Xa umculo emphethweni - nto ... gama musical "inyele"

In umculo Kant - uhlobo lwe polyphonic indlu iingoma. Wafumana ngokubanzi eRashiya, Belarus kunye Ukraine. Yintoni na isizathu ukuvela imiphetho? Apho uhlobo professional imvelaphi yayo? Ziintoni iimpawu ezendeleyo kuso? Ezi kunye nezinye kwimiba enenjongo hayi kuphela kwisangqa emxinwa eengcali, kodwa abantu ukwazi abakuthandayo ubugcisa umculo.

umculo weekwayara

Ngaphambi kokuphendula lo mbuzo, "yintoni emphethweni kwi umculo?", Kufuneka ingqalelo intsebenzo weekwayara luphela. umculo weekwayara ke iintlobo: iintsomi, ezenkolo, wempangelo, zobungcali. Musical intsomi weekwayara becula apho ngohlobo iingoma zomculo womthonyama. Ezi zililo abe nokuba isakhiwo evaliweyo (art epheleleyo) nevulelekileyo.

umculo weekwayara ahluka ngeempawu ezithile. Okokuqala, uhlobo polyphony: homophony, heterophony okanye polyphony. Okwesibini, ukwakhiwa ukwenziwa: Enoba (a'capella), ukucula solo okanye kusitsho (umculo weentambula).

Ukuqamba Choral inokuba yinxalenye imisebenzi enkulu, kunye nokubhala ngokupheleleyo. iintlobo abasingethe unyango weekwayara asetyenziswa namhlanje. Eli lungiselelo, ukhutshelo, ngokunjalo ukuvumelana.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso womculo weekwayara yaba ubugcisa yamandulo Greece, Byzantium, India neYiputa. Kokuwa Christianity e kobuOthodoki yobuKatolika lwabonakala nasekusungulweni zonqulo nezehlabathi. KumaXesha Aphakathi kukho uhlobo polyphony yokuqala, ebizwa organum. godlo kunye namabandla kwizixeko ezinkulu yaseYurophu ezahlukeneyo zibe ngamaziko ecaweni umculo weekwayara. Kwiiyunivesithi ezi iingoma umfundi ngakumbi isandi kunye motets zehlabathi.

ukucula Choral (polyphony) liyanda le Renaissance. Umisela Umgaqo ukuthembakala kuqamba umculo, kulo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, iintlobo ezintsha (motet, Madrigal, Mass, Wayesethi, Rap). Works ngcungela yesikolo Dutch wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudalweni nasekusungulweni umculo weekwayara. Phakathi abameli ezibalulekileyo kufuneka kuqatshelwe Dufay, Despres, Izak, Obrecht, Okegema.

ubuchule kunye nemigaqo lobugcisa iinkosi yesikolo Dutch Basic Wabonakala imisebenzi Ay, Gabrieli, Palestrina, Monteverdi kunye nabanye. Lo mzuzu engundoqo yaba imbonakalo opera. Nguwo lowo ukwahlulwa lokugqibela ecaweni umculo weekwayara. Phantsi impembelelo uhlobo kwakhiwa cantatas ezithambileyo oratorios.

Yintoni emphethweni kwi lomculo?

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, olu hlobo polyphonic ikhaya iingoma. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII ukuba wonke eRashiya olukhula ngokukhawuleza syllabic umbongo. Kulo mba, kukho emphethweni, kwaye uhlobo oqeqeshiweyo. Ekuqaleni, bezibhalwe becala kwizicatshulwa yonqulo ebizwa Psal'ma.

imiphetho Early ziqulathe inkqubo entsonkothileyo yamagama, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo sase iingoma esizwe Russian kwaye Ukrainian, umculo Polish kunye Banner isimbonono. Baya kuza ezahlukeneyo umxholo weendawo kwaye udla ngokubizwa ngokuba iingoma.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo yabo imvakalozwi bacebisa kunene. Ngokulungelelanisiweyo ngalo imiba iingoma intsomi ekhoyo kunye neefom umdaniso. Ezinye iintlobo imiphetho ngokuqinileyo kuyinxalenye yamasiko abantu ngomlomo.

Imvelaphi beskrini

Asinguye wonke umntu uyazi intsingiselo "buthelezi". Iguqulwe kwi-Latin - "becula". imvelaphi yazo aqala inkcubeko lomculo Poland. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI, baye babizwa "kantychek". Ngokubanzi eRashiya, eUkraine Belarus, abanawo XVI-XVII iinkulungwane. isihloko kwabo kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. chants zokomoya zithandwa kakhulu phakathi abefundisi kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII. Oku "inguquko" okanye "lakheke" life. Bazenza kwi ngesantya ezolileyo ukuphumla. Saba isingqisho ngokomthamo kunye yokugcina weekwayara.

