UNikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: biography kunye nemisebenzi

UNikolai Karamzin, ogama engobomi iqala ngoDisemba 1, 1766, wazalelwa kwiphondo Simbirsk kwintsapho ihlwempu amanene abazali abafundileyo bakhanyiselwa. Imfundo yokuqala kwisikolo sabucala uNjingalwazi Shadena. Emva koko, njengabanye abantu abaninzi wempangelo abatsha, waya kukhonza kwi Guards, ngubani ingqalelo omnye kakhulu.

Yaba ngeli xesha, UNikolai Karamzin, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane inikwa kweli phepha okokuqala bazi ngokucacileyo ngemfuneko indlela yabo, yahlukile eziqhelekileyo: umsebenzi ngempumelelo, ubume ekuhlaleni, isikhundla kunye nodumo. Konke oku akuzange umdla umbhali elizayo. Emva kokuba emkhosini esingaphantsi konyaka, yena kwirenki esezantsi uLieutenant ngo-1784 wayeka waza wabuyela lokuzalwa Simbirsk wakhe.

Ubomi a Simbirsk yephondo

Ngaphandle Karamzin wayehlala ngokunxaxha, saa umphefumlo womntu, kundibanekela nesimilo lwenqila kwaye nesimilo akhaliphileyo kunye amanenekazi. UNikolai Mikhailovich ilokhwe kusefashonini, ukubukela inkangeleko yabo, ukudlala amakhadi. Xa iibhola zephondo yena Cavalier krele kunye nobuhlakani. konke oku Kodwa - kuphela wabonakala zangaphandle bobuntu bakhe.

Ngeli xesha, Karamzin, cinga kwindawo yawo ebomini bakhe engobomi inee- amathuba ncam ezingalindelekanga kweziganeko, ngokuzimisela, efunda okuninzi, wadibana abantu umdla. Yena sele wafumana imfundo elungileyo, kodwa uqhubeka ukuba nokuguquguquka ngokuthi ekufumaneni ulwazi olutsha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Uninzi Karamzin unomdla kwimbali, uncwadi kunye bulumko.

umhlobo Family Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason kunye nombhali, kwaqhutywa ubuhlobo kakhulu UNikolai Ivanovich Novikov (ngubani naye Mason, intatheli abanetalente, incwadi ngumvakalisi uHorace), koko wadlala indima kubomi zombhali. Xa icebiso lakhe, UNikolai Mikhailovich wafudukela eMoscow ndidibana isangqa ka Novikov. Yaqala ixesha entsha ebomini bakhe, yelo xesha ukususela 1785 ukuya kwiminyaka ka1789. Masithi amagama ambalwa ngayo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Nolwazi abaqingqi

Unyaka-emine umfowunelwa kunye isangqa of nakubakhi beendonga ngokwenene wayitshintsha indlela Karamzin, ubomi acinga ngayo. Qaphela ukuba imbali Freemasonry eRashiya akukaqondwa kakuhle. Kuye kudala ingqalelo inzululwazi eyona mva. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indawo imbono kule intshukumo thile ezahlukeneyo.

namagumbi Masonic zizangqa ezikhethekileyo yokuziphatha kunye nezenkolo, ngokusekelwe okokuqala eNgilani ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, yaye kamva kwamanye amazwe, kuquka ilizwe lethu. Isiseko koMgaqo, leyo abathi nakubakhi beendonga, yimfuneko yogqibelelo yokomoya yomntu. Baba Inkqubo yakhe yezopolitiko, ubukhulu becala enxulumene zonqulo yokuziphatha. Ngokuba imisebenzi Freemasons kuye luphawulwa sisithethe wokubonelwa, mfihlelo, jousting kunye nezinye izithethe, ukuba engathandekiyo eyimfihlakalo. Yena lowo wayezele engqondweni nangokomoya, ebonakala yimigaqo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha nokundileka. Nakubakhi beendonga lokwahlulwa. Ukuba onjalo kuchazwe kwi-atmosfere jikelele engqongwe ukususela Karamzin. Waqalisa ukunxibelelana nabantu umdla: UNikolai Ivanovich Novikov (jonga ifoto ngezantsi) kunye Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Ifuthe abantu ezizodwa ezifana wanika negalelo enamandla kuphuhliso italente zoncwadi yakhe yokudala self-determination.

Okokuqala Karamzin ajika abe zamabali Russian, yaye kamva waqalisa ukubhala le magazini "Ukufunda waBantwana", umvakalisi kwawo UNikolai Ivanovich Novikov, imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala zemibongo. Yaba ngeli xesha ukuba uyazazi italente yakhe ngumbhali.

