USorri Sturluson ngumvelisi we-Icelandic, i-historian kunye nezopolitiko

USorri Sturluson ngumlobi ohloniphekileyo wase-Iceland, umbhali we-prose, i-historiographer kunye ne-stateman. Uyaziwa ngokuqokelela i-sagas yakudala yaseScandinavia, imisebenzi yakhe isacinga ngokusisigxina kwizenzululwazi zembali njengesigxina esibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yakudala yamazwe asentla.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala

USorriri Sturluson wazalwa ngo-1178 e-Iceland. Wayevela kwintsapho yabanini-mhlaba abaneempembelelo. USorri wakhuliswa kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo yesizalwane saseNorway, apho yafumana imfundo efanelekileyo. Umlindi owaziwayo owaziwayo ufunda umthetho, umbongo, uncwadi, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, waqhelana ne-sagas yamandulo, eyayakha i siseko semisebenzi yakhe edumileyo. Ngokukhawuleza inzululwazi yafumana udumo njengomlobi onetalente kunye negqwetha.

Watshata ngokutshatyalaliswa ngo-1199, kwaye evela kumfazi wakhe wathola intle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wayedume ngokukwazi kwakhe ukuzakhela iingqongqo eziqinileyo kunye noncedo lwemitshato yezihlobo zakhe ukufumana abathinteli abathintekayo. USorriri Sturluson wayenomdla kwilizwe lakhe njengabantu abanolwazi , njengobungqina bokuba unyuliwe njengomgcini wejele - isikhundla esasiyithathwa njengeyona nto ihloniphekileyo ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, kamva umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko waphenduka ngokuphawulekayo.

ENorway

USorriri Sturluson washiya ilizwe lakhe ngo-1218 waza wanyuka waya kwinkonzo yaseNorway. Wayesemncinci kakhulu, kwaye kunye naye u-regent wayenguJarl Skuli. Umlobi wase-Iceland wasondela kuye kwaye waba ngumxhasi wakhe, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo lo mva wafuna ukuqinisa amandla akhe, esebenzisa ulutsha lomlawuli. Isibongo sasikunandipha inkundla yeNorway kunye nayo yonke impembelelo yakhe, yayisetyenziswa ukujoyina ilizwe lakhe neNorway. Ngokuqinisekileyo, isikhundla esinjalo sezopolitiko sasonakalisa igama lakhe ezweni lakubo, apho abaninzi abantu abavelele bezopolitiko babekholelwa ukuba akanako ukubeka isikhundla esiphakamileyo somenzi-mthetho. U-Snorri Sturluson, onobomi bakhe obonwabisayo kunye neengxaki ezininzi zezopolitiko, nangona kunjalo, uyaziwa kangcono njengososayensi kunye nomqokeleli wamaxesha aseScandinavian.

Inkcazo yeengqungquthela zesondlo

Umlobi wase-Iceland wayeyaziwa ngokuqokelela kwaye atshwankathela kwimisebenzi yakhe imithombo yamandulo yamandulo kwimvelaphi yamazwe asentla. Ukubonakalisa kukuba kwangoko ngexesha le mi sebenzi yapapashwa ngayo, le nkcubeko yamathambo sele isele ihamba phambili. Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi kule mibhalo yomlobi, ohloniphekileyo wayeza kuqokelela ukuqokelela kwezinto ezingabhaliweyo. USorri Sturluson, "Edda" ("Osemncinci Edda") apho mhlawumbi omnye wemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo, wayethanda imimangaliso kunye neendalo zamandulo. Ngokwakhe, kwi-1220s, wadala umsebenzi wakhe owaziwayo kwiingqungquthela, apho wazimisa khona ukuba afunde umfundi ngeendlela zobudala zendalo yokubhala. Kodwa lo msebenzi unomdla kunye neengcinga zembali yangaphambili, apho i-mythology kunye nomlando osondelene kakhulu, ngokokuba iingxabano malunga nomxholo kunye nokubaluleka kwalo msebenzi kubangelwa ukuphikisana phakathi kwenzululwazi.

Ulwakhiwo

Umthombo oyintloko umlobi wayeyi-saga. USorriri Sturluson wadala imisebenzi yakhe ngesiseko solu hlobo lwezintlu. Umxholo we-"Younger Edda" unomdla, apho umbhali wabonisa umbono wakhe wehlabathi kunye nembali yayo. Umsebenzi uvula ngeprologue apho umbhali-mlando uthetha ngayo indlela amaqhawe aseScandinavia ahamba ngayo eTroy kwaye ahlala eMntla Yurophu, apho abantu basekuhlaleni baqaphela amandla abo. Inxalenye yesibini ibizwa ngokuthi "Umbono weGulvi". Kulo, umbhali ulandisa indlela ukumkani eya ngayo uhambo lolwazi kunye nenkqubo yokufunda ifunda malunga nesakhiwo sehlabathi kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza kwayo. Ukubunjwa okunjalo kwakunokulungele ukuchaza iingcamango zaseScandinavian ngeengqungquthela zendalo, i-cosmos kunye namabali ngamagorha aqhelekileyo kunye neengqungquthela.