yingxenye ingoma

Kwathi ngokunxuseneyo kunye igiza. Ezi iingoma babedalelwe ngenxa yezine, ezintandathu, isibhozo, baba lishumi elinababini okanye ngaphezulu iivoti. Inani wabo wafika ezingamashumi amabini anesine mane anesibhozo. Eyona ndlela obuphambili polyphonic umculo baba Ikonsathi ezingcwele. Bakuba beyiphosile ilothe ngexesha inkonzo kaThixo zehlobo. Enkosi kwi iikonsathi, ubhalo elitsha, apho ikhona unanamhla. Le umgca ezintlanu- kwiinowuthsi. Ukuba phambi indlela partesnogo Amabhaxa, kweli xesha kukho imfuneko yokurekhoda echanekileyo polyphony harmonic. Ukususela ngelo xesha, phawula ngamnye umele ethile ukuphakama kunye nexesha.

Partesnogo imisebenzi wadala Abaqambi ezininzi. Noko ke, eyona edumileyo UNikolai Diletsky, Vasily titov, UNikolai Kalashnikov, nguDmitry Berezovsky kunye nguDmitry Bortniansky.

Ukususela uhadi Kant

IiNdumiso, ngokuchaseneyo iindumiso ibandla ukuba yenzelwe zasekhaya umculo-kwezigqibo. Abazange ukwenza imisebenzi imithandazo, umyalelo zawo azilawulwa ngokungqongqo. Ngoko ke, bakhawuleza bafika ukusetyenziswa kunye zithandwa kwinkulungwane XVII eRashiya, Belarus kunye Ukraine. Iisampulu olu hlobo inokufumaneka kwincwadi ethi "Menologion" Simeona Polotskogo. Umculo kwizicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo Vasily titov.

Psalms - oku linyathelo elibalulekileyo kakhulu inguqu akuyiwa umculo ongcwele. Ngokukodwa, uhlobo buthelezi lyrical. Ngamanye amaxesha iintsingiselo zala magama ziyafana.

iimpawu uphawu: inxalenye ezintathu-intshukumo, intshumayelo eliphezulu parallel esithathwini iivoti ezimbini, bass yesalathisi, amathambo harmonic. Konke oku kuya kuba inkalo ephambili kant ngenkulungwane XVIII.

ifomu part-Two yeendumiso, into bakucaphukele ixabiso lwesemantiki umbhalo zemibongo. Umlinganiswa umculo zinokohluka - ukusuka izibongozo kunye nezikhalazo ukuze kudunyiswe kunye Eyokuqiqa.

Cants ngexesha uPetros I

Ngeli xesha, beshumayela indawo ekhethekileyo emancamini imixholo yobuzwe. Ziye ke kuthathwa ukuba uhlobo abaninzi ezithandwayo, weva kwimibhiyozo ezisemthethweni ezinikelwe ngamagorha emfazwe kunye kwimizuzu isiganeko-eziqhutywa ibalulekileyo kubomi boluntu. Phantsi uPetros I wamisa Inqaba yamandulo. Oku kwenzeka e Moscow, yaye kamva kwizitrato St. Petersburg kwi sihlandlo iphumelele amadabi. Abaphumeleleyo bahlangana esangweni ecula ikwayara kunye wafuna kwesithethe ye zomkhosi.

imiphetho Panegyric kunye vivatnye

Chants ayenza ngokukhethekileyo wadala imbeko kakumkani iinjengele zakhe. Ngelo xesha kwakukho loo igama Edge njenge "laudatory" kunye "vivatny". In panhgurikoz Greek - le ngoma yendumiso, indumiso kakhulu. Iguqulwe ukusuka vivat Latin lithetha "mana". Ukucula le Iikona idityaniswe nokufunda 'amazwi yendumiso ", mzuzu kunye zokhaliso kweentsimbi kunye sekhe badubula, kwaye sikhatshwe ngokudlala nobhedu izixhobo umoya. Xa umculo emphethweni - le yenye yezona life ibalulekileyo, ezo afunyanwa rhoqo kwi khaya. Bakuba beyiphosile ilothe emva kweentetho wamkelekile kwaye amisiweyo, njengoko thowusti. imiphetho Panegyric ifakiwe zemiboniso kumdlalo wesikolo ka St. Petersburg eMoscow.

iimpawu uphawu le Edge

Eyona iphambili eli candelo lomculo i-yinxalenye ezintathu imiphetho le ntetho ngentshukumo parallel eliphezulu iivoti ezimbini. bass Independent lisebenza njengesiseko harmonic. imvakalozwi emnandi ifumile isimbonono znamenny, kwakunye Russian, Belarusian, Polish kunye iingoma zomculo womthonyama Ukrainian. Ukuba siqwalasela Petrine ixesha, umculo emphethweni - eli culo, nto leyo idla ngokusetyenziswa wafuna imvakalozwi, sifunda ngayo imiqondiso yayo uThandeka emkhosini. ubhalo festive kunye amisiweyo wanika life-jubilus ngamazwi "Viva!", Njengokuba kwakunye isingqisho ngqo kolo hambo. Kangangethuba elide alawula noMlondolozi kunye uhlobo weekwayara. Kant indawo iifom simbona raspevnosti bazisa melos kwisenzeko, izingqisho upholile kwaye ilastiki, imitha syllabic.

