Umzi ukubaluleka federal. imizi Irizothi onentsingiselo federal. City of ukubaluleka federal le Russian Federation

Ukwamkelwa ngo-1993, unyaka ka-siseko, imigaqo ukumanywa karhulumente isakhiwo federal laqalisa ukuyilwa kobume entsha inkqubo - kwamandla karhulumente izifundo. Be izinto izakhiwo ukuchaza uMthetho Organic kunye ngummiselo bommandla othile. Ngokuhambelana ne Art. 5 loMgaqo-siseko njengenxalenye karhulumente kukho izifundo ayilungelelene; intsimi, ummandla, isixeko federal. Le yokugqibela zizinto ezithile lobume karhulumente isixhobo. Yintoni sisixeko ukubaluleka federal? Luni zifundo le iwonga? Ngale kamva kweli nqaku.

ulwazi jikelele

isixeko federal Russian - subjects nge uhlobo othile Amaqumrhu karhulumente wephondo nowengingqi. Inxalenye ye igunya elanikwa ngqo imizimba kwamandla karhulumente kule ngingqi. Eku sunguleni, de-2014, unyaka iiholide isixeko federal waba. Xa ukukhanya iziganeko zakutshanje kwi eCrimea, le meko itshintshe. Ngokuhambelana ne Art. 65 loMthetho Basic amaxabiso ubume federal le dolophu kwizifundo ezithathu ukuba inxalenye karhulumente. Ukongeza, efana nobume bommandla asiyiyo inxalenye lizwe. Phantsi iSivumelwano International kunye Kazakhstan ukususela 1995, unyaka kwixesha le ukuqasha zakhiwo le cosmodrome Baikonur has a status efanayo. Kulo mzekelo, lo mbandela ayikho ngokusemthethweni inxalenye yaseRashiya. Ngako oko, ayibhalwanga yawo amabhunga olawulo kwi isakhiwo oomatshini karhulumente kweli lizwe. Ngenxa iziganeko iCrimea baza balandela emva kokuba zimvo 2014 ngoMatshi 18 asayina isivumelwano kwiriphabliki ngokuyinxenye recognised institution of eCrimea. Ngokutsho kuyo wanikwa iwonga Sevastopol umzi ngokubaluleka federal ye-Russian Federation. Ngokutsho Art. 77 siseko Isakhiwo ulawulo kwizifundo iyodwa ilungiswe ngokwezi nkqubo ebekwe phantsi koMthetho esiSiseko, kwaye kwimigaqo jikelele yamacebo nkqubo. Yiloo nto eyabangela iimpawu siseko-yezomthetho ubephethwe abasemagunyeni (lomthetho nelesigqeba), imizi yase.

ulwazi zembali

Uhlobo imizi iwonga kubhekwe njengento ekhoyo kwi-Russian uBukhosi Gradonachalstva. Ntoni na ke? waba ngumzi, ekwanti lwasuswa kumaphondo imeko yabo ethile geographical okanye ixabiso, kunye neengxelo ngqo kuMphathiswa of Internal Affairs. Koko Gradonachalstva baguquka. Emva kokuba October Revolution, ngokuseka zaye uyathinjwa (enokulungiswa okwilizwe okanye counties). Ngo-1931, ngomnyaka wesithoba eLeningrad kunye eMoscow, izixeko ezibini ezinkulu eSoviet Union, aye kwakhona yahlulwe kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo ngaphantsi republic. Le iwonga ngo-1948, wafumana Sevastopol, yaye emva koko, ngo-1987 - Leninsk. Emva kokuba eSoviet Union yaphela, iLeningrad kunye eMoscow ukwamkela ubume izifundo ezizimeleyo kunye nezixeko ukubaluleka federal. Baya e Ukraine Sevastopol ngokungqinelana kwisahlulo yayo yobuphathi iyunithi eyodwa. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ukwamkelwa yakutshanje ye eCrimea Russian , waba naye umzi onentsingiselo federal. Ke isixeko Baikonur, oko kukuthi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, libhekisela Republic of Kazakhstan. Phantsi komthetho wayo, esi sixeko ubume ngokubaluleka zesizwe.