Kodwa apha iphela ixesha self-determination, kwaye nalo ixesha Masonic wobomi umbhali abatsha. Izakhelo Masonic okulinda aba kufutshane kuye, ufuna ukwazi ubomi ngokobutyebi, iyantlukwano yawo kunye neyantlukwano. Ukuze ube ngumbhali yobungcali, ufuna ukuba isandla yokuqala emacaleni aso okulungileyo nokubi. Ngoko ke, Karamzin, ogama engobomi kuqwalaselwa kwinkqubo-sikhokelo sale ncwadi, eshiya nakubakhi beendonga, enqanaweni uhambo.

Ukuhamba eYurophu

Ukuze wenze oku, UNikolai Mikhailovich wabeka taluk wakhe waza wagqiba ekubeni achithe yonke imali uhambo eYurophu, ngoko ukuchaza kuyo. Yaba inyathelo ngenkalipho kakhulu kwaye engaqhelekanga ixesha. Ngapha koko, ngokuba Karamzin oko kwakuthetha ukuyeka ubomi inzuzo ye-lifa ilifa nokuxhasa ngokwabo yi Ukuxelenga ngamakhoboka. Ke kaloku UNikolai Mikhailovich kwafuneka ukuziphilisa umbhali zabo zabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo.

Phesheya, wachitha malunga nonyaka onesiqingatha, uye waya eSwitzerland, eJamani, eNgilani kunye France. Karamzin, ogama engobomi ichazwe kweli nqaku, uqhelane nabantu umdla elidumileyo kula mazwe, hayi uziva ngathi yephondo, elimele ilizwe lam ofaneleyo kakhulu. Yena wayebukele, wamphulaphula, zaza zarekhodwa. UNikolai Mikhailovich watsala amakhaya abantu, iziza zembali, iifektri, iiyunivesithi, imibhiyozo esitratweni, iindawo zokutyela, wedding yesikhumba.

Waba aluvavanye kwaye uthelekise abalinganiswa kunye nezithethe nobuzwe ethile, wafunda iimpawu zentetho, wabhala imifanekiso yakhe kwincwadi echaza esitratweni, ubugcina iingxelo udliwano-ndlebe ezahlukeneyo nokuvakalisa zabo. Ekwindla ka-1790 Karamzin wabuyela eRashiya, waza waqala ukuzivakalisa i "Moscow Journal", nto leyo ibeka manqaku, amabali, imibongo. zashicilelwa khona, yaye "Iileta umhambi Russian" edumileyo, wamzisa nodumo olukhulu, "Owu Liza".

Ukupapashwa achaza

Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, UNikolai Mikhailovich zabavakalisa anthologies, wayephakathi apho anthology umqulu ezintathu-"Aoide", ebhalwe vesi, kwakunye yingqokelela "zochuku zam", nto leyo iquka iintlobo amabali kunye nemibongo. To Karamzin eza udumo. Waziwa kwaye abawuthandanga kuphela iingqukuva ezimbini (eMoscow eSt Petersburg), kodwa kuyo yonke iRussia.

I inoveli zembali "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Enye imisebenzi yokuqala Karamzin, abhaliweyo neprowuzi, ishicilelwa 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (uhlobo - inoveli historical). Ku yabhalwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba amkhanuke iinoveli Valtera Skotta waqalisa eRashiya. Kweli bali Karamzin ibonakale zokuthanda yamandulo, ziyahlonelwa ezifana yenziwayo yokufundisa abantwana yokuziphatha, icetyelwe ukususela ekuqaleni 1790s phakathi kwi Utopia "Athene."

Xa lo amaqhawe, ifomu yamandulo lomzabalazo Novgorod kunye eMoscow sele thaca emsebenzini wakhe, UNikolai Karamzin. "Umfazi yeRhuluneli" kuphakamisa imibuzo bulumko ebalulekileyo: malunga ukumkani futhi le ndawo, abantu kunye neenkokheli "yobuthixo 'ikamva imbali kunye yokungathobeli ngamnye kuye. Le sympathies lombhali baba ngokucacileyo ecaleni Novgorodians noMarta, hayi monarchical eMoscow. Eli bali liye esifunyenweyo eziphikisanayo ezizinzululwazi zombhali. Inyaniso ke, Kakade ke, kwicala Novgorod. Noko ke, Novgorod aphumelele, bika na uhlobo likaxakeka ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesixeko, baza kamva bahlangana.

