Urhwaphilizo-zizathu - ingqiqo, imizekelo. ubuchule Anti-urhwaphilizo

Yonke inkohlakalo-factor - yenye yeemeko yi oluvela kwaye isasazeka urhwaphilizo. Ngokubanzi, ezi meko zibangelwa nokungafezeki kwinkqubo karhulumente kunye nemithetho. Apha ngezantsi luluhlu lwe zizathu zixhaphakileyo sokwanda urhwaphilizo, kwakunye umoya nangemigaqo ubuchule anti-urhwaphilizo.

nalwazelelelo kwamagosa

Lokuqala urhwaphilizo-zinto - ngama kwamagunya efihlakeleyo. Yintoni na? Lo mba kusekelwe phezu kweemeko ukungaqiniseki okanye ukunqongophala isigqibo ixesha kunye neziseko. It ezikwabizwa ngokuba co-ubukho amagunya afanayo kumaqumrhu karhulumente awohlukeneyo okanye amagosa. Isichazi kakhulu "efihlakeleyo" lithetha ngokoqobo "ukwenza ngokokubona kwayo."

Ngamanye amazwi, le into siya kwenziwa kwimeko apho igosa ifumana inkululeko ethile amagunya ayisebenzi kwaye ukwenza izigqibo ngenxa neemfuno ezazimalunga neziqu zabo (ikakhulu zemali). Ukuchaza lo mzekelo kukho imizekelo emininzi. Ukuba ixesha lokuthatha isigqibo article ayidweliswanga yiMimiselo Administrative, igosa ngenxa iinjongo yabo egwenxa ukufumana ngqo ithuba ukulibazisa senziwe eso sigqibo. Ngenxa yoko, ikwenzela ukuba ezinye "iinkonzo 'ukukhawulezisa umsebenzi wayo.

Enye ukonakala-zinto - ixoxe ukuya ngaphaya nobuchule balo. Esi sono oorhulumente basekhaya okanye amagunya karhulumente.

izimpi zomthetho

"Imigodi" emthethweni kungakhokelela ekubeni amagosa kufuneka ithuba ukuvala umsantsa waba kamasipala, eli eziya kubanceda ukuba azityebise okanye bafumane nayiphi na enye inzuzo. ERashiya, nemeko efanayo iye yaphuhliswa kwi 90. Ngoko ke umthetho endala eSoviet kuvele ayisebenzi kunye nemimiselo emitsha baye bamkelwa iminyaka eliqela. Yaba ngeli xesha kwakukho ezininzi iingxaki zomthetho.

Le worhwaphilizo into iquka yokuba imithetho ingenakuthatyathwa nawuphi na umba encinane, ngaloo ukulungisa kwimeko nganye ethile kokugcinwa komthetho. Kodwa yintoni ke uhlala ukuyenza xa kuthe iingxabano? Kubo, kukho imimiselo, nto leyo uhlale kakuhle ethile ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iinkalo impikiswano yomsebenzi lwemizimba umbuso zisonjululwe.

Ingaba indawo esemthethweni bokonakala-zinto? Kanye xa kunjalo, ukuba umsebenzi igosa elo ukuba ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha ngokupheleleyo kuwiso-mthetho. Urhulumente kufuneka ukwakha nokugcina inkqubo enjalo apho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo esemthethweni ukwazi kakuhle ngabanikazi indawo, imigca igunya noxanduva ngokupheleleyo-mthetho norhwaphilizo. Ukuba iziko liza kusebenza ngendlela eyiyo kwaye ngaphandle kokukhetha, alutshabalalise, kwaye notorious into zabantu, nto leyo edla ukukhalaza, echaza izizathu ukunyoba omkhulu.

Le ubumbaxa kweenkqubo zolawulo

Kudla mthetho norhwaphilizo zenzeka ngenxa engaphelelanga okanye yokungabikho kweenkqubo zolawulo. Kule meko kwakhona sithetha malunga ukungafezeki yomthetho. Ukuze kuthintelwe le ingozi, urhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo asemthethweni ezinjalo, nto leyo eza kunika zonke iinkqubo kunokwenzeka olawulo afunekayo ukuhlangabezana iimfuno zoluntu.

Amagama kulo mthetho owenziwe ngokwaneleyo. Ngokutsho kumgaqo inkcazelo engaphelelanga iinkqubo zolawulo, kunokwenzeka ukuba umngeni ezininzi imithetho. Umzekelo, sithetha 80 inqaku-siseko, isalatha kulaa yokuba ngumongameli ummeli ngurhulumente kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, lo umthetho inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga inyathelo lokuqala.

