Uphuhliso lwentlalo kunye inkqubela yezentlalo yoluntu. Iinqobo wophuhliso loluntu

uphuhliso lwentlalo inkqubela kwezentlalo - umxholo ongundoqo kuphononongo yenzululwazi lwentlalo. utshintsho olukhulu ndazana phantse lonke ihlabathi lanamhlanje. Enyanisweni, amandla notshintsho kwezentlalo liyenyuka: kukho isizukulwana enye kwaye ivuthu- ezinye iintlobo yombutho yobomi, owazalwa enye. Oku kusebenza kuphela ukuba iinkampani ngamnye, kodwa inkqubo yehlabathi ngokubanzi.

Ukuchaza Dynamics eluntwini isosioloji iingqiqo iphambili ilandelayo: utshintsho lwentlalo, uphuhliso lwentlalo kunye inkqubela kwezentlalo. Ungaze uluntu awupheli ezisisigxina. Kuye lonke ixesha kwenzeka into kutshintsha. Abantu eliyiqondayo iimfuno zabo, ukuphuhlisa iintlobo ezintsha zonxibelelwano kunye nemisebenzi, ukufumana be ezintsha, ukutshintsha okusingqongileyo, sakuncanyathiselwa iindima ezintsha kuluntu kwaye utshintshe ngokwayo ngesiphumo tshintsho izizukulwana, yaye ubomi bakhe.

Ukungahambisani kunye angalinganiyo notshintsho kwezentlalo

Ukungahambisani kunye angalinganiyo iinguqu ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Ingcamango inkqubela kwezentlalo azingqinelani. Ifumaneka isikakhulu kukuba uphuhliso nesenzeko ezininzi zentlalo kunye neenkqubo ukuba uhamba njani phambili kwicala elinye aze abuye emva kokurhoxa kwabanye. utshintsho ezininzi kakhulu kuluntu babe umlinganiswa kuphikisana enjalo. Babaqhathanisele amanye, abanye kakhulu kuchaphazela ubomi kuluntu. Umzekelo, itshintshe kakhulu emva kokusungulwa ikhuba, i-injini, ukubhala, ikhompyutha. Kwelinye icala, phezu kwizizukulwana abahlala kumazwe ahambele phambili kwenzeka utshintsho enkulu eluntwini. It iyatshintsha ngaphaya ingqalelo. Kwelinye icala, ehlabathini unokuqhubeka uluntu apho utshintsho (Australian okanye Afrika inkqubo abangekaphuhli) yenziwa kancinci kakhulu.

Yintoni ebangela le ntswela notshintsho kwezentlalo?

Ukungafani iminqweno yoluntu amaqela ahlukeneyo, kwakunye yokuba abameli babo babe imbono eyahlukileyo tshintsho luza kwenzeka, ngenxa yobume eziphikisanayo notshintsho kwezentlalo. Umzekelo, imfuno ekukhuseleni impilo engcono yenza umdla womqeshwa ukuthengisa amandla abo emsebenzini njengoko oluziindleko njengoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuqonda le mfuno enye, usomashishini osakhasayo lizibophelele ukuthenga abasebenzi enganeno. Ngoko ke, amaqela ezithile zentlalo banokungasiboni utshintsho entle entlanganweni komsebenzi, kwaye kwezinye ayisayi kubangela ulwaneliseko.

yophuhliso lwentlalo

Phakathi utshintsho ezininzi ziyakwazi ukuchongeka ulwalathiso qualitative vuhlayiseki. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba namhlanje zophuhliso lwentlalo. Kanjani le nto ngakumbi kanye. zophuhliso lwentlalo utshintsho eluntwini, ekhokelela ekuveleni zengqondo ezintsha, iinqobo kunye nezithethe, amaziko asekuhlaleni. Elidityaniswe kunye nokwanda okukodwa, yokwanda nokuntsonkotha imisebenzi kunye nezakhiwo zenkqubo loluntu. Ngenxa yezi nkqubo, inkqubo uba kakuhle ngakumbi. Ukuba nokwenzeka ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabantu banda. Development of zobuqu iimpawu abantu yinto ebalulekileyo, yaye sisiphumo sophuhliso lwentlalo.

