Lo kaloliwe umphunga yokuqala ehlabathini: imbali umdla facts

Ukuqala revolution yezoshishino eYurophu ngenxa kokusungulwa injini ekuqaleni esetyenziswa kwishishini lezemigodi nokuluka le. kwasungulwa luli spodviglo iinjineli ezininzi kwizidingo ngeenjongo zokuhamba. Phantsi kwe sihloko - kaloliwe umphunga yokuqala yehlabathi kunye namanqaku anika umdla ezinxulumene imbonakalo yakhe.

ngumba

Impompo yamanzi yaziwa eluntwini ukususela mandulo. eminyaka ambalwa Kwathi, ukuba ufunde ukusebenzisa amandla zomphunga, malunga nokusetyenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo apho yokuqala Velikiy uLeonardo da Vinci. injini umphunga Single, wadala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII - kwibhoyila umphunga engumFrentshi Deni Papena (1680), impompo eliNgesi Thomas Savery (1898) - aba lwepaki wokwenene.

Ukudala injini piston ekhuselekileyo, apho amanzi lesitofu, elidityaniswe kunye igama eliNgesi Thomas Newcomen (1711). Ukuphuculwa ezi izinto bazisa ubuchwephetshe bokuba Glasgow, Yakobi Watt udumo ehlabathini lonke. Ukuba ufumene ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ukuba indalo le injini (1769), ifanele ukuba isicelo ngokubanzi kushishino.

kaloliwe yokuqala yehlabathi kumiselwa emva kokuba umgaqo fyabo: ukwahlulwa lombhobho engundoqo kunye ekondensa, leyo livunyelwe ukusebenzisa amandla zivula lomgadi enjinini. Ukuveliswa iinjini umphunga ngafakwa kwi umsinga ngo-1776 enkosi ukuvela sakujika, umama kunye planing oomatshini.

66 iinjini zakhiwa ngo 1785. Noko ke, ukuze libanike isindululo rotary kwizikhondo ukusebenza kwakufuneka injini elibambeleyo kabini. Watt patent ngo 1784, yaye ngo-1800 ukuba sele kusetyenziswa onke amashishini, uqhuba imoto enye.

Richard Trevithick

Ngubani owavela injini yokuqala zomphunga ehlabathini? Omnye wabantu bokuqala azama ukusebenzisa injini ngeenjongo zokuhamba Frenchman Nikola Kyuno, owadala noziqulathe-ngokwaso buyo (1769). Ngelo xesha, Richard Trevithick eyayingazange azalwe.

Ummi of yaseCornwall (England), indawo kwemigodi odumileyo, umqambi elizayo wazalwa kwintsapho enkulu ngo-1771-m. Uyise waba wasemgodini ohloniphekileyo, yaye wamthanda kwimathematika bakhe ebuntwaneni uRichard wazama ukuba kube lula umsebenzi phantsi komhlaba, ukuphucula iinjini zomphunga iimpompo wasemgodini. Ngowe-1801-m iimfuno lweshishini wadala inqwelo - ngere- ze ibhasi yokuqala, apho kamva saka njenge indlela eyahlukileyo yothutho. Yaba kaloliwe ngomphunga enyanyeni (unyaka zokufumana lomenzi - th 1802), ebizwa ngokuba lifutha nguMtyholi.

Ukuba Watt Motors baba enkulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa umphunga xi ephantsi, oko Nabangamoyikanga R. Trevithick ezinkulu ngokuphindwe ezininzi (ukuya kwi-8 kwemimoya). AMandla kwasala efanayo, kodwa ubungakanani injini lifinyele kakhulu, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso zothutho. Watt awasabela kuyo kakubi, ngaphandle ophezulu-ingcinezelo engakhuselekanga.

test

ndiziphose komzila intsimbi ithe yadalwa South Wales, umqambi ngexesha babehlala Cambourne. Trevithick empirically wabonisa ukuba xa wadibana zifika smooth ivili egudileyo kuya kwenzeka amandla frictional ezaneleyo ukuze uhambise injini, kwanokuba iinqwelo koqiniso ethwele namalahle. Kubalulekile kakhulu ngenxa yeenjongo eluncedo kwamashishini.

Kuba izicelo industrial le kaloliwe yokuqala zomphunga ehlabathini ukwakhiwa kunyaka owandulela kwetyala lakhe (1803). Malunga kubo amaphephandaba IsiNgesi wabhala ngoFebruwari ka-1804, ingxelo ukusetyenziswa kumatshini omashini yokuhamba iitoni 10 yentsimbi. Self-kuqhube buyo onezi zayisithelisa umgama weekhilomitha 9, kunye indlela yokuhamba liye landa ubungqongqo imithwalo ukuya tonnes 15 - 70 abantu bathabatha ithuba benyuka baya kukhwela phantsi ukubharhula zivumele yesihlwele. Izinga yaba eekhilomitha-5 ngeyure nganye, ngoxa efunekayo ukongeza amanzi kwibhoyila. Kodwa ke kaloliwe ezisindayo kakhulu ayikwazanga Ndizolulela ngoko Trevithick eqhubekekayo ukuze kuphuculwe iimfaneleko design.