Lo mzekelo ubonisa ukuba ukutyhilwa yokoqobo bokonakala factor echazwe ngentla-yingozi akachanekanga. Kodwa ke isimo sengqondo ngempazamo kwaye esiyimfeketho kule meko. Kudla mthetho norhwaphilizo zenzeka ngenxa yokuba amagosa vagueness imithetho elawula imisebenzi yabo baze basebenzise izikhundla zabo ukuze bazuze ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, inkoliso yemisebenzi amagunya kufuneka ukuba inkcazo eneenkcukacha ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuthengiswa (zokhuphiswano) iinkqubo

Zonke iintlobo iithenda kawonke - zinendawo enkulu zokuxhobisa ngokwesini. urhwaphilizo Modern eRashiya esekelwe kukhuphiswano iindleko. Sinako ukuthetha nantoni - ukwakhiwa iiprojekthi zezibonelelo enkulu, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezithile iimfuno karhulumente. Ngeethenda zabo ngokwesiseko ukhuphiswano - oku ke iintlobo zorhwaphilizo-zinto. Zisetyenziswa njengoko zimbi ukutyebisa, ukuba inkqubo sinesono yaye impi yokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwezoqoqosho amagosa zikwimeko kakubi.

Ngokutsho icebo wezinto yemnyama.Iifandesi kunye nokhuphiswano zisetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Amagosa ajongene kweethenda, kuchaphazela isigqibo sokugqibela malunga ophumeleleyo. banika lo msebenzi inkampani eza kunikela ngexabiso kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kulo mzekelo, imali, Kakade ke, hamba uye kwipokotho esemthethweni. Ngamafutshane nje - yinto uhlobo wantlandlolo i ukubuyisela ngemva.

Kwakhona, amagosa ungadlala iithenda baxhasa iinkampani ngomnye wabantu 'yabo' - abahlobo okanye izalamane. Amaninzi inkohlakalo eRashiya imi ngolu hlobo. Le nkampani uhlobene ngokusondeleyo kunye nabasemagunyeni, ufumana le projekthi (umz ukwakhiwa kwendlela) kwaye yothengisa ngayo ngokungakhathali. Ngamanye amazwi, amanye data imali ekuphunyezweni zibophelelo, engena ezipokothweni amagosa, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba ngowokuqala ubunzima isiphumo. Xa kuziwa ulwakhiwo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umbhambathiswa wowusindisa phezu izinto zokwakha, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ukuhla komgangatho lomsebenzi. Indlela entsha iya kuba yinto yomzuzwana, isakhiwo esitsha kungekudala uza kufuneka ukulungiswa, njalo njalo. D. Oku, isizathu sokuba ezi zokhuphiswano, apho bafuna ukwenza amagosa ngokungakhathali.

Iithenda kunye nonxweme

Ngokutsho manani, ukuchonga urhwaphilizo izinto ibonisa ukuba ezi zicwangciso usebenzisa iindlela zokhuphiswano, kudala bephathwa ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ekuthiwa encinane urhwaphilizo - ukukhutshelwa kwemali ngqo nabasebenzi bakarhulumente "kwiimvulophu" yokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezithile. Loo inethiwekhi kusenokuquka kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo kunye nabantu. Amaxesha amaninzi ukuze iyileyo usebenzisa ukhuphiswano ukwenza inkampani-by-ebusuku. evele yaphela emva kokufumana umyalelo karhulumente (kunye nabo, kunye nemali).

Umfuziselo wokhuphiswano cishe eseleyo kwi imeko yokugqibela kunye nokudluliselwa imali iimpahla abotshwe nemali. iindlela ezifana abangekaphuhli ziye zaba iqashiso neemuvi. Ukusebenzisa le nkampani yosuku olunye, inkampani-ezingqubano, kunye nezinye nezimbo abakhonzi yoluntu ngokufuthi ukurhoxisa imali aphesheya ukuze "ukucoceka" kwaye ngokukhuselekileyo usebenzise njengoko efunyenwe ngokunyaniseka. ukonakala ngolo hlobo kusekelwe aphesheya. Ezi ngxelo angaphandle okanye iinkampani banceda izaphuli semthethweni ebiweyo kwaye yabiwa kurhulumente kunye abarhafi.