Ukuchaza le ngcamango, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba siveza utshintsho yendalo, uyalele lakho kwiinkqubo zentlalo kunye nezimo. Ngenxa yoko, aye abathile ezintsha qualitative, ngamanye isakhiwo okanye yokuqamba itshintshiwe. Social nophuhliso loluntu njengengqiqo sincinane utshintsho ekuhlaleni. Awukwazi ukubiza amaxesha zophuhliso lobunzima, isiphithiphithi, imfazwe, totalitarianism, nto leyo echaphazela kakubi ubomi kuluntu.

I-revolution lwentlalo ngendaleko lwentlalo

Ngokucacileyo kubonakala isosioloji iindlela ezimbini ukuya ingqalelo kuphuhliso lwentlalo. Le revolution lwentlalo ngendaleko lwentlalo. Le yokugqibela ibhekisela ngokuqhelekileyo ngcembe, anencasa ngcembe nophuhliso eluntwini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, le capitalism - utshintsho olukhulu ukuya entsha kwaye ukutshintsha zonke iinkalo uvale qualitative.

Inkqubela kunye umva

Hayi kusoloko kukho utshintsho umbhodamo kwenzeka eluntwini. Bona lubonakala indlela ethile, nto leyo luchazwa yi amagama afana nokubuy'umva okanye progression. Ingcamango inkqubela yezentlalo lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela indlela enjalo nophuhliso loluntu apho kukho ukuqhubela wayo kwezo fom kwanala elula kubomi nanini ephezulu nezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi, ngakumbi ogqibeleleyo. Ngokukodwa, ezi utshintsho kukhokelela ekwandeni ubulungisa kwezentlalo kunye nenkululeko, ukulingana enkulu, iimeko ezingcono zokuphila.

Oku akusoloko ezigudileyo yaye kwaba imbali. Sibe kinks (ngokugosogoso) amathuba. Iingxaki, iimfazwe zehlabathi, ungquzulwano zasekuhlaleni, ukumiselwa kolawulo ngokungenalusini karhulumente bephelekwa utshintsho ezimbi ezichaphazela uluntu. izenzakalo Social alinganiswa ekuqaleni HIV, koko, kunokukhokelela emibi. Umzekelo, ezidolophini kwemizi-mveliso aye ingqalelo ixesha elide lihambisana inkqubela. Noko ke, kutshanje kukho intetho malunga neziphumo elibi intshabalalo kunye ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwemikrozo yeemoto kwi oohola bendlela, kwizixeko ezixineneyo. Inkqubela uthi ukuba udibaniso iziphumo ezintle ngale okanye utshintsho lwentlalo mkhulu ngaphezu sum of the negative. Ukuba kukho lobudlelwano, ukuba ngumbuzo kwe parameter nganye lwentlalo.

Malunga zokuqala nezokugqibela imele intshukumo ukusuka ku- elula, ukususela liphezulu ukuya ezantsi, ukusuka wonke ukuya kwiindawo njalo njalo. Lilonke ke, umgca imbali uphuhliso luphucukile, ingculaza. uphuhliso lwentlalo inkqubela yezentlalo iinkqubo zehlabathi. Inkqubela ephawula intshukumo oluntu phambili kulo lonke uphuhliso zembali. Kanti ukuhlehla kuphela zasekuhlaleni. Bona ibhalwe kwixesha ngamnye kunye noluntu.

Reform and Revolution

Ukwahlula ezi ntlobo inkqubela yezentlalo njengoko ngamanqanaba ngamanqanaba kwaye ibe ngokukhawuleza. wabiza loHlaziyo kancinane nokuziphatha - yotshintsho olululo. Ngako oko, iintlobo ezimbini inkqubela yezentlalo - eli uguquko revolution. Eyokuqala imele ukuphucuka nanonelela kwinkalo yobomi. Le inguqu ngcembe, ezo zingakuchaphazeli iziseko umyalelo lwentlalo okhoyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-revolution - inguqu epheleleyo sisininzi imikhosi zonke iinkalo zobomi lwentlalo, nto leyo echaphazela iziseko nkqubo yangoku. It has a umlinganiswa spasmodic. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini inkqubela yezentlalo - uguquko revolution.

