Umasipala - a ... kooMasipala eMoscow. Intloko kamasipala

Igunya kaMasipala - uhlobo olulodwa amaziko ezopolitiko. Bengengabo kurhulumente abasemagunyeni, kodwa zenzelwe ukuba ukulawula ngempumelelo ubomi babemi.

Yintoni na umasipala

"UMasipala" - oku Ngokukhutshelwa ngqo a Munizipalitaet German, babunjwe ke, ukususela Latin a municipium - isixeko ukuba unalo ilungelo ukuzeyisa. Eli binzana kakuhle esekwe ngolwimi Russian, ukuba unyulo elula iindawo apho baqwalasele umsebenzi nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni.

Amazwe phantsi umasipala isoloko aqondwe ulawulo ezifana (ezifana Hall City). Ngokusemthethweni gama ukunyanzeliswa eRashiya yenziwa ngo-2003 kunye ukwamkelwa yomthetho "Xa imigaqo jikelele balapho-government." izinto ezinjalo ziye zaziswa njenge "umasipala", "zesithili" yaye "zezithili". Kunye nokutyhilwa federal kwekota, iRussia, nokutyhilwa kwalo kwinqanaba lengingqi. Kwezinye izixeko, abasemagunyeni zikamasipala amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Eyona umthombo wengeniso oomasipala - irhafu, abangenela abahlali zilawulwa isixeko okanye County. Umasipala unokuba amashishini alo, imali kunye nempahla.

Head of uMasipala

ulawulo uMasipala, ngokomthetho Russian, ithwala wadala kunye negosa amalungelo awodwa. It has a umthamo kwamagunya ukusombulula iingxaki umahluko ekuhlaleni. Intloko umasipala onyulwe ngabemi kunyulo okanye igunya seengingqi norhulumente womelo.

imisebenzi yayo kuphendula kwaye ilawulwa ngabemi. Owona msebenzi wayo - ntetho iiyunithi zikamasipala ngokubambisana namanye olawulo zasekuhlaleni, ngabalawulwa karhulumente, abantu zabucala kunye neenkampani. Kwakhona, ufanelwe ukuba utyikityo kunye nokupapashwa ngezenzo zomthetho eyamkelwe libhunga elimele urhulumente wengingqi. INtloko umasipala angagxothwa yinkundla ukuba ebudeni ukuva kufunyaniswe ukuba umsebenzi lomntu awuhambisani nomgaqo ephambili yokuziphatha - engekho abangquzulana nomthetho.

isakhiwo self-government eMoscow

EMoscow - a isixeko onentsingiselo federal. Le nkqubo self-government kwemali eyinkunzi Russian kulawulwa yimithetho yendawo. Oomasipala Moscow - it imfundo amabanga (kwisiphaluka, iindawo zokuhlala). Imida phakathi kwabo zicwangciswe kuthathelwa ingqalelo imbali, izithethe zendawo, ezindawo, kwakunye Okukodwa yezentlalo noqoqosho nemimandla.

Umasipala ugqiba ngemiba yengingqi, kodwa ingxoxo kufuneka uthathe indawo kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno uqoqosho lwedolophu bonke abemi eMoscow. Hi ndlela leyi, zisetyenziswa amagama elingana kulo mkhuba esemthethweni abasemagunyeni kwekomkhulu elithi "kamasipala" kunye "ekuhlaleni". Zamasekela zezithili asekuhlaleni eMoscow badla basebenzisane kunye nabemi nemimandla wayinikela kubo yaye ngokwesiseko iintlanganiso benza imiba yolawulo yangoku. Ke kaloku kwikomkhulu kukho oomasipala ngaphezulu kwama-140.

Iimpawu yoomasipala eMoscow

Phakathi miba ibalulekileyo enxulumene basekhaya self-government kwi kwikomkhulu Russian - ukugcinwa bezenkcubeko elilifa, iindawo mthethweni ezithengisayo kwaye umsebenzi malunga yolwabiwo komzi. Kwimigangatho "wemetropolitan" urhulumente uye intsimi entsha ehlonyelwe eMoscow ngo-2012 (koomasipala babesakuba kummandla eMoscow). Ngokukodwa, amalungu abasemagunyeni wanikwa ilungelo lokulawula umsebenzi wokulungisa emakhayeni, xa iiyadi, ukunika imvume ngenxa ukwakhiwa iigaraji. Uninzi iiprojekthi ezinxulumene nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukuba elungelelanisiweyo kunye namasekela kamasipala.

Indima ebalulekileyo yeenkokeli zasekuhlaleni kunye nabaphathi eningayidlala ukujongana nemiba enxulumene amagunya karhulumente. UMasipala - it kwakhona isifundo sophuhliso sezopolitiko isixeko okanye County. Xa ukonyulwa usodolophu Moscow, esenzeka ngowe-2013, kwakukho umthetho ukuba umviwa kufuneka sixhaswe neerhuluneli ubuncinane 110 aphuma noomasipala bezixeko 110. Ezinye iingcali bavakalelwa ukuba lo mshini ukususa i contenders zesithuba wedolophu, akunguye eziqhelekileyo kunye neengxaki eMoscow.

kwemali koomasipala

Formation lwabiwo-mali ka-mandla zengingqi ifana kakhulu inkqubo kwinqanaba federal. Noko ke, kukho umahluko. Uhlahlo lwabiwo zikamasipala libunjwa iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili - Inkcitho umzobo oseludongeni kunye neerisithi kuluhlu. Ukuba kusilela kulindeleke, oko bagxumeka imithombo zembuyekezo yayo. ERashiya, kukho amanqanaba amathathu ezingundoqo koomasipala: zokuhlala kunye nakwizithili ezisezidolophini.