imiqobo yokuphatha

Ukongeza, urhwaphilizo-izinto ngamabango kakhulu ukuya kubemi yimfuneko ekufezekisweni amalungelo abo asemthethweni. Amagosa lingabeka imiqobo enzima nzima, bafumane uncedo ukuthintela abantu okanye imibutho, njl Imeko - .. A vires eqhelekileyo ultra. Kuzo zonke iindlela yezicwangciso zokuphuhliswa sikweni amagosa ezichazwe kwi-mthetho, kwi kakhulu ayangqala yaye ngokucacileyo kanye ekonakaleni-zinto. Le mbono "imiqobo zolawulo" icacile kwaye nengafihliyo. Njengoko bazenze Imigca emide, inani ngokugqithisileyo kweziqinisekiso ezifunekayo njalo-njalo. D.

Zonke ezi abemi ngezenzeko angazithandiyo umhlaba ochumileyo ukuvela iimveliso. Kwelinye icala, i nezabasebenzi ukuba imali ukunika inzuzo ethile okanye inkonzo, kodwa kwi enye - ukugcina kobuxhakaxhaka ngumsina. Yilaa ngokutsho umgaqo omtsha kwaye isebenza na urhwaphilizo-zinto. Kulo mthetho, akukho imizekelo oluneenkcukacha, kodwa angamelwa, nangengqondo ubuncinane ezinye iinkonzo zoluntu.

Ngamanye amaxesha imeko enjalo kunye emkhosini, abo banelungelo lokufumana yokuhlala phezu kwimvumelwano yentlalo sengqesho. Ukuze kuma zonke umntu kufuneka uqokelele ngaphezu kokuba iimbekiselo kweshumi. Bonke bephela benziwe ngamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namagosa incinane niggle kunokubangela obabuza waphinda studding beminyango arhente ezahlukeneyo, ulungiselelo kunye nolawulo ekhangela izicatshulwa kwirejista kunye iikopi. Xa umba onjalo intekenteke kubaluleke kakhulu ligosa ixhomekeke bayahlelwa kunye nekamva lommi kakuhle-ntle, kukho isilingo ukusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe ukutyebisa ngokwabo. Ngamanye amazwi, kuphela ingqibelelo zoburhulumente uyakwazi ukukhusela umntu imfuneko namaqhinga.

Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba urhulumente wenze amanyathelo ezininzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukusombulula le ngxaki. Ngowe-2012 umthetho wawiswa ukuba itshintshe izikhulu ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Ingakumbi, le ezintsha itshintshele amagunya karhulumente umsebenzi ukucela amanye amaxwebhu, yenzela lula ukuba abemi bafumane amaphepha ayimfuneko. Ukanti le ngxaki esasebenza. Vumela it - enye yeenjongo ezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente yanamhlanje nkqubo kuxelwe okuchasene norhwaphilizo.

Amagama emaphepheni

Ezinye iimpawu worhwaphilizo mibandela kwezinye indeterminacy kweelwimi ulwimi obusemthethweni amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ngxaki kuchaphazela ngokubalulekileyo. Ukuze ukuchonga iingxabano kukho iilwimi nezomthetho nobuchule okhethekileyo.

Kukho imithetho embalwa engundoqo malunga nokubhalwa imithetho. La maxwebhu kufuneka zibhalwe ngolwimi olucacileyo noluqondakalayo kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Paper, kufuneka ekucoceni ukusuka ulwimi entsonkothileyo iimeko, nejagoni, amagama eelwimi zasemzini, nakwikota edidayo ukuze - .. Yinto izizathu elikhulu gadalala ingenalo novelwano.

Kukho indlela esemthethweni ekuthiwa-- uluhlu lwemithetho, ezithi imimiselo ezibhaliweyo. Ukuyibetha ngoyaba le migaqo kwenza umthombo iphepha elisemthethweni urhwaphilizo. sina imimiselo phosakeleyo zahlanganiswa akusithelisi zokunyanzelisa umthetho, umsebenzi kade kwemizimba karhulumente, uthabathe ixesha elininzi evela kubahlali. A conflict of interest njenge urhwaphilizo-factor - ingxabano ezinokuvela, kuquka ngenxa mgangathweni yamaxwebhu ezinjalo.

ubuchule Anti-urhwaphilizo

In Russia mihla, umthetho, njengoko apho abasemagunyeni kuqhutywa ubuchule anti-urhwaphilizo. Ilinganisa weza ngenxa ukuvunywa Russian Federation United Nations iindibano ezikhethekileyo. Le iseti yemithetho ekujongwe ukulungisa imeko anti-ukunyoba kabi. ubuchule Anti-urhwaphilizo ezifunekayo ide re-uvavanyo kwamanyathelo olawulo kunye nezixhobo zomthetho. Khangela ukwanela yabo nangempumelelo ekulweni yezitenxo ingenalo novelwano.

