondo mihla kufuneka imida emiselwe nkqu ngexesha Ming Dynasty. Ukususela ngelo xesha, nzulu similise ukwahlula ndawo kuphela ekumntla weli lizwe.

Injalo China waseka ngaphantsi engqongqo kugunyaziwe umbindi amaphondo, kodwa eneneni, urhulumente wengingqi benawo amandla ebanzi ekuqhutyweni-nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Abanye abaphandi kule nkalo kuthiwa inkqubo ekhoyo federalism ezineempawu Chinese. Kulo mzekelo, umzekeliso socialism ezineempawu Chinese.

amaphondo Uninzi kweli lizwe (ngaphandle emantla-mpuma) umda ebudeni bolawulo i Yuan ubukhosi, Qing kunye Ming. Kulo mzekelo, eli candelo ayisoloko isekelwe phezu umahluko iilwimi, geographical okanye zenkcubeko. Oku kwenziwa ukuze kuthintelwe separatism namagunya asekuhlaleni ephakamileyo. Sami balapha bathi ukuba umda phakathi kwamaphondo Zinokuxutywa amazinyo ezifana ndibambe ezinjeni. Ngaphandle koku, ukwahlulwa loo nto eyayibaluleke kakhulu yenkcubeko. Abahlali kwiphondo ngalinye andibhekisanga iimpawu ezithile ezingena engaguqukiyo ezikhoyo.

Phakathi utshintsho olusandukubakho kwicandelo lwengingqi Republic oku kulandelayo: inika Chongqing kunye nobume kwiphondo Hainan, kwakunye nokusekwa kwimimandla yolawulo ezikhethekileyo Macau kunye Hong Kong. Yintoni kukho amaphondo eTshayina ngalo mzuzu? Uluhlu lwe emikhulu:

1. Shanxi.
2. Shandong.
3. Guangxi.
4. Zhejiang.
5. Macau.
6. Qinghai.
7. Jiangsu.
8. Anhui.
9. Jiangxi.
10. Gansu.
11. Jilin.
12. Guangdong.
13. Henan.
14. Guizhou.
15. Heilongjiang.
16. Liaoning.
17. Hebei.
18. Sichuan.
19. Hunan.
20. Fujian.
21. Qinghai.
22. Hubei.

izinto

Izigidi abakhenkethi abatyelela China ngonyaka ngamnye. Ummandla lizwe, leyo ilingana ukuya kwizigidi 9.6 ezikwere zeekhilomitha, iquka inani elikhulu ezikhumbuzo zokwakha, yaye oku itsala abahambi evela ehlabathini lonke. Urhulumente uthathela kuye ngenyameko unonophelo ekulondolozweni ngelifa lembali yalo ekhethekileyo. Nkqu imizi yonke (abangama-24) ibhengeze koovimba bendalo kwaye ikhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo, singasathethi ke ezikhumbuzo ngamnye.

isampulu kwinqaba izakhiwo idumileyo ehlabathini - Kakade ke, i-Great Wall of China. Ubude bayo ngu amawaka amane km. isakhiwo Unique sikhusela umda osemantla kweli lizwe. Yena waqala ukwakha kwiinkulungwane yesine neyesithathu BC, ngexesha xa urhulumente yaseTshayina benza ekudalweni kwezakhiwo Uyalwa ukuze bazikhusele iyangena zizizwe zalapho ukusuka Central Asia. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, xa kusakhiwa Enkulu Wall of China malunga namawaka amane abantu bathatha inxaxheba. Emva kokuba ukuyilwa ezinye iinxalenye zayo lalungisa urhulumente kwindawo enye. Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo eyodwa sokuzikhusela kwasekwa. Ukugqitywa umsebenzi wokwakha okwabangela AD ngenkulungwane yesithathu. Wall udonga ukuzithethelela, oya kufikelela eziphakamileyo kweemitha ezilishumi. A phezulu ebanzi yenza amajoni kunye neenqwelo. Wonke angamakhulu amabini eemitha kude kukho inqaba ukuzithethelela.

Beijing eyaziwa ngokuba inkulu ngokuba National Ibhotwe e museum karhulumente eTshayina. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, yaba ebhotwe asebukhosini. Ukwakhiwa ilitye lesikhumbuzo wezakhiwo ekhethekileyo kwaqala kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane weshumi elinesihlanu. Kamva bhotwe ngokutsha naqhama ubukhulu. Museum Modern e Beijing imbaxa wamazwi, apho isakhiwo kukho ngaphezu kwekhulu. Lokubiyela singqongwe ijelo ngokubanzi yaye lingqongwe ngodonga eliphezulu ilitye. Le ndawo iyonke ibhotwe - ezikwere zeekhilomitha 720.000, kwaye inani imiboniso - 800 amawaka. ZifunwaEzokugqibela zidweliselwe zimelwe zakudala, kuquka impahla ebhotwe isiko, nezipili yamandulo nobhedu, jade kunye imveliso yephondo, iincwadi ezizodwa kunye noovimba yasebhotwe yokumkani, yaye kubo asibhozo amawaka kwaye zihlelwa amaxabiso zesizwe ubuncwane. Yonke imihla, imyuziyam kuthatha abatyeleli amathathu amawaka.

China uyaphule ezininzi ezahlukeneyo egadini kunye ipaki nezakhiwo. Ngokusisiseko, ukuba ibekwe zangaphambili iingxande ombuso kunye neepaki zabucala kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo landscape. Of umdla ezithile iintaba kakhulu entle eyenziwe ngumntu, amachibi, arbours, iibrorho ziimfumba akaginywa amatye.

Umzekelo ezaziwa iinkosi landscape art - kwaye Yuan, apake iphumle lokuhlala. Le elise kummandla Palace Summer e Beijing.

Ikomkhulu Chinese i ipaki ekuthiwa Hay Bey, igama elithetha "North Sea". Luyagwagwisa ichibi lokwenziwa kunxweme apho zibekwa gazebos umdla, bayiminquba neetempile.

Suzhou ngokufanele ngokuthi isixeko eluhlaza. Okwangoku kukho ngaphezu kwesinye elinamanci kunye nomhlaba nezakhiwo. Bonke bephela yenzelwe ukuba ukukholisa iliso aze anike umthunzi lakubalela ehlotyeni.

isiphelo

Nokwazisa yinkalo onomtsalane lizwe kuphela. China - ilizwe banika ihlabathi iphepha, wompu, nekhampasi. Ukongeza, indima ephawulekayo lwenkcubeko yesizwe. Ichaphazela uninzi iindawo ubomi babantu nangophuhliso leli lizwe, kwaye iqhubela phambili noko kude kube ngoku.