Kwimeko nganye kuzo - mali zabo kuphela, kodwa inkqubo nokubunjwa kwaso esebenza ngaphantsi - indawo ngokucela izintlu nganye iindleko zokuhlala, uze uzishwankathele-mali yayo, yenza isicwangciso consolidated financial. Oomasipala zifumana imali evela iirhafu kunye nemirhumo, ipropati kamasipala, iinzuzo amashishini, kwakunye transfers ukulwa.

ngongeniselo omasipala

Iimali-mali bendawo kwi kwipropati kamasipala. Oko kukuthi, kubo musa ukufikelela amagunya karhulumente federal okanye lommandla. Ukongeza kule imithombo zingentla ingeniso-mali karhulumente wengingqi, nokuphuma kwemali kusenokuquka nezibonelelo, iinkxaso kunye enabela evela ebudeni okulawula. Xa kwengeniso jikelele mali kamasipala enokuveliswa kumaqela ezintathu zoovimba. Okokuqala, oko kukuthi, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, iirhafu kunye nemirhumo (ukuba benza ezi imizimba ezimele koomasipala ngokungqinelana nemimiselo yomthetho federal). Okwesibini, njalo-ebizwa ingeniso regulatory - federal, iirhafu karhulumente kunye nezinye iintlawulo, ukusuka apho mali yendawo lifumana ipesenti ethile imirhumo (ngokufuthi oko UTII, iinkampani irhafu yepropati, irhafu yomhlaba). Okwesithathu, kukho ekuthiwa-payments 'non-rhafu' ukuba zenza ingeniso yabo mali zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kumsebenzi oomasipala

umsebenzi ngempumelelo nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni luqinisekiswa kakhulu iqondo nokubandakanyeka abemi kuyo. Kufuneka uyazi into kumasipala. Oku - sisalathisi ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Abahlali kwizixeko kunye counties kufuneka athathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo kwezigqibo kumaziko karhulumente wengingqi. Ukuba ayenzeki, ngoko uqalisa ukwandisa ingcinezelo zentlalo, abantu baqale nxamnye umsebenzi nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Ukusombulula imiba ephambili enxulumene nophuhliso loomasipala, njengoko iingcali zikholelwa, kufuneka uthathe indawo ngaphakathi sikhokelo izimvo zoluntu.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwabemi kunye nabasemagunyeni, ngale ndlela iya kuvumela, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba ukuthintela ukubethabethana umdla. Amaxesha amaninzi, xa kukuvela nobunzima ukunxibelelana oorhulumente kamasipala kunye nabahlali kungenxa nomgangatho ophantsi inkcazelo isebenze kuqala. Izakhi ebalulekileyo zovakaliso esebenzayo zoluntu - pre-unyango, ucela abemi zengqondo malunga nomba ziyafezekiswa.

Ucelomngeni abajamelene nayo oomasipala

UMasipala kwamagunya anikwe ngawo umthetho, ukuba intw uluhlu lweenjongo kunye neenjongo, ngawaphi na amagunya wengingqi kufuneka ukuba athobele. Bangakwazi zingahlulwa zibe zizintlu ezininzi. Okokuqala, oko ukuphunyezwa emhlabeni nkqubo federal (umzekelo, ukusebenza nemimiselo Russian umongameli). Okwesibini, kukuphucula ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikamasipala. Okwesithathu, kukuvuselela uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwiindawo ephathiswe kwabasemagunyeni (umzekelo, ukudalwa kwemisebenzi, inkxaso kumaphulo zorhwebo). Kwimeko nganye kwezi zintlu zikhankanyiweyo kukho ingxaki zamakhaya. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuphuculo kuqoqosho kamasipala ungayilungisa imiba kwenkcitho olusebenzayo mali zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye ngexesha elinye - ukusebenza ukuze kuziswe izifundo nkqubo bobulali enxulumene ngqo urhulumente - iinkampani zabucala kunye noosomashishini. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Imisebenzi ephambili kamasipala - Kukuqonda zamanyathelo ezibalulekileyo eluntwini kunye nokuphucula izinga lokuphila abemi.

amava amazwe

njani igunya kamasipala phesheya? Ethetha umzekelo ukuya Finland eselumelwaneni. Ilizwe Umasipala Suomi - yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu uluntu, omnye manqanaba amathathu karhulumente (kunye umbindi kunye zommandla). Eyona unit kwabasemagunyeni e Finland - babizwa ngokuba communes. Ziyashiyana kakhulu ngobukhulu. Umzekelo, Helsinki, ikhaya ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-588 lamawaka. Man, kwaye esigcwele sottunga encinane lweBaltic elinabemi labahlali 120, oomasipala bayalingana ngokwasemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, akukho mahluko kumalungelo phakathi koomasipala zasemaphandleni nezasedolophini.

Kuba ilizwe iphawulwa yinkqubo okuthe ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oomasipala; ukuba, ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2001 kwakukho 441, ngo-2012 - 336 kuphela oomasipala Finland simanyene Association of abasemagunyeni mimandla endle, badlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lizwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba eFinland akukho iintloko koomasipala: imisebenzi yazo yenziwa ngabaphathi usiqeshileyo. Ukuba sivumelekile ukuba singasigcina isithuba sakhe, nokuba ukwakhiwa utshintsho ibhunga igunya lendawo.