Iimpawu ze-Miras: i-biography, ifoto

Bambalwa abantu abaye baphumelela kwiincwadi, umculo okanye kwezinye iinjongo, banokuhlala bengakhange bafumane udumo. Nangona kunjalo, umbhali waseMukraine, imbongi kunye nomhumushi uAthanasius Rudchenko (owaziwa phantsi kwegama elimnyama uPelas Mirny) kwakungenjalo. Wayekwazi ukuhlala engumntu othobekileyo nothobekileyo nangona emva kweenveli kunye namabali athola ukuthandwa.

Iigqabha i-Mirny, i-biography: ebuntwaneni, ebuntwaneni, ebudeni obudala

I-Afanasy yazalwa (i-Panas e-Ukraine) Yakovlevich Rudchenko ngo-Meyi 1849 kwi-glorious Mirgorod. Abazali beenkwenkwezi zexesha elizayo zeenkcukacha zaseUkraine babengabantu abaqhelekileyo, abajwayele ukuba "baphile emhlabeni" (indlela abahlali bahlala ngayo ngokufama kunye nokuthengisa iimveliso ezikhulile). Nangona kunjalo, uyise wale nkwenkwe wayeyindoda ehlakaniphile, kwaye wakwazi ukuba ngumgcini-mali kwaye asebenze kwingxowa-mali yengingqi.

Ukususela ebuntwaneni, i-Future Panas u-Mirny wayesazi ukuba akukho nto ayingayithembela kuye, ngaphandle kwamandla akhe. Ngoko ke, emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe kwisikolo sesithili saseGadiyach, eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu wafumana umsebenzi kwidolophu efanayo-enkundleni yesithili.

Ekubeni uzuze ulwalamano kunye nokukhuthaza kukayise, uRudchenko washesha wazibonakalisa kwaye wakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi. Kwiminyaka embalwa nje yomsebenzi, walondoloza isikhundla se-akhawunti yomncedisi kwi-treasury.

U-Athanasius wayengakabi namashumi mabini anesihlanu xa etyunjwe kwiCandelo leRhafu lasePoltava, apho wayehlala khona kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngamaxesha athile. Emva kwexesha, uRudchenko wenyuka kwisihloko esiphezulu sebhunga likarhulumente wenene.

I-Panas enoxolo: ukuqala kwendlela yokudala

Nangona i-reputation ephawulekayo kunye ne-ofisi ephakamileyo yegosa, uRudchenko akazange avume ukungavumelani nemeko yezopolitiko kwiRashiya yaseRashiya. Ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwintsapho esanda kukhululwa kwi-serfdom kwaye yashiya kungabikho mhlaba kunye nokufumana ithuba lokufumana abalimi, iingxaki engazange aziyo ngeengxolo. Ngoko ke, kwangoko ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, u-Afanasy Rudchenko osemthethweni wathatha ipeni yakhe. Uphefumlelwe ngulo mzalwana umzalwana omdala, owaziwa ngokubanzi kwiingcongolo zengxelo phantsi kwegama elingu-Ivan Bilyk. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafani nomntakwabo, oqokelela ngokunyanisekileyo aze ashicilele i-folklore yase-Ukraine, i-Afanasy yayinomdla wokubhala imisebenzi yakhe.

Nangona i-Panas kaMarny wayedume ngokuba ngumlobi we-prose, umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala owawushicilelweyo wawuyikhondlo "i-Ukraine". Kodwa ngokukhawuleza uRudchenko waqaphela ukuba ngeprose wayenokuba ngcono kakhulu ukuveza izimvo zakhe. Kwaye umsebenzi wesibini opapashwe ngumbhali kwakuli bali elithi "Lichy komutav."

Emva kokuqala kwempumelelo, amabali kaMarny kunye namabali aqala ukubonakala rhoqo kumaxesha aphesheya (ikakhulukazi eLviv naseGeneva). Oku kwakungenxa yokuba ngaloo minyaka kwiRashiya yaseRashiya kwakuvinjelwe ukunyatheliswa kweencwadi zesi-Ukrainian. Ngoko ke, uncwadi olunjalo lwanyatheliswa kumazwe asondeleyo, apho imithetho ingavumelekanga oku, kwaye emva kokuba ihanjiswe ngasese ngaphesheya komda kwaye isasazwa. Oku kungavumelekile ukuba i-Athanasius kunye nomntakwabo u-Ivan, ngaba ngamagosa, babhala phantsi kweengcamango (umfanekiso wePanas Mirny kunye nomkhuluwa wakhe u-Ivan Bilyk ngezantsi). Emva koko, ngenxa yezenzo zabo, abazange balahlekelwe kuphela ngumsebenzi owabondla, kodwa ngokubanzi baya ejele.

Impumelelo yokudala kunye nomsebenzi womphakathi womlobi

Kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo kwi-XIX ye-XIX ye-Afanasy Rudchenko encinci ye-prose yaqala ukupapashwa rhoqo.