indawo intracity

Olu hlobo ukubunjwa kamasipala yasekwa ngo-2006 .. Lo uhlobo lombutho ezimeleyo. Kwimida kamasipala karhulumente wengingqi uwugcinayo labemi nokuba ngqo okanye ngokusebenzisa imibutho anyuliweyo kunye nezinye. Kulawulwa izibonelelo kolawulo uMthetho esiSiseko, Charter wesifundo kunye lukamasipala. Ukubunjwa ibandakanya 146 eMoscow iiyunithi ezizimeleyo ezinjalo. Phakathi kwabo, 21 125 counties kunye zokuhlala. E St. Petersburg, a lilonke leeyunithi 11. Ezi ziquka iindawo 30 nezezithili 81.

EMoscow - isixeko onentsingiselo federal

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo mmandla una ezinye iimpawu-siseko kunye nomthetho. Ngokukodwa, luhlanganisa iziko likarhulumente-yase umzi, inhloko i, yenziwa eyona endle umsebenzi kwiziko. Kulo mzekelo, le ndawo ezinye iimpawu kamasipala. Njengoko inani eMoscow sesona sixeko sikhulu subject of Russia. Nazi amalungu kwamandla karhulumente kweli lizwe (ngaphandle kweNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko), Amanxusa kumazwe ahlukeneyo amazwe, i-ofisi eziyintloko amashishini amakhulu, ikomkhulu iintlangano zasekuhlaleni. E Moscow, kwasekwa inkqubo karhulumente wengingqi.

Background Brief Historical

Ukutshintsha lokuqala baqalisa kwisiqingatha 2 ngenkulungwane ye-13. Ngelo xesha, eMoscow yaba liziko i ubulawuli elizimeleyo. Ukukhula kunye nophuhliso intsimi negalelo indawo ekwahlukaneni kweendlela zorhwebo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngenkulungwane ye-14 kummandla eMoscow uye ngokubanzi. Yena wancediswa Mozhaisk kunye Kolomna izilawuli. Ngelo xesha linye lenyuka ukubaluleka esixeko njengeziko iinkonzo eziphambili ngokusekwa kwe-yosisi eMoscow, kunye nokudluliselwa awayehlala metropolitans. Ngenkulungwane ye-15, le ndawo wafumana iwonga elitsha. Ngelo xesha, eMoscow yaba likomkhulu karhulumente enkulu kuqala eRashiya kunye likarhulumente ngoko ebumbene Russian. status Capital ilahleke 1712. Phezu kwako nje oku, eMoscow waye eya kubanjelwa kuyo ibekwa kwabalawuli. status Capital abuya ngoloyiso Bolshevism ngo-1920 kwaye lusekho nanamhlanje.

emzini yase St. Petersburg

Esi sifundo - zolawulo, iziko industrial kwisithili North-West. E St. Petersburg kufuneka abasemagunyeni eliphezulu kuMmandla Leningrad. It yasekwa uPetros Enkulu ngowe-1703, unyaka nge-27 Meyi. Esi sixeko iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, Interparliamentary iNdibano yesiZwe ico angamalungu, imbali Council. E St. Petersburg, likwanezindlu ikomkhulu ngokomlomo Navy kunye Military Forces of yeSithili Western Military.

background

E St. Petersburg, baye neziphithiphithi ezintathu apho. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, loo ntsimi phantsi zokungqinga iintsuku 900, oko kukhokelele ekuswelekeni 1.5 million. Man. Ngowe-1965, yena wawongwa ubume "Hero City". St. Petersburg sesona sixeko kumantla elinabemi labantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi. Ummandla kummandla ahlala - 1439 macala onke. km. Saint Petersburg - elinye lamaziko kwezoqoqosho, kwinkcubeko kunye yenzululwazi ibalulekileyo lizwe, omnye kweendawo zezithuthi inkulu. Iziko eyimbali kwizakhiwo ezingqonge zifakiwe kuluhlu yelifa UNESCO.