Wobuciko nokuhombisa Folk Art: Iindidi

Zokuhombisa Folk Art kwilizwe lethu yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kule mihla siphila kuyo. imifanekiso zesihobe, iimvakalelo, semvelo, iindlela kunye aqondwe ngabantu bonke. It limenza azive ubuhle, oko kunceda ukwakha ubuntu ephuhliswe ngokuvumelana. Xa isekelwe phezu izithethe zamandulo ubugcisa, ubugcisa zokuhombisa kunempembelelo entle yimfundo umntu elizayo. Imisebenzi zidalwe ebantwini neengcibi, ibonakalisa uthando ilizwe lokuzalwa, ukukwazi ukubona nokuqonda ubuhle kwehlabathi.

Eyona engundoqo iintlobo zobugcisa zokuhombisa

Kangangeenkulungwane imveliso yasekhaya kwiintsapho umlimi, kwaye ukusukela iinkulungwane XVIII-XIX kunye nokuchwela, efike kwiidolophu nakwiilali impahla ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngodongwe, imithi kunye nentsimbi, amalaphu eziprintiweyo, izinto zokudlala yodongwe kunye ngomthi, iikhaphethi kunye nabanye. Ukuthandwa mkhulu uye wavuka Yaduma nokubengezela kwawo kunye echwayithile Gorodets ukupeyinta phezu kweenkuni, imifanekiso Dymkovo neempempe nodongwe, lukutinskih iibhokisi lacquer epeyintwe. Nganye kwezi zinto - imveliso lobuciko zokuhombisa. Wooden igolide - Khokhloma ukupeyinta - kuba nomdla ikakhulu eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe.

yezandla yokuqala kwiMpuma Ekude, eMntla Russian, eSiberia neCaucasus. Ebedume metal imveliso kwi Dagestani Kubachi, ukupeyinta yodongwe e Balkhar, notching iinkuni yesilivere Untsukul. Folk art zokuhombisa, iintlobo zazo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, emelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwe lethu enkulukazi.

Vologda umtya - Folk ethile Art

Vologda umtya zithandwa ngoonobumba baseYurophu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Kwaye ngexesha lethu, basemzini abaninzi ngempazamo abakholelwa umtya aluka eRashiya kuphela Vologda. Enyanisweni Elec, Kirishi, Vyatka nabo isizathu sokuba neqhayiya iimveliso zabo. Phantse bonke babe iimpawu zabo ezizodwa. Ngoko ke, umdla kakhulu Mikhailovskoe imibala eluhlaza. Kwilizwe lethu, ababufumene asithandwa ngaphantsi kwe Vologda. Noko ke, ngathi kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ndandisithi Vologda uye umqondiso njengekhephu-ezimhlophe.

openwork nangokukrola

Openwork nangokukrola lihombise izinto ezenziwe amathambo ubungakanani amancinci: iibhokisi, iibhokisi izacholo, namacici, izacholo. Artwork ethile Folk Art - Bone ngentsontelo yemisonto - ngoko bumbongorha ngokuba openwork mifanekiso.

Eyona ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa iintlobo ezintathu Isivatho nangokukrola amathambo:

• Geometric - interweaving ze imigca kunye amagophe.
• Imifuno.
• Rocaille - stylization imilo likanokrwece.

Technique openwork umsonto esisetyenziswayo ukwenza ezaqanjwa njengezivatho esekelwe kunye nesakhiwo sebali. Le izinto ekrwada i cow bone eqhelekileyo.

umsebenzi omhle openwork nangokukrola ifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo: Enalitini, unobangela wezi, Klepikov, jigsaws.

iintsimbi

Iintsimbi sibe nebhongo imbali elide, njengoko wenza amaso. Abemi baseYiputa yamandulo kuqala kakuhle nezigcaliselo afake zomqala ezimbaxa ngenxa amaso elimbala ezincinane ezenziwe ngeglasi, yaye ihonjiswe iingubo zabo. Kodwa imveliso bead ngokwenene yakhula kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Iminyaka emininzi, abahlali yaseVenice bakuxabisa nezimbo kurhwebo. Amaso ehonjisiweyo zemali ubunewunewu kunye neebhegi zamanenekazi, izihlangu, iimpahla kunye nezinye izinto neninye.