Ngowe-1880, abazalwana bakaRudchenko banyathelisa incwadi ethi "Hoba ingxolo yokuthanda, yak jasla ponny?" Emva kancinci, uPaas Mirny ubambelela ngokuzimela kwincwadi entsha "uPoviya." NgesiRashiya iguqulelwe ngokuthi "Ixhepha" okanye "i-Walker". Iingxenye ezimbini zokuqala zencwadana entsha zanyatheliswa kwi-almanac ethi "Rada" sele isele e-Ukraine, yesithathu - ngo-1919 kwi-Literary and Scientific Herald.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini samashumi asibhozo, iPanas Mirnyi yaziwa kakhulu, kwaye kungekudala yashicilela iqoqo leendaba ezimfutshane "Zbiranitsa z ridnogo polya." Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi yakhe iyaqhubeka ishicilelwa kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kumacala omabini eDnieper.

Ngaloo mdlalo umdlalo "Lymerivna", "Ingxelo ngeNyaniso ethi uKrivda", "Peremudriv", "Catch" kunye neminye imisebenzi yapapashwa.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi eyimfihlo kodwa esebenzayo, wabamba iqhaza ebomini bobuntu bePanas Mirny. I-biography emfutshane yombhali ngokuqhelekileyo ichaza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimfihlelo yePoltava yenguqulelo "Unya", kwaye nokuba naye ilungu lekhomishini yeDolophu Duma e-Poltava. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwalokhu, u-Athanasius Rudchenko ukhuthaza ngokulinganayo ukulingana kwabasetyhini, abathi, ngombono wakhe, kufuneka babe nethuba lokufumana impilo yabo ngokuzimeleyo.

Ubomi bomntu kunye neminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bombhali

Nangona udumo lwakhe lokubhala kunye nokuphumelela komsebenzi, u-Afanasy Rudchenko uye wasoloko ehlala engumntu ongaqhelekanga. Uninzi lwabantu abasondeleyo abazange bazi ngexesha elide ukuba yena ufana no-Panas Mirny. Umbhali wayekholelwa ukuba yonke imikhosi kufuneka inikwe uncedo ekuncedeni abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kungabikho ukuwaphazamisa ukuzinyusa.

Mhlawumbi, ngenxa yokuthozama kwakhe uRudchenko watshata ngexesha elivuthiweyo. Kwidayari yombhali kwakukho izikhokelo zokungaphumeleli kwiintsebenziswano kunye nabasetyhini kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, edibene neminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesithoba, i-Alexandra Sheydeman enhle, owayesele eza kutshata nodokotela waseSt. Petersburg, umbhali waphupha intloko waza wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukunqoba intanda yakhe.

Inyanga ngaphambi komhla wokuzalwa komlobi, abathandi banomdla ngokunyanisekileyo umtshato. Ukususela kulo mtshato, uAthanasius Rudchenko wazalelwa oonyana abathathu. Ngelishwa, a babini bafa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye neMfazwe Yomphakathi. Unyana omncinci waba ngumlawuli wemyuziyam ezinikezelwe kwinkumbulo yePanas Mirny ePoltava, yavuleka endlwini yomlobi emva kokufa kwakhe kwintlanzi ngoJanuwari 1920.

Ilifa lemveli

Ngeminyaka yakhe engamashumi asixhenxe yobomi, uPanas Mirnyi ubhale imisebenzi eminingi. Amabali akhe awaziwa kakhulu yi "Morozenko", "I-Kissing", iindibano "P'anitsa", "Abantu beLihі", "I-Hungry Will", izaveli "Ukubamba", "Iphupha" kwaye udlale "Limerivna". Kwakhona umbhali ungumlobi weenveli ezimbini: "Ukholo lokuthanda, yak jasla ponny?" (Kunye nomntakwabo omdala) kunye ne "Povia".

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uPanas Mirnyi wazama isandla sakhe ebhala imibongo. Eyaziwayo yizibongo zakhe "Kuze kube yi-Suceava Muzi", "Kuze kube ngabazalwana-zasaltsiv", "i-Ukraine" nabanye.

Umbhali wayeneziguqulelo kwi-Ukrainian. Ipeni yakhe iyinguqulelo ethi "Dumi malunga neGayavatu", "Tsarivni Polunichki", kunye noSchiller "i-Orleansky dovchini" (apho wayesebenza khona de wafa).

Ukulungelelaniswa kwencwadana ethi "Povia"

Ngo-1961, esekelwe kwincwadana yesibili yi-Panas Mirnyi "Povia", isichukumiso somfanekiso esithi "Ukuhamba" sadutshulwa kwi studio yefilimu yaseDovzhenko. Inxaxheba ephambili yayijoliswe nguLyudmila Gurchenko.

Umbhali uPanas Mirnyi wakwazi ukufezekisa phantse yonke into abantu abayiphuphayo ngayo: wenza umsebenzi omkhulu enkonzweni, waba udumo njengombhali, watshata nomfazi othandekayo waza wahlala naye iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Kwakukho iintlungu ebomini bakhe, kodwa yena, ngokungafani neenkwenkwezi zakhe ezininzi, wakwazi ukunqoba yonke into aze ahlale engumntu ofanelekileyo.