Iinqobo wophuhliso loluntu

On zabo izigwebo ixabiso ezifana "inkqubela - mva", "ngcono - mbi" ezikhathazayo. uphuhliso lwentlalo inkqubela loluntu kuba kule ngqiqo yovavanyo ocacile. Noko ke, ukuba izigwebo ezinjalo ibonisa ukusebenzisana kwezentlalo kunye nonxibelelwano, nangengqwalasela enkulu ekuphuhliseni eluntwini, abaqinisekanga luluvo kuphela kule ndlela, kodwa injongo. uphuhliso lwentlalo inkqubela loluntu ukuba loviwo zavavanywa. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho iindidi zokugweba.

izazinzulu eyahlukeneyo criteria inkqubela yezentlalo azifani. Ibonakaliswa phaya kwifomu nolahlo ngokubanzi zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- inqanaba lolwazi, uphuhliso ingqondo yomntu;

- Ukuphuculwa zokuziphatha;

- uphuhliso bemikhosi onemveliso, kubandakanywa le ndoda ngokwayo;

- uhlobo kunye nomgangatho yokusebenzisa kunye nemveliso;

- uphuhliso lobugcisa kunye nenzululwazi;

- iqondo ngokunxulumanisa umahluko eluntwini;

- inkululeko kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye namalungelo abantu;

- izinga inkululeko evela kuluntu kunye namandla endalo;

- sobude ubomi.

Ukuba uphakamile la manani, kungona inkqubela yezentlalo kunye nophuhliso yoluntu.

Man - injongo kunye njengenqobo engundoqo inkqubela yezentlalo

Isalathisi ezingundoqo progressivity okanye regressivity notshintsho kwezentlalo igama elibonakalayo, izinto yomntu, isimilo, uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo-phambili yobuntu. Oko kukuthi, kwinkqubo mihla ulwazi loluntu kunye nokuzondelela amalungelo kwenzeka ingqiqo humanistic ukuthi ichaza inkqubela yezentlalo kunye nophuhliso yoluntu. Umntu usukelo lwakhe, kunye njengenqobo engundoqo.

HDI

iingcali UN ngo-1990 waphuhliswa yi-HDI (Human Index Development). Oku kunokukunceda ukuba uthathe ingqalelo omabini amacandelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho umgangatho wobomi. Isalathisi ezifunekayo ibalwa nyaka ngamnye ngenxa uthelekiso cross-lizwe kunye yokulinganisa umgangatho wemfundo, ukufunda nokubhala, ubomi nokuhlala balo mmandla uphononongwayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho zokuphila kumazwe kunye nemimandla sesona sixhobo eqhelekileyo. HDI kuchazwa imin lokubala eliguqukayo amathathu parameters zilandelayo:

- izinga lokufunda nokubhala (i-avareji yenani iminyaka kwimfundo), kwakunye ixesha elindeleke noqeqesho;

- sokuphila;

- umgangatho wokuphila.

Country ngokuxhomekeke ixabiso index zihlelwa ngokungqinelana kwinqanaba lophuhliso ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: amazwe 42 - inqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu kuphuhliso, 43 - phezulu, 42 - avareji, 42 - phantsi. I eziphezulu ezintlanu ithi apho kukho HDI liphezulu, kubandakanya (ukuze elinyukayo) eJamani, eNetherlands, i-USA, Australia ne eNorway.

Social Inkqubela and Development Declaration

Olu xwebhu wavunywa ngo-1969 yi-sigqibo UN. Iinjongo eziphambili kuphuhliso kunye nenkqubela nkqubo lwentlalo bonke oorhulumente kunye uthi banyanzelekile ukuba ukuphumeza, kukuqinisekisa nomvuzo ofanelekileyo umsebenzi ngaphandle komkhethe, eyasekwa ngurhulumente ngelona zinga lincinci intlawulo yayo, nto leyo iza kuba phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa umgangatho owamkelekileyo wokuphila, nokuphelisa ubuhlwempu nendlala . Isindululo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ilizwe ukuphucula ubomi babantu, kwakunye nokwabiwa ngokufanayo olulinganayo yengeniso. zophuhliso lwentlalo of Russia nalo lwenziwe ngokungqinelana nale sibhengezo.

inkqubela yezentlalo kukhokelela kukuba bambalwa, iimfuno nokuba ecikizekileyo lokuqala laya kuba abaqhelekileyo kwi uluntu. Le nkqubo abonakala ngaphandle uphando lwezenzululwazi, kwanele ukuthelekisa le iseti kunye neqondo iimfuno zale mihla yokuba ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo.

Imiqobo ukuba inkqubela yezentlalo

Xa ngendlela inkqubela kwezentlalo ezimbini kuphela imiqobo - urhulumente kunye nonqulo. Monster-state uthixo ikhosi ayinyani. Imvelaphi unqulo ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba abantu banikela oothixo babo wasentsomini hypertrophied ubuchule, amandla kunye umlinganiswa.