History of Russia: ixesha uPetros. Meaning, inkcubeko Petrine kwexesha. Art kunye neencwadi Petrine era

Kwikota yokuqala yenkulungwane XVII eRashiya yabalasela iinguqu ezinxulumene ngqo kwi "Europeanization 'eli lizwe. Ekuqaleni kwexesha sikaPetros sikhatshwe iinguqulelo ezinkulu amasiko kunye nendlela yokuphila. Kwakuthi inguqu kwimfundo kunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Zonke badlula kwinqanaba lokuqala iinguqu kunzima kakhulu, ngokufuthi ngogonyamelo. Cinga olulandelayo iziganeko eziphambili Petrine kwexesha.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze neNguquko

Noxa kunjalo, kwii esebenzayo lwamaxabiso Western iqatshelwe lizwe ngenkulungwane XVII. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ugxininiso kule nefuthe iye yatshintsha Petrovsky elithile. ngekhulu XVIII yaba ixesha ekuqalisweni lwamaxabiso amatsha neembono ezintsha. Injongo ephambili zenguqu liye laba ubomi yezikhulu Russian. Ngobunzulu nguqulelo yaye conditioner ikakhulu iinjongo zikarhulumente. Wayefuna ukuba inguqu zolawulo, emkhosini, ezoshishino kunye namacandelo zemali. Ukuze wenze oku kwakufuneka amava kunye impumelelo Europe. Impumelelo iinguqulelo karhulumente, wahlanganisa ndawonye ukuyilwa eliphucukileyo ngokomgangatho elitsha ihlabathi, ukuhlengahlengiswa yezikhulu yobomi.

ulwazi lokuqala

era Petrine yenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo ngendlela yasentshona yobomi. wabonakala amaxabiso yaseYurophu uvelwano umlawuli Russia nkqu ebutsheni bakhe. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala uPetros wayedla weza Quarter waseJamani, apho wafumana abahlobo yayo yokuqala. Emva kotyelelo lokuqala phesheya waba ingcamango ifuduke eYurophu ukuya Russian amasiko, amaziko, iintlobo zokuzonwabisa kunye nonxibelelwano. Noko ke, akazange acinge ukuba konke oku kuya kubonakala nobunzima ezithile ngenxa umhlaba kunye nembali ephilayo kuba le nto engazanga idalwe ehlabathini lonke. esiqaphelekayo kaPetros, ngamafutshane, linxulunyaniswa nokuqaliswa ubundlobongela ubomi Russian lwamaxabiso yaseYurophu. Njengoko kwiirekhodi, umlawuli loyiswa efunekayo zezifundo igqithe baze bashiye izithethe ubudala ubudala wooyise.

Ukuguqulwa lokuqala

Ukuba sithethe into elithile elizibalula likaPetros, ngokufutshane, lo rapprochement kunye West lwabonakala kwenkathalo Government malunga nabantu eRashiya nokuba ngaphandle sasifana eYurophu. Emva kokufika kwakhe evela phesheya, uPetros wayalela ukuba kuziswe izikere asike neendevu yena kothusa izinduna. Olu sebenziso umlawuli wayenze ngaphezu kanye. Iindevu waba kuye uphawu kudala. Yena ayibona kakubi phambi kwayo kobuso izinduna. Nangona elide ukususela iindevu wenza njengezihombiso inviolable, umqondiso imbeko gentility, njengomthombo yekratshi. Umthetho 1705 wayalela bonke abantu ngaphandle ababingeleli neemonki achebe iindevu zakhe, nasesilevini. Ngoko ke, uluntu waba zahlulo ezimbini ukungalingani. One - yezikhulu nabaphetheyo yabantu ezidolophini, nto leyo phantsi koxinzelelo ka Europeanization, enye igcinwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo.

yokudweba

Amagcisa ixesha kaPetros ngendlela yabo zibonisa imithetho eli thuba ezimbalini. Ndimele ndithi ukuba mfanekiso wonke ukuya kwinqanaba omtsha ukulibaziseka ethile xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe phambili. Art ixesha uPetros iya wempangelo. Ekuqaleni, ekupeyinteni omtsha kuchazwe eMoscow St Petersburg. Ngaphambi koku, inkosi wabhala kuphela ii icon. Culture Petrine era wafuna umfanekiso amadabi festive, ezukisa uloyiso, ukumkani zabantu izifundo. engravers Russian ndingayizekelisa kuphela iincwadi zecawa. Ngelo entsha nqanaba zembali kwakukho iimbono eziyimfuneko St. Petersburg, iincwadi ushicilela kwi zokudubula, bokwakha kunye oomatiloshe. Culture Petrine era ukhululekile kuwo amandla ibandla, ezama ukubamba up kunye kumazwe aseYurophu, nizihlabe kude phambili.