Ibali "Poor Liza"

Kodwa ke impumelelo enkulu ibali "Swisiwana Liza", eyapapashwa ngowe-1792. kuxhaphakile kwiincwadi Western kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ibali ngendlela igosa lakomkhulu yamahlwempu yamlukuhlayo okanye yoohlohlesakhe, kwiincwadi Russian kuqala yaphuhliswa ebalini Karamzin. Biography ngokokuziphatha, amantombazana amahle, yaye ingcamango yokuba ukufa kabuhlungu efana nazo zifumaneka ubunyani ezingqongileyo, negalelo kwimpumelelo enkulu le mveliso. Kwakhona ebalulekileyo kukuba NM Karamzin ( "Poor Liza" waba "ikhadi ishishini" lakhe) wafundisa abafundi bakhe ukuba phawula ubuhle bendalo unina ndiyamthanda. yokuqhelaniswa Humanistic umsebenzi iye yandinceda ukuba uncwadi ixesha.

Tale "UNatalia, Ntombi i Boyar kaThixo"

Kwangokunjalo 1792, yena wazalwa ngomhla ibali "UNatalia, intombi Boyar kaThixo." Asinto kwakunye eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Swisiwana Liza", kodwa ibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo kakhulu yokuziphatha awayemkhathaza bexesha lakhe NM Karamzin. Enye msebenzi ubalulekileyo ingxaki uzuko.

Alex othandekayo Natalia, yaba indoda enyanisekileyo ababekhonza tsar Russian. Ngoko ke wavuma "ulwaphulo-mthetho 'ukuba laxhwilwa intombi ka-Matthew Andreyev ozithandayo Boyar geqe. Ke ukumkani usikelela umtshato wabo, ekubeni Alex - indoda enesidima. Oku kwenza Wathi uyise wentombazana. Ekuqukumbeleni ibali lakhe, umbhali ubhala ukuba sibini wahlala ngokonwaba yaye sangcwatywa kunye. Bona azakubalulwa uthando olunyanisekileyo kunye nokuzinikela * kuKhesare.

Apha ebalini, leyo wadalwa yi Karamzin ( "Ntombi Boyar kaThixo"), umba kozuko alohlukaniswa inkonzo kakumkani. Unoyolo lowo umthandayo * uKhesare. Ngoko ke, ubomi kule ntsapho luphuhlisa kakuhle kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba amandla nomvuzo.

ukuqaphela hola

ulutsha wePhondo nguye imisebenzi Karamzin. Ezendeleyo imisebenzi bakhe, kwincoko, isimbo lula zendalo, ezintle yaye kwangaxeshanye ngendlela yentando yesininzi sobuciko baba olululo ngokubhekiselele kwimbono imisebenzi yoluntu. Kuqala ingcamango yeqela imincili, ukufunda umdla, kwaye nalo ke nonqulo umbhali boncwadi.

UNikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, engobomi kunye nobuchule etsala abantu abaninzi, liyana ithandwa enkulu. E Moscow itsala abantu abatsha ngehlombe kulo lonke elo lizwe nje ukubona umbhali ozithandayo. Lysine ichibi, waduma ngenxa iziganeko ebalini "Swisiwana Liza" ntoni apha, ibekwe kwilali ipoma ka Kolomenskoye, yena iqala ukudlala indima indawo yokomfuziselo, eze apha, ukuba isibhengezo uthando okanye isijwili yedwa.

Sebenza kwi "History of the State Russian"

Emva kwexeshana Karamzin kakhulu kwaye ngesiquphe utshintsha ubomi bakhe. Ukushiya fiction, yena ithathwa njenge umsebenzi zembali omkhulu - ". The History of karhulumente Russian" Injongo yalo msebenzi, kuyabonakala ukuba, kudala kuvuthwa engqondweni yakhe.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba kwaqalisa kolawulo Alexander I, umzukulwana oluthandayo uCatherine II. Ixesha lokuqala, waba ngumlawuli-melo kunye bakhanyiselwa. Le ngxelo wada wangena igama njenge "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin umhlobo nomfundisi owayesakuba * uKhesare oselula, MN Iimbovane nokumela kwi UNikolai Mikhailovich wamiselwa mbali enkundleni. Oku kwenziwa kubaluleke gqitha Karamzin, ndibatyhilele kuye ithuba omkhulu. Ke kaloku wafumana umhlala-phantsi (njengoko siyazi, nezinye iindlela zokuphila yombhali wayengekho). Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba ufikelelo zembali oovimba, kwaba ko kubalulekileyo kakhulu. UNikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, ogama engobomi sisisiwa ingqalelo yakho, waziphosa umsebenzi; yafunda yesandla iincwadi imbali, abahlalutya le tomes yamandulo, ngokubhaliswa, xa kuthelekiswa.

Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwa mbali Karamzin. Emva kokuba ukudalwa nemiqulu ezilishumi 'History of the State Russian' yakhe wachitha iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithathu yomsebenzi onzima, ukususela 1803 ukuya 1826. Le ntetho zeziganeko zembali eyahlukileyo, kangangoko oku kunokwenzeka, ukungakhethi nokuthembeka, kwakunye enhle zobugcisa. Le ngxelo waziswa kwi "iingxaki" kwimbali karhulumente Russian. Ukufa UNikolai Mikhailovich Awuvumelekanga ukuphumeza isicwangciso omkhulu ukuya ekupheleni.

umsebenzi Karamzin, imibhalo yakhe waya imiqulu elinambini, landela omnye komnye, wabangela iimpendulo abafundi abaninzi '. Mhlawumbi okokuqala kwimbali incwadi olushicilelweyo kwavusa kwakhula osezingqondweni yesizwe yabemi Russian. Karamzin wafumanisa abantu ibali bakhe waza wamchazela elidlulileyo yakhe.

Umxholo babasebenzi waqonda kunokuba ambiguously. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaselula inkululeko-bothando babetyekele ingxabano inkxaso ukumkani, eyabonisa kumaphepha of "I History of the State Russian" Karamzin mbali. A Pushkin ulutsha lude wabhala epigrams ngqindilili mbali ihloniphekile kuloo minyaka. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo msebenzi uye kwaba "imfuneko lobuzwilakhe kunye -ngomtsalane isabhokhwe."

Karamzin, le ncwadi akayi kukushiya akanankathalo, ephendula ukugxekwa ebesoloko esezantsi-isitshixo, uzolile waqonda njengoko ukuhlekwa nokudumisa.

Uluvo kwi "Imbali kaRhulumente Russian" A. Pushkin

Wafudukela eSt Petersburg, yena, ukususela 1816, eyayibanjelwe zonke ihlobo e Tsarskoye Selo kunye nentsapho yakhe. Karamzins - wemikhosi banobubele abenza eziphilayo neembongi zabo ezifana indumasi Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky kunye Batyushkov kunye nolutsha esifundileyo. rhoqo kwakukho umfana AS Pushkin ngenkuthalo ukumamela nokucengceleza imibongo abadala, ukunyamekela umfazi wakhe, NM Karamzin, akusekho abatsha, kodwa umfazi ebukekayo kwaye ekrelekrele, lowo sabheka nokuba ukuthumela isibhengezo yothando. iqhinga alumkileyo, aziwayo Karamzin wamxolela lo mfana waba epigrams bakhe ngqindilili "History".

kweminyaka elishumi kamva, Pushkin, sele umntu oqolileyo, jonga eyahlukileyo kwi umsebenzi omkhulu UNikolai Mikhailovich. Ngowe-1826, lo gama elubhacweni e St Michael kaThixo, wabhala "Iinowuthsi kwimfundo kawonke" ukuba imbali Russian kufuneka ndiqeqeshwe ngohlobo Karamzin, ubize loo msebenzi msebenzi le mbali enkulu kuphela, kodwa kananjalo feat Umntu onyanisekileyo.

Ngomhla inxalenye Alexander, belingelilo Ebonisa ukunyaniseka abasemagunyeni ngethemba uxolo kunye kokubuya ekuthinjweni. Nakanye, kuba emva konyaka, emva kokubuyela Pushkin kwakhona kubuyela kwi "Imbali", kwakhona ukwazisa phezulu kwayo.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

kuba Karamzin Uphawu akaphelelanga ngaphandle inkcazo kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe. baye happy kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Yena unomhlobo tsar, Alexander I. Abahlobo ngokufuthi bahamba bobabini Park, ixesha elide ukuthetha, ngoxolo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umlawuli, esazi ukuba nesisa beneentloni UNikolai Mikhailovich, wamxelela okuninzi amagosa ebhotwe. Karamzin wayedla wawungasiboni iingxoxo kunye iingcamango Alexander I. Noko ke, akazange acaphuke kuyo, waza waphulaphula ngenyameko size sibhale namanqaku. "A kwinqaku laseRashiya wamandulo kunye ezintsha", apho umbhali thaca umlawuli, iqulathe uluhlu lweendawo apho mbali bungayelelani-nkqubo urhulumente ixesha.

UNikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, iincwadi zakhe zithandwa kakhulu ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, akazange nizondelele ukuba naziphi na mabhaso, okanye izizathu. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka bathi waba nombhinqo, yena, ke, wayesoloko ukuphathwa isigqebelo kunye ehlekisayo.