Hermeneutics - ubugcisa bulumko okanye ukuqonda?

Ngokwemveli, hermeneutics ubizwa ngokuba ithiyori kwaye kusetyenziswe izicatshulwa zokutolika, awathi kwi zembali kunye nenzululwazi philological ukususela kwinkulungwane XVIII (G. Meyer, H. Ngcuka, njalo njalo). Emva koko waqala ukuthatha umlinganiswa jikelele ngakumbi. Friedrich Schleiermacher kuphuhliswa ngayo ithiyori jikelele ukuchazwa, kunye UWilhelm Dilthey - njengesiseko lolwazi kwicala lezingluntu. Noko ke, ukuba Schleiermacher baphikelela iindlela zegrama kweelwimi kunye yemveli ukuchazwa, ukuba indlela hermeneutical Dilthey kaThixo - kukuthi, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ubugcisa yengqondo.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukususela indlela ukuchazwa isicatshulwa hermeneutics iye-bulumko, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba i phenomenology ka Husserl kunye noMartin Heidegger isebenza. Ukuba Husserl ngokoqobo eziziiprayimari kwingqiqo akujongwa i "umoya" okanye "nto" yaye "ubomi ihlabathi 'ukuba Heidegger, ukusebenzisa iimfundiso Husserl, yaba ibango ukuba ihlabathi kubalulekile kangaka kwimbali nenkcubeko, ubukhulu becala, ulwimi. Ngemisebenzi yakhe kamva, Heidegger ubhala ukuba iimilo ulwimi ikamva kukuba akazange athethe ulwimi thina, kodwa kunoko, uthi, ngoncedo lwethu. Ukuqhubeka ngokwesithethe Dilthey, Heidegger wagqiba ukuba hermeneutics bulumko ezinjalo. Le hermeneutics kolwimi, ngokuba ibhuqiwe ngoncedo apho ukuqonda kunokwenzeka ezinjalo, oko, yena, kukhokelela "uloyiso ukuba umntu oyinyaniso, ophilayo nokucinga."

Konke oku kumiselwa ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi into efana hermeneutics. Philosophy, apho uguqulwa, wabuza umbuzo njani inkqubo ekuqondeni ihlabathi, indawo kule nkqubo bobabo "kokufunyanwa inyaniso yokuba." Kuye kwenziwa yakhiwe isithethi yayo ehamba Hans-Georg Gadamer. Ukutolika imbali umntu, hermeneutics yaba ibango ukuba bulumko echaza intsingiselo yobomi, ubugcisa kunye nembali, ngokwamkela amava kunye ngamnye kunye noluntu, namasiko, ndawaphula nayo. Xa uPawulos Ricoeur ngengqiqo hermeneutic ingcaciso kunye nokuqonda lwezobugcisa kutoliko bulumko yehlabathi elisingqongileyo, ngokuba Habermas - indlela inguqu yoluntu, kuba Gadamer --bulumko kakhulu yendalo modernity.

Umsebenzi edume Gadamer - "Inyaniso Indlela" - esihlokweni wayo udakada ngathi oondoqo oko hermeneutics. Intanda-ukuqonda echazwe kulo msebenzi, ibonisa umahluko omkhulu ukuchazwa phakathi zenzululwazi zendalo kunye zemathematika kwelinye icala, kunye nezentlalo kunye namandla oluntu - kwelinye icala. concepts yeengcingane zenzululwazi zendalo kunye zemathematika zisekelwe indlela esesikweni, ngokusekelwe yoqheliso ebanjwayo, hypothesis nokuqinisekiswa yokufunda yeepatheni kokuphindaphinda. inzululwazi yobuntu efanayo ngqo efuna inyaniso, yaye hayi swi indlela. Yaye inyaniso ayikho - akukho ithiyori, ngokwenene loo nto yobomi - enye apho abantu wokwenene.

Ukusebenzisa isigama Heidegger, Gadamer unika impendulo umbuzo wokuba yintoni eyoluntu yintoni na Okukodwa zabo. Indima enkulu kulo edlalwa ingqikelelo yesithethe. Oku kuye enye iintlobo igunya, kuba umntu akakwazi nantoni na ngaphandle koncedo neyezingaphambili. Kodwa nesiko awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle kolwimi. Oku badlula kuyo. Ukongeza, esebenzisa ulwimi yamava lwabantu kukuqulunqa, express ayinike isimo. Kwingqiqo yolwazi kwakhona ngenxa yobukho lolwimi. Xa intshumayelo hermeneutics Gadamer kaThixo --bulumko yengqondo - libonisa ukuba impahla ezingundoqo lwimi. Kodwa ubumbaxa yonke imikhondo yakhe yokuba iitekisi kufuneka zitolikwe hermeneutically, ukuze siqonde zonke ezingqondweni zabo.

Ifilosofi Gadamer, kukho omnye, nokuba udidi ebaluleke ngaphezu ulwimi - lo mdlalo. Impendulo entliziyweni iindlela enzulu umntu kwaye yenza kube lula ukwenza ulwazi. Ukongeza, ulwimi kunye nokuqonda hlobo oko kusekelwe kule game. Ngapha koko, oko kukuthi, ngokutsho Gadamer, nto lithathwe ngamnye, kwaye aliqulathanga umdla - ukuba uzimele kunye self-ezaneleyo, njenge "nto ngokwayo". Umdlalo liqumrhu real - iyazigatya xa abadlali ekufumaneni ebomini babo. Akumangalisi umdlalo ubizwa ngokuba 'imincili "- ngokwenene wasithatha nxaxheba.

Ngoko ke umdlalo na Eyokuqiqa ubuhle imisebenzi yobugcisa, ukufunda incwadi, ukuqonda imbali. "Amava zobuhle, umsindo, uphando zembali - igxininisa Gadamer - akathembisi abalwaziyo ezizodwa, umdla ebambekayo iziyolo."

Sinokuthi hermeneutics, intanda kunye nethiyori kolwazi kwicala lezingluntu, uthi ukuqonda, besondela umdlalo, likuvumela ukuba ufumane kufutshane inyaniso. amava Hermeneutics, ngathi amava zobugcisa kunye nenkolo, ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezininzi intuition ngokwasengqondweni, intuition. ukuqonda Hermeneutic zobugcisa, ikhokelwa ngu intuition, ivumela ukuba ukuqonda intsingiselo yetekisi ngokwayo. Ngaphezu koko, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela ukuba umbhali ufuna ukuyithetha, kodwa ke kwiimeko apho okubhaliweyo wadalwa, kwaye athwala. Oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba iindidi ezifana nengqiqo, kumava, kuvulwa logic lwangaphakathi yokusebenzisa ezinye uhlobo le mfundiso, "incoko yababini" kunye kwisicatshulwa. Olo lwazi 'ngaphakathi' ikuvumela ukuba siqonde isenzeko oluntu kunye nenkcubeko, kunye iingxaki yobukho bomntu.