Catch Me Ubani

Kuba imodeli entsha, ebizwa "Catch Me Ubani", ngomhla ngaphandle London Trevithick yakha indlela ring kaloliwe. Ukholelwa ukuba abenzi ezinomdla umatshini omtsha. Obnesya Ukubonisa Ground high ucingo, wade uqala ukuthengisa abanqwenela ndikhwele amatikiti, ndithembe ukuba ukuhlawula iindleko kwaye wenze inzuzo. I-injini entsha ivumela ngesantya ukuya ku-30 km / h.

Kodwa linge aluphumelelanga. umkhweli kaloliwe yokuqala ehlabathini, wadala for fun, bangezi ingqalelo mveliso. Ngenxa ingxa- komzila wenethiwekhi intsimbi, wayenikela, yokuhlupheka umonakalo omkhulu. Trevithick akazange ukubuyisela, ukwenza ezinye izinto. Ngowe-1816 waya ePeru ukuzibandakanya ekumiseleni iinjini yayo kwimigodi yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo Trevithick: Interesting Facts

De 1827 wahlala Umsunguli obalaseleyo Umzantsi Melika. Xa sibuyela kulo ilizwe, wafumanisa ukuba impumelelo yakhe zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwaye ziphuhliswe ngabanye iinjineli. Wafa-1833, ekubeni phantse umngqibi. Eyona ngxaki inkulu, akavumelekanga ukuba ukuphumeza iingcamango zakhe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, yaba kukunqongophala weendlela. Uchithe ubutyebi bakhe phezu iindlela evulekile ekhethekileyo iinqwelo umphunga, sibakhulule imithi namatye.

Lo kaloliwe yokuqala umphunga ehlabathini kuye kwabangela ukuba unyango kaYakobi Watt e England ePalamente, mthetho ezivaliweyo iinjini kunye ngomphunga koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Umthetho zange yamkelwa, kodwa nangoku lunqunyanyisiwe uphuhliso Trevithick.

Watt icala umfundi wakhe leba ingcamango nokudalwa injini kwi "Botton kunye Watt" yenkampani. Oku kwabangela ngehlazo enkulu, kwanyanzeleka Trevithick ukumela igama lakhe elihle.

Kuphela kule minyaka ingama-20 wabekwa ukuba izithuthi umphunga. Okuhlanganiswe igama George Stephenson.

Ukuvulwa kaloliwe ukubaluleka zoluntu

Ngexesha ubomi Trevithick, ngowe-1825, zikaloliwe eyayidibanisa Stockton kunye Darlington wavula. Self-wafundisa injineli Dzhordzh Stefenson wenza uyilo lula ovumela kaloliwe onezi ezigudileyo ukutsala isakhiwo enzima. Xa wakhe wokusungula indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngokwabo neentsimbi, umkhondo leyo nangoku eyamkelekileyo eNtshona Yurophu (1435 mm). Kaloliwe ngethuba kuvulwa kaloliwe wabaleka yena Stephenson, kwaye elandelayo walandela beTestamente abakhweli uxobule ngexesha kwinzala. Lo nqa yesihlwele yayingazani imida. Isantya 24 km / h.

Kuba iimfuno zoluntu kaloliwe umphunga yokuqala ehlabathini Stephenson wadala ngo-1814. Obugutyungelwe umgama we-30 km, kunye enkulungwane phakathi, lonke elaseYurophu, wayifulela inethiwekhi ye noololiwe. Zikaloliwe aqala hayi iimpahla kuphela, kodwa abantu.

version Soviet

ESoviet Union ixesha elide ngayo ibango ukuba basungula kaloliwe Stephenson eRashiya Cherepanov. Uyise nonyana wenza kuthiwa, kungakhathaliseki Western Europe. Enyanisweni, Miron Cherepanov watyelela eNgilani, apho wabona uyilo kwi naLindiili. Ukubuyela Vyisky izityalo, wazama ukuba bakope into akubona, kodwa wayesekuloo kuphuhliso izimvo zakhe wathabatha iminyaka emibini. kaloliwe umphunga yokuqala yehlabathi onezi lwavavanywa ngo-1804 (ezininzi ingqalelo lo mhla umhla wokuzalwa injini), kwaye "iphenyane ilizwe" wabonakala eRashiya ngowe-1833.

Kuye zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha le ekrwada de atshabalalisa ihlathi lonke endhawini. Zikaloliwe indawo yamahashe, ukucinga malunga kukuyilwa emva kwenye iminyaka emibini.

ke ukwazi

In Cambourne oqingqiweyo ka Richard Trevithick ebambe enyanyeni buyo wayo wokuqala, ethwele igama "isezele umtyholi." Le modeli kunokubonwa kwiimyuziyam ezininzi azinikele kwimbali kaloliwe umphunga. Kwaye apho ke kaloliwe umphunga yokuqala ehlabathini?

Xa ndayeka yi zokutyelela umsunguli, ndizilibala ukunciphisa ubushushu, nto leyo exhasa ubushushu kwibhoyila. Xa amanzi abilayo kude, inqwelo ngomlilo. Kwanele ukuba imizuzu embalwa, ukuze kube engasekho. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ubudlelwane Trevithick ochwayithileyo, qhubeka ukusebenza izinto ezintsha.

indawo yakhe yokungcwaba siyawenza elahlekileyo, kodwa igama injineli abanetalente likaThixo ebhalwe ngoonobumba zegolide kwimbali yehlabathi.