Xa amaso wabonakala eMelika, uye endaweni izinto zemveli asetyenziswa ngabantu bomthonyama. Apha ke zalungisa ezalwa iingobozi, namajikazi, isnuff.

Kwizizwana Far North zazihonjiswe kunye iibhutsi ngamaso ezimfakamfele, zangaphantsi, njengoko bencokola adle, headgear.

batik

Batik - ukupeyinta ngelaphu ngezandla zakhe esebenzisa isakhiwo entengo. Technology isekelwe phezu kusakhelwa ukuba iglu irabha, iparafini, xa isicelo salo asifikeleli ngokusebenzisa ipeyinti ngokwayo.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi batik - nodular, eshushu, Shibori, ingqele.

Igama "batik" Indonesian, elithetha "ukuba", "ukukhuhla", "yokugubungela emanzini."

Kulo mfanekiso iye isetyenziswe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo abantu Indiya kunye Indonesia. EYurophu, batik iye kufika kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

yokudweba

Le ukupeyinta yenye yeentlobo ezininzi samandulo art zokuhombisa. Kwaba kangangeenkulungwane yinxalenye inkcubeko yemveli kunye nobomi babantu. Xa lwemveli Russian, olu hlobo art zokuhombisa isagquba.

Nazi ezinye iintlobo yokudweba:

• Zhostovo ukupeyinta - eyaziwa yobugcisa Russian, owayebonakele kwinkulungwane XIX ezilalini Zhostovo, engekude eMoscow. Lingcwaba lomfo yezandla kakhulu ethandwa, adala Russian lobuciko. izithebe Zhostov odumileyo apeyintiweyo ngesandla. Kakhulu kuye kuboniswe amaqoqo zeentyatyambo kwisiqalo emnyama.
• ukupeyinta Gorodets - yobugcisa, owayebonakele phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX kwisixeko Gorodets. Ukupeyinta ukukhanya ezahlukeneyo kunye conciseness. Zezihloko - imifanekiso amahashe, izigcawu uhlobo, iipateni zeentyantyambo. iingcango izindlu, Izivalo, ifenitshala, amavili.
• Khokhloma ukupeyinta - enye kubugcisa endala. Yavela Khokhloma ngenkulungwane XVII, kufuphi Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma ukupeyinta - ukupeyinta yokuhombisa ngamaplanga, wenza kwisiqalo segolide omnyama, obomvu, maxa wambi eluhlaza. Emva iipateni ikhutshwa phandle iimveliso daka Ukwakhiwa ezizodwa kunye nokulungiswa izihlandlo ezithathu eziko apho ifumana umbala yobusi-segolide ezizodwa. Kuba Khokhloma yesintu amaqunube rowan nestrawberry ebomvu, amasebe kunye neentyatyambo. Amaninzi kule nokudala mvo izilwanyana, iintlanzi neentaka, benze ukuba kwenziwe umsebenzi wokwenene lobuciko zokuhombisa. Wooden igolide - ngoko idla ngokuba Khokhloma ukupeyinta.

Uqhelene kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo ukwenza imisebenzi yobugcisa yesizwe ezisetyenziswa enkulisa kuphuhliso zabantwana.

Dymkovo toy

Products laseKirov iinkosi eziwela iipatheni eziqaqambileyo enkulu ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemilo. Bonke elate abanxibe, ihonjiswe, zaveza oosisi-frantihi ocoliweyo, amahashe, ngumqhagi, neebhokhwe. Dymkovo yokudlala okokuqala ngo 1811. On iholide Vjatskom bathengisa oonopopi ngodongwe epeyintwe. zokudlala odongwe kwenziwa kwilali iinkosi Dymkovo. Benza loo nto kunye neentsapho zabo.

