Uphefumla kwizityalo kwenzeka xa iiseli zomzimba. Xa iiseli naliphi na iziko umoya lwenzeka kwizityalo?

Inkqubo yokuphefumla ebandakanyekayo, leyo nikeza ioksijini umzimba. Kwizityalo, yona iyafana kusini na isilwanyana. Le nkqubo ihlala iwotshi. Uphefumla kwizityalo kwenzeka xa iiseli amalungu ibekwe kulo phezu amagqabi, iziqu kunye neengcambu. It ukusebenzisana zonke iiseli zomzimba. Ukuba flora kwenzeke iiseli ukuvaleka, ithombo carbon dioxide uphelile. Kulo mzekelo isityalo afe.

ulwazi zembali

Inyaniso yokuba izityalo zivelisa ioksijini ngexesha yokuphefumla, babebhalwa imisebenzi zenzululwazi, AL Lavoisier. Ngowe-1773-1783 waqhubela imifuniselo. Isiphumo umsebenzi wakhe ukufunyanwa ukuba ukutsha kunye nokuphefumla ukufunxa izixa ezikhulu oksijini. Oku ukhupha icarbon dioxide kunye nobushushu.

Ngokusekelwe umsebenzi wakhe oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba umoya litshiswayo izondlo vivo. Kamva, lo msebenzi waqhubeka Ya Jan Ingenhousz. Kungqineke ukuba ebumnyameni, kwaye ilanga wendele yi carbon dioxide neoksijini zazivelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba izityalo ngexesha nokuphefumla ezinokuzisebenza njengoko CO ₂ no O _2, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ukukhanya kule nkqubo okanye hayi inxaxheba.

izifundo ezifanayo olwenziwe HF Sheynbayn and AN Lang. Ngowe-1897 kwafunyaniswa ukuba ingcamango yokuba igcwala eziphilayo. Kulo nyaka imisebenzi efanayo thaca K. Engler. Ngowe-1955, O. Hayaishi ne GS Mason usebenzisa imifuniselo baqinisekisa ukuba oxygen yeyona nto ebalulekileyo oganikhi khompawundi.

Ingakumbi ukuphefumla kwizityalo

Umoya kuthiwa inkqubo iphela. Kucingwa yinxalenye yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kukho bekukholeleka ukuba umoya izityalo ithatha indawo kwiiseli Amalungu nezihlunu, apho kwenzeka Exchange igesi. Loo nkqubo enxulumene nale ubomi nempefumlo yokuphelisa - kunye nokufa zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Kubonakaliswa ubomi kuhlangene ukuba inkcitho amandla. Ngelo xesha kukho uphuhliso, ukuzala, ukukhula, icandelo cell. Hambisa yaye wendele izondlo, amanzi, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo yokuqaphela. Nokuphefumla izityalo inkqubo multi-enamanqanaba complex. iinkqubo oxidative udibaniso ukutshintsha ubume yemichiza ye-oganikhi khompawundi.

internal yeselula

ukuphefumla olunjalo yinkqubo oxidizing. It ababandakanyekayo sokonakalisa oksijini kunye nezakhi kubalulekile. Ukukhutshwa amandla kwenzeka kunye ukuyilwa metabolites esebenzayo. Iiseli zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iinkqubo eziyimfuneko ebomini. Kulo mzekelo nokuphefumla izityalo kwenzeka xa iiseli ngokwamalungu kwaye ibalwa ngokusebenzisa i equation iyonke:

C6H12O6 + 602> 6S02 + 6N20 + 2875 kJ / nolovane.

Le amandla ngenxa uyakhululwa ayikho ngokupheleleyo. Inxalenye amandla amaninzi triphosphate adenosine. Emva ezwi kwi inwebu akhiwa ngayo umahluko izityholo zombane. Loo into landulelwa umahluko lamanani ion ze-hydrogen ezo luyasekwa wamacala amabini ndizayo. Nokuphefumla nesondlo kwezityalo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ithambeka Proton. Yena umbandela amandla eziphambili eziyimfuneko kwinkqubo ezingcakacileyo ibakho kwiseli. iinkqubo ezinjalo ezisetyenziswa imali yokuqaphela, iintshukumo amanzi kunye nezondlo. Ubume eekhemikhali umahluko olunokubakho phakathi kwe okusingqongileyo kunye icytoplasm. Amandla olungayi inokuqokelelana ithambeka Proton yi dissipated njengokukhanya.

iinkqubo zokuphosa of respiration

Igcwala le substrates wenziwa enzymes. Zibizwa ngokuba ehlanganisa protein. Enzyme aneempawu ezithile:

• lability eliphezulu kakhulu;
• umsebenzi omkhulukazi;
• Okukodwa ophezulu substrates.