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ubuchule anti-urhwaphilizo eRashiya yanamhlanje ezisuka kwizifundo theoretical kunye Centre for Strategic Research Foundation "Indem", ebibanjwe ngo-2003. Iingcali ziye sakhulula isikhumbuzi okhethekileyo. Ngalo uyakwazi ukubona ukuba langoku urhulumente urhwaphilizo-zinto. Imizekelo yamaxwebhu loo ncwadi, ababhali baye bafunda kumava angaphandle Western.

ERashiya, ezi zifundo yokuqala elolu hlobo. Babonisa ukuba iimeko rhwebo kutshanje kuvelile amaziko karhulumente oselula bangenwe kakhulu ukuba urhwaphilizo. Kwaye nje ukuba amagosa yayiphawuleka kukubawa nomnqweno ukutyebisa ngokwabo ngokungekho mthethweni. Bekuya kuba engaqhelekanga ukucinga ukuba la magosa asebenze eRashiya. Kakade ke, ukuba kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa kwimeko efanelekileyo, kukho iindlela ukuba kunqunyulwa naziphi na amathuba zokucenga. amandla bevuna kwi Russian Federation ukwakha inkqubo bekungenjalo okwangoku. Kodwa ke phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000 baqala ukuvela ubuchule Institute okulwa urhwaphilizo, nto leyo uncedo elizayo ukuze wenze ukuba umlo ochasene norhwaphilizo ngempumelelo ngakumbi. Iziphumo zolo ezintsha sele buqapheleke namhlanje.

Features ubuchule anti-urhwaphilizo

ubuchule Anti-urhwaphilizo ikakhulu oluqhutywa phaya nqanaba ukwamkelwa isenzo ezitsha zolawulo zomthetho. Ngoko ke ukunceda ukuba amkele umthetho omtsha, umthetho okanye uxwebhu sele ugwetyelwe, wakhululwa kuso abana zomthetho yingozi. Uviwo - enye yeendlela zokuthintela urhwaphilizo belingana kunye nokudalwa urhulumente evulekileyo, unxibelelwano noluntu, ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu inxaxheba kubomi yezopolitiko eli lizwe, kususwe nemiqobo yolawulo ishishini. Yeyokuba isebenza kuphela ngokudibene onke amanyathelo kunye neziganeko ngasentla.

iimviwo elilwa Izidumbu ofisi yomtshutshisi Russian kaThixo, kwakunye Ministry of Justice yenziwe. indima yabo kule nkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ofisi up yomtshutshisi ngokusekelwe kokugqitywa koviwo, ekukho iimfuno, ezithi ke ngoko kufuneka ukuba babulawe. Amanyathelo anjalo - imfuneko zothintelo ukuphucula umgangatho isenzo somthetho emisiweyo. Kule fomati xwebhu iitshekhi ingathatha iimviwo ezininzi. Uya kubuyela kwi-ofisi yakhe logama nje, ngokoluvo kubaphicothi, akayi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno umgaqo anti-urhwaphilizo.

Inkohlakalo wokuzibandakanya

Uviwo anti-urhwaphilizo yokuqala yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko ukukhusela unxibelelwano noluntu evela kumthombo ukonakala kunokwenzeka. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi.

Umzekelo, ubhekisela kule migaqo, singasathethi ke masekela - ngabalawulwa kwinkqubo-mthetho. Baya ziphantsi impembelelo ngaphandle. imeko kombisa ku kwipalamente Russian ngo-2002, xa 80 wamalungu 179 eBhunga Federation i usomashishini okanye lobbyists bemibutho ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amazwi, yonke imithetho emalunga nomsebenzi, abantu abanomdla zithathwa.

Kwiimeko ezithile, abameli iinkampani eninzi inzuzo enkulu kuye emarikeni kunokuba nobungozi okhuphisana. imisebenzi efana badla kwakhokelela ukuvela abadibeneyo mveliso. Kakade ke, lo mzekelo kwemithetho urhwaphilizo eyingozi kunye okulwa urhwaphilizo nemithetho zoviwo ecetywayo enqanda nje la.