Ngoku ke mveliso uvelisa Dymkovo zokudlala, esebenza laseKirov.

filimonovo toy

Akukho lobuciko ngaphantsi odumileyo na iziko kwilali Filimonovo kufuphi Tula, apho azalwa zokudlala ezinkulu udongwe. Abantu nezilwanyana, eyenziwe neengcibi, iimilo ezahlukeneyo ehombe imizwa enkulu. Le umlimi, manenekazi, amadoda, iinkomo, akhwele amahashe, iigusha. Filimonov zokudlala ayikwazi mazingabhidaniswa enye, njengoko bekhulisa iimpawu zabo ezizodwa ngokohlobo befaka nokupeyinta. Badlala yonke imibala yomnyama.

Umntwana, ngubani wabona yokudlala filimonovo sinakho umbala non-standard kunye nefom, ivusa nobuchule.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol - sisixeko samandulo, ogama abahlali sele kudala benza izinto zodongwe. Isikakhulu benza izitya, kodwa amanye amagcisa ibandakanyeka yokudlala udongwe. Noko ke, ngo-1930 lokuloba ufikile azisalungiseki. Ukubuyisela oomasifundisane Kargopol kwenzeka ngo-1967.

Kargopol zokudlala khangela ngqongqo kwimvelaphi eqaqambileyo Dymkovo kunye Filimonovsky. eveliswa sisixhobo up omdaka lombala, umbala oluhlaza abamnyama kumnyama. Kukho okuninzi emnandi, ngendlela elula, kodwa ngaxeshanye bubele nomoya kunye ezihlekisayo. Le umlimi abasetyhini, amadoda elineentshebe, unodoli kunye kwevili ojikeleza.

Gzhel izitya

Kufuphi eMoscow na kwilali Gzhel. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14 Sizibandakanye khona izinto zodongwe. Phakathi izitya akuvumela Kvasnikov - neepleyiti zokudlala ukuba beqabe brown nemibala natyheli-eliluhlaza ngodongwe. Ngoku Porcelain ekhutshwe Gzheli, ukuba ihlabathi odumileyo. Isizathu soku - imilo ezizodwa kunye noyilo. Gzhel porcelain umzobo ezahlukeneyo oluhlaza, senziwe kwibhodi emhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, lo blue ayikho eyohlobo olulodwa. Ukuba ujonga ngokusondeleyo, uyakwazi ukubona abangasekhoyo inobuqhophololo nesiqingatha-neethowuni, achukumisa iingcinga isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza, umlambo nechibi amanzi. Ukongeza izitya e Gzheli uvelise zokudlala eqingqiweyo ezincinane. Zonke eyenza inkosi, ebetha ngokuvisisana uhlobo kunye nesiqulatho. Le intwana wokwenene lobuciko zokuhombisa. Gzhel kuthenga wonke uyaphupha.

Arts zokuhombisa enkulisa

Ubugcisa amagcisa intsomi yi-asethi nje kuphela abantu abadala. Kubalulekile ukuba abantwana, ngubani na ukudlala ngehlombe kunye Matryoshka ngomthi, kunye zokudlala ngodongwe laseKirov seengcibi. Art ivusa umdla abantu bakaThixo izimvo original labantwana, kunye imifanekiso ezimibalabala. Iyaqondakala ebantwaneni, ekubeni nokuqulethileyo yindlela elula ngqo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye uyaqala phambi ubuhle umntwana yehlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye. Apha kunye intsomi imifanekiso ozithandayo izilwanyana, ezenziwe ngodongwe okanye iinkuni, kunye izivatho ngeentyatyambo, amaqunube kunye amagqabi, umbono kungekhona nje ebomini. Mfundisi, benza mveliso zokudlala zodongwe, ngokufuthi yepeyinti iipateni zabo umsebenzi iimilo zejiyometri: ngezithandelo, namakhonkco, izangqa. La manani singabantwana ivakale. Yonke udongwe kunye neemveliso iinkuni eziguqulweyo ayikho uhombiso ingaphakathi kuphela. Ukhokelwa ngutitshala onamava, abafana bafuna ngokusondeleyo kuye, ukwenza umzobo yawo aphila isekelwe kwiisampuli yezandla.