Le abenzi bemilingo ye uhlobo. umbhali

edge bade ufumana ukuya phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngeli xesha, kukho iingoma ombambazelayo, lwembali ezihlekisayo. Baya bahlala udumo lwabo de ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Ababhali kakuhle ixesha kwakhe ababhali izicatshulwa. Phakathi kwabo: MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov, VK Trediakovskii.

Zabhalwa umculo ngokufuthi ndakutywina nje ziimbongi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kule ingqokelela ngqangi (ngokwesithethe) Khange ukhankanye amagama abaqambi. Isiko ukwenza imiphetho kwi onesingqi abaziwayo baye kudala zikho phantse ukususela kokufika somculo. Kant - oku luguqulelo yombhalo, alondolozwe ngokuqokelela ngqangi. Inkoliso yabo babhadula kwiqoqo omnye komnye, yaye iivesi zinongqameko amaninzi ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Njengoko life sung?

Amaninzi ukuba lahlokoma ngaphandle zomculo (ihambisana). Oko kwenziwa a'capella. Nangona kunjalo, bonke kuxhomekeke kumxholo imveliso. Kwezinye iimeko, bass (okanye i-invoyisi yonke) udluliselwa owokubethelwa izinto ezahlukeneyo.

Eminye imizekelo myalelo ukuguquka kunye life izakwenziwa organ. izixhobo umoya - Panegyric. Yasemaphandleni okanye uthando kunye ukudlala isiginkci, harpsichord, nelembande, okanye ipiyano.

Impembelelo lwemveli

imiphetho Comic umzekelo iphawulekayo impembelelo lwemveli kule uhlobo yobungcali. Inani elikhulu iingoma intsomi ezidolophini inokufumaneka yeengqokelela wesandla 60-70s zenkulungwane XVIII. Ezi zikhohlela zimbini ke kuthathwa ukuba uhlobo yokuqala na ukulungiswa kwale ngoma ubuchule lwesizwe. Ngenxa lweengqokelela ngqangi ekuqokelelweni eprintiweyo 70-80s iingoma zadalwa. Ngenxa impefumlelwano iingoma intsomi ezidolophini kunye Kant yabamba inguqu ebonakalayo kwezi ntlobo. Le ngoma ngokucacileyo iimpawu zendlela kubonakala: isakhiwo uncuthu lwengoma, ukuthamba. Ukuqhama isingqi iimilo, iindidi izifundo wakwazi buthelezi. Ukubaluleka kunye nefuthe iintsomi, njengokuba ubona, ayinakuphikiswa.

Russian ecula ibandla Orthodox

Nengqiqo lwenkolelo ngokusondeleyo evelele. Le nkonzo ithathwa ukuba eyona iphambili obufezekileyo emhlabeni. Voice njengoko umzimba isandi umphefumlo womntu, ezikhethwe ngenxa yozuko lukaThixo. Orthodox ukucula - ingqokelela iingoma zecawa-zonqulo. itekisi lwabo hymnographers bakhanyiselwa, bona raspet nabo. Melody uneempawu zawo. Oku kubonisa isimilo wesizwe, kwingcingane lweentlanga, iimeko zokuphila kunye neminye imiba. Malunga newaka leminyaka eyadlulayo, ookhokho bethu wathabatha Orthodox Ngcwele zeCawa Mpuma Byzantine. umbhalo wayo Liguqulwe lithatyathwa odumileyo St. KIRILL I Mefody. Ekugqibeleni Uncuthu lwengoma eliguqulelwe ngokwayo Rus Orthodox. Le nguqulelo lwahlala iinkulungwane eziliqela, kuba eneneni ulwimi olutsha emnandi. Oku kubonakala Orthodox ukucula Russian. Eneneni, Orthodox ngokwayo ngelo xesha wakhula, wakhula, yaye ekugqibeleni kwasekwa.

Ngenxa yoko, umculo weekwayara kukuba ngeentlobo ezininzi, nezibekekileyo yayo ngeempawu ezithile. polyphony Choral yayikhona kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye Renaissance ufumana kweentyatyambo. ubuchule kunye nemigaqo zobugcisa Basic ziye zasekwa iinkosi yesikolo Dutch kunye nabalandeli babo.

Eli nqaku ingqalelo umbuzo ongundoqo ebuzwe ekuqaleni - "? Leyo ethetha emphethweni" imvelaphi yayo, iimpawu kunye neendidi sele zichongiwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abenzi bemilingo na uhlobo kwenzeka kwinkulungwane XVIII, nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba ubudala ngesizathu nokukhanya.