Ezi nkcukacha kuphuculo

Iimpawu isiko Petrine xesha kwabonakala inguqu kabukhali indlela ukusoloko yobomi. Okokuqala Russia baqalisa azichole imiyalelo Koloni ukupeyinta. Utshintshwano lwenziwa kuphela ukwenzela ukuba ayizise ilizwe amagcisa angaphandle kunye neengcibi. Njengoko enye yeenjongo eziphambili imfundo zikarhulumente zikazwelonke wakhuthaza ukusungulwa izithethe best yaseYurophu. ixesha Uqeqesho iinkosi Russian ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kwisiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-18. wabuya e Holland kunye Italy, kwamagcisa aye abonisa ihlabathi italente zabo, izakhono zabo, wayeqalisa yobuciko ezinkulu. Imizobo ezintsha luphawulwa umdla eziphakamileyo umntu. Kuye kuhlawulwa ihlabathi yakhe ngaphakathi, kwaye ubume umzimba. Amagcisa Russian waqala ilifa impumelelo yobugcisa yeenkosi yaseYurophu. Xa umsebenzi wabo, ke ngoku kusetyenziswa izinto ezintsha: nezemarmore, ioli phezu ngelaphu. Womzobo ivela kwimbono yomgama, ukukwazi ukubonisa umthamo kunye nobunzulu indawo. Artists zokuqala sexesha elitsha baqala kunye Nikitin Matveev.

mfanekiso

Wathabatha indawo okhethekileyo ubugcisa kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18. Lo mfanekiso kwakujongwa uhlobo kakhulu efikeleleka yokudweba. Wakhawuleza zasabela iziganeko ezenzeka ebomini bam. Uluhlu lwezifundo iye kuphelela eni ubuntu eziziingangamsha, iintlobo izixeko, iimfazwe, imibhiyozo. eziqaphelekayo kaPetros wanika eRashiya kunye iinkosi zehlabathi ezifana Rostovtsev, Alexei kunye Ivan Zubov.

portraits ezincinane

Kwakhona yaqala ukubonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. Ababhali okuqala Ovsov kunye Musikiysky. Ixesha lokuqala ukudala eni elincinane ababusi nezalamane zabo. Noko ke, emva kokuba imfuno le misebenzi ukwandisa ukuba Academy of Arts kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-18, iklasi okhethekileyo.

iincwadi

Oku kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo ukuthambekela yobudala zoncwadi Petrine kwixesha elitsha. Ngowe-1717 yanyatheliswa "Intetho ...", nto leyo echaza izizathu imfazwe Sweden. Le ncwadi yalungiselelwa yi-Vice-Chancellor Shafirov egameni ukumkani. Oku "nokuqiqa" liye laba imbali sezozakuzo yokuqala Russian kwi-nkqubo angaphandle eziphambili Russia. utshintsho kwezoqoqosho ziboniswa kwimibhalo Pososhkov. ncwadi yayo idumileyo yaba "Book of ubutyebi nobuhlwempu." Umbhali brilliant, isithethi, icawa kunye manani zikarhulumente yobudala uPetros lweli Church of Feofan Prokopovich ngokutsha. Waba i "imimiselo Yokomoya", "Inyaniso iya savela". Enye isikhulu yaba uStefan Jaworski. Wadala amaphecana zonqulo ezifana "Stone of Faith", "umqondiso bafikile Umchasi." Ezi imisebenzi sibhekiswe kobuProtestanti kunye reformism.