Zokuhombisa Folk Art enkulisa yinxalenye yobomi babantwana, ebakhuthaza, uvuyo, ukwandisa imimango, ndizibhokoxa nempembelelo entle incasa yokuluka. Kwi-pre-school amaziko emfundo kufuneka ibe linani elaneleyo yezandla. Oku kukuvumela ukuba bahombise ezi ngaphakathi zamaqela, ukuvuselela emva komzuzwana. iziqwenga Art ziboniswa abantwana xa kuqhutywa ingxoxo malunga amagcisa womthonyama. Zonke ezo izinto kufuneka zigcinwe kwi nekhabhathi yokufunda pedagogy. Kufuneka ukuba rhoqo ihlaziywe neyathunyelwe okuloba. abantwana abancinci kufuneka bafumane, iithoyi fun wajika zokudlala ngamaplanga. iqela phakathi guys oluhambelana ngcono Filimonov kunye Kargopol. amaqela abantwana abadala ukufikelela kuzo zonke iintlobo zokudlala intsomi, kuquka udaka neenkuni.

udini zokuhombisa in enkulisa unika abantwana izitya, iintlobo namanani imixholo zokudlala womthonyama. Ukongezelela, abantwana ungenza izivatho oonodoli ezincinane, izipho komama, oomakhulu, noodade, ngenxa iholide Matshi 8.

Phantsi yempembelelo izifundo izifundo bezandla zesizwe kunye nabantwana kakhulu ngakumbi banomdla ujonge imifanekiso kwi imixholo Russian iintsomi. Folk zokudlala ubutyebi bakhe spurring ekuyileni umntwana umzekelo eklasini, iyenza nolwazi likwabhekisela ngehlabathi singqongwe kuye. Iiklasi usebenzisa ngemifanekiso yezinto lobuciko ukunika abantwana ithuba lokuphuhlisa ingqondo.

Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo ezintle oku kuphunyezwa kuphela xa umntwana ngendlela kwaye ngocwangco uqalise izifundo zobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Ngokusekelwe ulwazi ukudala ngezandla zabo imisebenzi zokuhombisa. eyalelwa ukuba ngokutsha umsebenzi lobuciko nokuhombisa (nayiphi na). Amafoto, ukuba phambi umsebenzi ngokwawo, kunceda ucinge ukuba uya kusondela okanye sculpt umntwana.

Sifiso abantwana ukuba bazibandakanye ekudaleni izinto ezintle kakhulu yokuzimisela ingqalelo ngutitshala kule miba. Yena kufuneka bazazi kubugcisa intsomi, ukuba aziswe malunga ngembali inkangeleko yalo. Ukuba utitshala uyazi apho yobugcisa yesizwe ziquka oku okanye ithoyi, kwaye umdla ukuthetha iinkosi ngokwenza ezi zokudlala, abantwana baya kuba nomdla, yaye baya kuba nomnqweno nokusungula.

ubugcisa Fine kumabanga aphantsi

Zokuhombisa Folk Art esikolweni usana ivumela abantwana ukubuyela imithombo inkcubeko yesizwe, ilifa lokomoya. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, izifundo ubuncwane yenkcubeko awesizwe - owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwemfundo yokuziphatha yabantwana, zizenza abanombono ngolo kwilizwe labo. Obuciko intsomi umphefumlo eziqulethwe zesizwe ovuswa memory yembali ngezizukulwana. Ukuzisa ubuntu ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko, ukuphuhlisa amandla yayo ngenxa yokuziphatha, incasa kubuhle, abantwana kuba, ukuba intetho malunga nomsebenzi aya kuncitshiswa abe nokuqiqa abstract. Ngapha koko, imisebenzi weengcibi ngamagcisa ibonisa iimpawu best ngesimilo yesizwe: kodwa ke ukuvuseleleka intlonelo imbali yayo kunye nezithethe, uthando kwilizwe xa lilonke kwaye kuloo ndawo apho wazalelwa ingakumbi, ukuthobeka, umnqweno ubuhle, ubumnandi.