Nokuphefumla nesondlo isityalo kuxhomekeke orientation lwendawo leyo kuyahlukana phantsi kwempembelelo kwiimeko zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Oku kwenzeka ummiselo ukutya. Ezinye iindlela ezinxulumene ingqiqo electron of igcwala. Iintlobo reactions igcwala:

• bahlehla electron;
• eqale oxygen;
• hydrogen yokuyeka;
• ukubonakala hydrated nezixandileyo;
• protons ukurhoxiswa electron ezimbini.

arhente igcwala linxulunyaniswa ukubuyiselwa acceptor. enzyme ezinjalo zithathwa oxidoreductases. Ngoko ke kukho imfuneko yoqhawulo le protons kunye electron. Zabo kuthatha acceptor. I-enzyme Iifomu ngumbala transfer. nkqubo ziquka internal aerobic kunye anaerobic.

internal aerobic

inkqubo yokuphefumla enjalo kuthetha inkqubo oxidative. Xa uphefumla plant ibizela carbon dioxide, ngaloo ndlela buvelisa ioksijini. Le zeendawana abole ukuya ezingaphiliyo izinto amandla. Eyona substrates esingundoqo izityalo nokuphefumla are namandla. Ukongezelela kubo, ugqibele zokubonelelwa iiprothini namafutha.

ukuphefumla enjalo kubandakanya amanyathelo ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Ioksijini-free inkqubo. Kukho kwenzeka ukubola ngokuthe ngcembe kunzima substrates, ukukhululwa-athom hydrogen kunye nenkqubo nimanyane coenzymes.
2. inkqubo Oxygen. Apha kukho cleavage elandelayo athom hydrogen. Baya kumka ukusuka zeendawana yokuphefumla aze oxidized. Ngenxa yoko ukutshintshwa electron mpilo.

internal anaerobic

Ezinjalo izityalo uphefumla kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa amagciwane aphilayo kwi plant cells. Ukuze oxidize izinto ke musa ukusebenzisa ioksijini eziphilayo. Kufuneka ityiwa nitric, గుర్తులు ibhaloni kunye sulphuric, leyo xa eziguqulelwe kwiinkqubo ende compound wachacha. I-eneji efunekayo ifunyanwa ngokuthi cleavage of iimolekyuli ixandile kakhulu elula. Le acceptor electron lokugqibela ingqalelo carbonates, sulfates kunye nitrate. ityuwa-nitric oxide, sulphuric acid kunye asidi zitshintshele wokunciphisa izakhi.

Le iingcambu

Yinxalenye kweengcambu yezityalo ukuphefumla. Kuba ukukhula esebenzayo enezityalo kwakufuneka impepho angene kwinkqubo ingcambu. internal olunjalo lwenziwa ngokugqitha oksijini ujikeleza phakathi pores ezinkulu.

Xa noncapillary porosity ngexesha iishawa elide okanye agqithisile ukufuma komhlaba imbiza leyo supersaturated ngamanzi. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo iingcambu luhlangabezana zizalwa. Ezinye zenyathi isityalo ukuphefumla ngokusebenzisa zomongomoya onyibilikisiweyo ku fuma. Xa oku ukuhamba kwamanzi kufuneka zisiwe okanye ugeleza. Xa ngxi lweengcambu ukufuma enezityalo hayi bafumana ioksijini kuyimfuneko.

Xa nemiqathango efanelekileyo ngexesha uphefumla isityalo ibizela carbon dioxide. Kodwa imo elingakhuliyo, akakwazi kukhokelela lonaniselwano igesi ngokupheleleyo. Ukukhula ehla kakhulu. Ngokunxulumene kwinqanaba ioksijini nitrogen yehliswa ngama-21%. Aqunte ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo izimbiwa zomhlaba. Isityalo inyathela umoya uza ngeendleko amagqabi, isiqu kunye amaxolo esityalo.

Intsingiselo zemigudu

Uphefumla kwizityalo kwenzeka kwizisele kunye namalungu yinkqubo enkulu metabolic. Amandla akhutshwayo xa uphefumla ichithwa ukukhula umsebenzi izihluma.

isityalo nokuphefumla kuthelekiswa photosynthesis. Le nkqubo iya kwizigaba eziliqela. Kwi zigaba eziphakathi akhiwa oganikhi khompawundi. Bona zisetyenziswa ngayo metabolic. Ezi ziquka pentoses acids eziphilayo leyo imiswe phakathi ukubola kunokuphefumla. Ngoko ke, ukuphefumla uthathwa ukuba ube ngumthombo metabolites.

isixokelelwano sokuphefumla kugqalwa umthengisi ezilingana amandla NADPH kunye ATP. xa uphefumla Izityalo zivelisa ioksijini. Kule nkqubo, abameli izilwanyana, amanzi kwakheka. Xa emzimbeni utyala likhusela ukusuka kwintshabalalo.

Ngamanye amaxesha amandla ukuphefumla inokubuyiselwa njengoko ubushushu. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo zokuphefumla kuya kubangela inkcitho engeyomfuneko zenkqunto owomileyo. Ukwandisa inkqubo nokuphefumla kwisityalo ngokwayo alukho kuzo zonke iimeko, uluncedo.