nokuzonwabisa

Ngexesha kubuyiselo izama ukwenza yeqonga kuluntu eSt Petersburg eMoscow. Sibeka phezu comedy eqongeni kunye nemidlalo zembali ( "Amphitryon" yaye "Gqirha forced" yi Moliere, umzekelo). Yaqala ukubonakala kunye imisebenzi zazingenela olukhulu. Ngoko ke, era uPetros yabalasela ekudalweni tragicomedy Prokopovich "Vladimir", Zhukovsky ukudlala "Uzuko Russia". Utshintsho yokuziphatha ebonakaliswa ukuvela iindlela ezintsha zokuzonwabisa. Ekupheleni kuka 1718, elite Petersburg Society zokwaziswa amabandla intshayelelo. Le mbono wazalwa uPetros emva bekutyelelo French abaphilayo. Bahlanganisana ke udliwano-ndlebe ezinkulu kwezopolitiko, oosonzululwazi, amagcisa kunye nabanye abameli amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuseka iindibano eRashiya, uPetros wafuna ukufundisa abanumzana ukuya ukuziphatha wempangelo, kwakunye ukubandakanya imo yamabhinqa kubomi boluntu. Kwinkqubo lombutho esebenzisa wenguquko kunye impumelelo ABRSM, kwakunye nemiqathango Europe. Xa umthetho, ukulawula umyalelo ibandla zezindlu, uluhlu lwemithetho ezichaza imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ezibe ukulandela langoku.

Ukubala

"Utility" yaba ingcinga engundoqo, leyo okusaqhubekayo yonke yobudala uPetros. Ngexesha lolawulo wenguquko enkulu babeba ukuqaliswa ixesha elitsha. Ke kaloku ubalo kuqhutywe hayi ukususela ekudalweni kwehlabathi, kunye ekuzalweni kukaKristu. Unyaka omtsha uqale nge-1 Januwari, kunokuba nge-1 Septemba. Yaye yasekwa neeholide. Ngoko ke, uPetros yaziswa loNyaka oMtsha. umbhiyozo yakhe ukuba kuqhutywa ukususela-1 ukuya ku-7 Januwari. Kulo mzekelo, sesango lentendelezo kufuneka hombisa umsipres nompleyini kunye nemithi yejunipha okanye amasebe. Kwizitalato ezinkulu ngokuhlwa kuyo wayalelwa omlilo, kunye nabantu umhlangano uvuyisane omnye. KuNyaka oMtsha kwikomkhulu kwezitakantlantsi. Ngaloo ndlela uPetros Waba ngunozala leeholide zikazwelonke abaninzi. Victory imibhiyozo steel pan of Umzekelo yisayensi eRoma. Kwi-1769-iimitha emikhosini kumsitho koloyiso Azov wabonakalisa iimpawu ezingundoqo iziganeko elizayo. Bathi igama imiqondiso aseRoma kakhulu ngokucacileyo. Ngokomyalelo umlawuli babakhe Inqaba yamandulo.

intshayelelo Women ukuba ubomi eliphezulu

Esebenzisa wakhe wokuguqula, uPetros akazange acinge ukuba abemi awangekalungeli kubo. Ngokomzekelo, amabhinqa ibingawo yingxaki kakhulu ngesiquphe kude umyalelo domostroevskogo. Nangona kunjalo, a wenguquko abayinyamekelayo kubo. Wabhekisela abafazi, ukuba baziphathe ngayo, isinxibo, intetho. Ekuqaleni, emabandleni, ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, manenekazi Russian, esinzulu corseted, hayi nje wayengazi indlela dance with ubabalo lula, kodwa wayengazi ukuba kufuneka njani ukuze uhlale phantsi okanye ukuba babe. Ubukhulu becala ke angenzi, angenzi.