Indlela yokuququzelela inkqubo yemfundo ukuze uthando lizwe nje ibinzana entle, kodwa kwakuhambisana ngokwenene umongo engaphakathi abaselula? Yintoni enokwenziwa ukuba akukho ukwenza ezichaza kudlule umxholo wothand'uhlanga? Kulo mba, Kakade ke, oku kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela emanyeneyo. Imisebenzi yemfundo yokuziphatha-yobuhle kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokucwangcisekileyo.

Lo mntwana ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo, kucetywa ukuba siqwalasele isifundo lobuciko nokuhombisa (nayiphi na). Umzekelo umsebenzi kuya kusinceda siqonde imbambano.

Iminyaka yobudala yanamhlanje ifuna unyango kanye imvelaphi zobugcisa. Ukugcinwa, esele of lobuciko, uphuhliso namasiko alo - imisebenzi enjalo nzima ejongene ootitshala, ootitshala, amagcisa.

ubugcisa Fine kwisikolo semfundo ephakamileyo

Njengoko bekhula, abantwana baqala ukuqonda ngakumbi yintoni umsebenzi lobuciko zokuhombisa. BeBakala 6 ngendlela lihlolisisa lo mbuzo.

Inkqubo yomsebenzi isifundo lobugcisa emihle kwiBakala 6 inika iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili komsebenzi ubugcisa:

1. operation ngemizobo (ukupeyinta, ukuzoba).
2. imisebenzi ethile (zobuhlalu, imizobo, appliques).
3. Okwenzeka go elimiweyo (incoko).

Ezi ntlobo ukuvumela abantwana ukuba aqhelane kwezigaba zobugcisa. Sele ngethuba uthando oko kucaca enoba ezi ndawo nendlela ebuhlungu ezindiphethe ezihlobeneyo kwenye inkqubo yokusombulula le misebenzi ebekwe yi kule program. Uhlalutyo olunzulu kuyimfuneko avavanye iqhekeza ngalinye lobuciko zokuhombisa. Grade 6 - lixesha lokuba uphuhliso incasa yokuluka.

art Fine lufundiswe ezikolweni ukunxibelelana nezinye izinto. Isebenzisa ulwazi efunyenwe isifundo uncwadi, umculo, ulwimi Russian, imbali, ubugcisa, ibhayoloji. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuqonda intsingiselo ebonakalayo kwezi zifundo zobugcisa ocoliweyo, intswelo yabo kubalulekile. Uncwadi zifundo nabo efundwayo isihloko ezifana 'imisebenzi lobuciko zokuhombisa ". Isincoko (Grade 6) ivumela ukuba umfundi ukuba abonise ulwazi kwesi sifundo. Abantwana baqonde ukuba imveliso weengcibi. Kufuneka kuqulunqwe isicwangciso somsebenzi bachaze umsebenzi lobuciko nokuhombisa (nayiphi na). izivakalisi 5-6 ngento nganye inyathelo uya kwanela.