Icandelo lesithathu lizinikele kwizinto ezisiseko zokuqinisekisa. Kuzo, uSororri uphinda uchaze imigaqo-siseko yeengqungquthela zaseScandinavia, egxile kwiindlela ezifana nokutshintshwa kwamagama kunye nezikhundla ezihlukeneyo. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, inxalenye yokugqibela yinkqutyana yezobongozo ngumlobi ngokwakhe, ngubani umzekelo wabo obonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-Stanzinavian stanzas. Nanku ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe imibongo yabhaliweyo yayingaziwa - ngokuchaseneyo, babehlala begxeka ngenxa yesilwimi esincinci kunye nobunzima ekuboniseni iingcinga kunye neengcamango. Ngeli xesha, abaphengululi bembhali bacinga ukuba iimvavanyo zakhe zengqungquthela njengomtsalane othakazelisayo ukuxelisa iibongozi zasendulo zaseScandinavia.

Ukuqokelela i-sagas

Omnye wabaqokeleli abadumileyo bezinto ezidlulileyo kwakunguSorri Sturluson. "Umjikelezo womhlaba" ngumsebenzi oyingqayizivele oqulethe imali enkulu yezinto ezingembali kwiindawo zamaNordic kuphela, kodwa nakwiindawo ezinjenge-Ancient Rus, iByzantium, eNgilani. Umbhali wabhala umsebenzi wakhe ngesiseko semithombo ebhaliweyo kunye yomlomo. Kodwa isiseko somsebenzi wakhe sibeka iingqungquthela ze-Skaldic, njengoko yena ngokwakhe ekuthetheni kwakhe. Wayecaphula iindibongi ezininzi ezidumileyo, kodwa ngelo xesha wayekhululekile ukusebenzisa izixhobo zawo, ngokuqhelekileyo eza ngeendlela ezininzi.

Imithombo

Umbhali wasebenzise ulwazi olubhaliweyo, ngokuyininzi kwi-sagas ngamakhosi aseNorway. Kwakhona wakhankanya iingongoma, iimbali zamandulo. Ngaloo ndlela, kumsebenzi wakhe omtsha unokuqatshelwa kwiinkalo ezininzi zeenkcubeko. Umsebenzi ngokwawo awungagcinwa kwi-original. Kuluhlu kuphela, iinguqu ezihlukeneyo, iinguqulelo zifikile kuthi, ezenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukufumanisa i-original, original, umbhalo wokuqala. Kwakhona emsebenzini wakhe wachaza uSorri Sturluson malunga namaSlav. Ngoko, ubhala malunga neli lizwe, elisekuntla kweLwandle oluMnyama. Ubiza umninzi waseDon (nangona, ngokubunjwa kwakhe, unika elinye igama). Ngokwakhe uluvo, le mimandla, apho i-Ancient Rus yayisekhona, yayisemngceleni womhlaba, kwaye kwakukho abantu abangaziwa.

Eminye imisebenzi

Kwi-1220s-1240s isazi senzululwazi yabhala esithi "I-Saga ye-Egil". Ngeli xesha wajika kwimbali yelizwe lakubo waza wachazwa kwimilo yamangqina imbali yama-Icelandic births, ukuqala nge-9 kunye nokuphela kwekhulu le-11. Phakathi kwimbali yembali ye-Egil's skald, eboniswa njengomfanekiso onzima kakhulu. Intsapho yakhe ayithobeli ookumkani, kodwa ngelo xesha awanakuphikisa. U-Snorri uthetha ngeendlela zakhe eziya kumazwe asentla, ukhokelela imibongo yakhe. Ngomsebenzi wakhe omtsha, ulandelela ngobomi bezizukulwana eziliqela, okumvumela ukuba aphuhlise i-panorama ebanzi yobomi base-Icelandic ngemihla yakuqala. Ifom ye-mythological idibanisa ukuhlukaniswa kweengxelo zembali, kodwa ngeli xesha i-saga ibonwa njengomthombo ngokwembali yakudala yase-Iceland.

Omnye umsebenzi odumileyo wembali-mlando ngu "Saga ekhethekileyo ka-Olav oyiNgcwele." Inkosi yaseNorway yahlala ya lawula ngekhulu le-11 kwaye yaba ngumKristu wokuqala welizwe lakhe. Wafa ngo-1030, kodwa unyaka olandelayo wayenakho ukulungiswa. U-Snorri emsebenzini wakhe uchaza ngokuxhaphaza kwakhe ngaphandle kwelizwe lakhe, ukulwa kwakhe nenkosi yaseSweden, ukubalekela kwakhe eRashiya kwaye emva koko abuyele ezweni lakubo ngenxa yokubuya kwamandla kunye nokulungiswa kwakhe.

Iminyaka ezayo

Umsebenzi wezopolitiko womlobi wakhula ngokukhawuleza, kodwa waphela kakhulu. Ngaphaya kwaye kwathiwa wayexhasa uJarl Skuli, owayengumlawuli wekosi yaseNorway. Ukongeza, waxhasa imbono yokudibanisa i-Iceland neNorway. Ngaloo ndawo, ngokwemvelo, wayeneentshaba ezininzi. Emva kokungena kumalungelo akhe, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukumkani akazange akwazi ukuvumela isikhundla sezopolitiko se-historiographer. Abaphikisayo kwilizwe lakubo nabo babethelela ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba bamthintele amandla. Le ngqungquthela yokuphikisana yabangela ukuphela kokubuhlungu: umbhali wabulawa ngobudlova ngo-1241, kwaye ibali elibuhlungu liboniswa kwelinye lamasaka, ngenxa yokuba yonke i-Scandinavian iyazi malunga nesifo esibuhlungu sosayensi owaziwayo. USorri Sturluson, iincwadi zakhe ziyimvelaphi ebalulekileyo yembali yamandulo, wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwiincwadi nakwiimbali-nkcukacha.