Ethile Folk Art neRashiya

Kunye Tatarstan kunye nezinye iingingqi Russian sichaphazele lobuciko. Tatar zokuhombisa umsebenzi eliqaqambileyo ezininzi. It has iingcambu zawo kumaxesha amandulo yobuhedeni - kwinkulungwane VII-VIII. Xa Kazan Khanate of iVolga Bulgaria kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa walusa ukulandela amasiko Islamic. Ukukhokela kuthambekela zaba iintlobo zeentyatyambo kunye noyilo zeentyantyambo. Olu hlobo ipateni kubonakala ngokuqhelekileyo ngokwayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo Tatar art. Kwezihombo Xikolo ezimfakamfele, yesikhumba mosaic, umthi nangokukrola amatye, iiseramikhi, izacholo, kaligrafi. style Zoomorphic isagquba kwimveliso iinkosi Bulgaria amaxesha yobuhedeni.

Le peculiarity yobuciko Russian zokuhombisa ekuthethwa bayo abaninzi. Ubuciko Russian zokuhombisa rhoqo ngemfihlo. ifanitshala Gambs nobucwebe Faberge, ngaphandle kunokuba umthetho. iinkosi angaziwa wadala obukhulu yokudweba, ukwaluka, impahla kunye nezinto zokudlala. Imveliso Artistic of Russia kunokuba neqhayiya nokudalwa swinene kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Ubungqina lokuqala lophuhliso aphezulu namashishini kwanokwenza kunye nezacholo anokufunyanwa phakathi AmaSkitiya izizwe ababehlala kuloo mmandla kukunaba kuLwandle Black eSiberia. Apha, ukugqithisela wanikwa isimbo zamaSkitiya isilwanyana. Northern nokuxubana, wadibana nabemi eScandinavia, amaqhekeza nezidanga ziquka imizimba yabantu kunye nezilwanyana, nto leyo fancifully munye. Ezizweni Urals Finno-Ugric wenza amakhubalo imifanekiso neebhere neengcuka, zenziwe ngomthi, ilitye okanye ubhedu.

zocweyo icon-umzobo zaba lukhulu kuyo yonke iRussia. Ngo Palekh yommandla Ivanovo kuphuhliswa umzobo entle kakhulu azibona kwizifundo ze iintsomi kunye amaculo lacquer abamnyama. Ukusuka Byzantium yamandulo beza kuthi zobugcisa afakwe of cloisonne lwawo, bexhentsa, ukwenza iintsimbi, omnyama, zaba nemikrolo iinkuni openwork bone. Kwinkulungwane XVII ubugcisa zokuhombisa yaphuhliswa kuphuhliso yemveliso yokuluka. It beqabe wayesebenzisa Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod umsonto kwi odaka, blackening zesiliva kwi Ustyug Omkhulu. Works abaculi intsomi iitempile art ehonjisiweyo zokuhombisa kunye amabhotwe.

Ngelo xesha uPetros weza vogue izinto Western: ifanitshala, faience. Ukususela ekuqaleni XVIII isipili kwenkulungwane ukuba ngokubanzi. MV Lomonosov yoncutshe iglasi, nezipili kunye mosaic smalt. bezakhiwo unekhono le XVIII ngqalo iiprojekthi kwenkulungwane liqulunqe XIX izinto zokuhombisa umhombiso ingaphakathi. Ezinye bezakhiwo ngelo xesha waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe umsebenzi ubuciko, ezifana Rossi kunye Voronikhin. Lenkundla kunye nesithunzi Russia anikezelweyo odolo ezininzi iinkampani zabucala ezithe ikwazile ukufikelela isakhono phezulu. Ezi nkampani ziquka Kuznetsovsky izityalo zomdongwe kunye imveliso yephondo, imveliso factory Popovski.

Uphononongo lwe lobuciko kunye nemisebenzi yezandla ubonisa ukuba popularization of lobuciko ngendlela engcono ichaphazela abantu abadala kunye nabantwana. Oku kuzisa i incasa ubuhle, ikhuthaza imbonakalo iimfuno zokomoya, ebangela imvakalelo yekratshi yesizwe nobuntu. Ngapha koko, izinto ezimibalabala emangalisayo adalwe amagcisa iintsomi, abantu indalo undiphe italente, ukuyila kunye nobubele.