Ixabiso Petrine era

Uguqulo umlawuli ukuba eli lizwe ukuze bafikelele kwinqanaba ngokomgangatho entsha. Kwindawo yokuqala yehla kakhulu umsantsa of namasiko kunye noqoqosho lwamazwe obuphambili Europe. Ukongeza, iRashiya iye yaba urhulumente omkhulu nonamandla. Xa sijonge ukusungulwa amaxabiso baseYurophu, eli lizwe waqala ukuthatha kwiqonga lamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa iinguqulelo kaPetros ngoku nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo ayilungiseki ngaphandle inxaxheba eRashiya. Utshintsho eziye zenzeka ebomini kawonke kwikota yokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18, baba progressive kakhulu. Noko ke, baye bandisa kakhulu umsantsa phakathi wabanumzana, abakumgangatho ophantsi. Iingangamsha wajika neklasi amanene abakhethekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo enkcubeko kunye neenzuzo waba nelungelo labo kuphela. Konke oku, kukhatshwa ukusasazeka ukujongelwa ulwimi Russian kunye nenkcubeko izidwangube bume yamandulo. mbali abaninzi bathi Europeanization kwakhula kubonakaliswa ezimbi yenkcubeko pre-Petrine Russia. amatsha uqalise kakhulu baqonda yezikhulu. Amaxesha amaninzi ingqondo inyathelo ukuguqulwa, malungana ngokupheleleyo koko kulindeleke. Ngembeko nangentlonelo ngokwemiyalelo belungazi imfuno yangaphakathi, banikela ukunyuka ukuya ubukrwada kunye akayazi. Iinguqu kuchatshazelwa kuphela phezulu kuluntu. Umlimi Russian lisekhona ixesha elide kakhulu emva kokuphela kwexesha uPetros akazange aye yokubonela, musa ukufunda amaphephandaba, andazi ubukho amabandla. Ngenxa yoko, le nguqulelo satshintsha isikhundla ekuhlaleni kwiklasi ilungelo kwi-West, kwaye nobomi abakumgangatho ophantsi - kwelinye icala, ukuya eMpuma. Kwelinye icala, ukuguqulwa kwiimeko zobomi kunye nenkcubeko akhiwa kuphuhliso lwemfundo, ezenzululwazi kunye noncwadi. Nakuba kunjalo, amanani amaninzi yaseYurophu neemposiso nogonyamelo kwiCEMIS zoomatshini. Oku wadala imiqobo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso olupheleleyo inkcubeko yemveli Russian esekelwe kwizithethe zamandulo. Abameli yezikhulu, ukwamkela amaxabiso aseYurophu, uphambuko kunokuba kakhulu ebantwini. Umgcini inkcubeko Russian - umlimi Russian - lwalunxityelelaniswe izithethe zesizwe. Kwaye oku lomeleza kuphela uqhagamshelo kwayo ngexa yotshintsho kuRhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, yaqala ukwahlulwa enzulu zentlalo nenkcubeko eluntwini. Onke la zibethwa kwangaphambili eziphikisanayo etsolo kunye namandla kuphazamiseka lwentlalo eyavela kwinkulungwane yama-20.

isiphelo

zokulungisa Petrine kwi yenkcubeko, kwinqanaba loluntu kubomi kunye nomlinganiswa ngokukhawuleza yezopolitiko. Amaxesha amaninzi, iinguqu zaye kwenziwa ngogonyamelo. Abantu kwanyanzeleka ukuba ezingaqhelekanga kubo amaxabiso yenzululwazi. Konke oku kwenziwa ngokomdla karhulumente, kwabunjwa ngokwemiyalelo kumkani xa ezinzima. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi uBukhosi Russian wadala ikota yenkulungwane, ukuba eziphembelele kwimigibe ngexesha uPetros. Wenguquko wazama ukunika ubungangamsha karhulumente, ngena ngayo ubudlelwane ngamazwe ngamaLungelo amazwe aseYurophu. Kungenxa yoko le nto eli zonke ukusebenzisa amaxabiso yasentshona. Abahlaziyi ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi yezikhulu. Ekuqaleni izigaba ezintsha ekuthiwa ukumelana intamo. Noko ke, ukungathobeli lo mlawuli ayivumelekanga. nemihlaba Elite kwafuneka ukuba ukuthobela kwaye sifunde ukuphila phantsi imithetho emitsha. Nasekuqaliseni inguqu, uPetros wayefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba izikhulu wafumana amava ngokoqobo yaseYurophu. Ngoko ke, wayesoloko wahambela kwenye ngokwakhe, kwendisa ngaphandle bakhe, simema basemzini eRashiya. Wayefuna ukuba ilizwe ngaphandle amakheswa kwezopolitiko. Xa xesha uPetros inani enkulu imisebenzi yobugcisa. iinkosi Russian yamkela amava kunye nezakhono baseYurophu, yobuciko wadala, apho kamva waba yaziwe ehlabathini lonke. lutshintsho lungako iqatshelwe bokwakha. Nangona kwintshayelelo kunokuba ngqwabalala ezintsha, Russia akwazi ukuhamba kufutshane eYurophu. Noko ke, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, kuphuculo sichaphazele kuphela iiklasi ephezulu. Abalimi wahlala ukufunda. Iiklasi asezantsi aba abagcini nezithethe zamandulo kunye ezingcwele imbeko yabo. ubuntu kaPetros kuthathwa yi mbali ezininzi zinokuphikiswa. Ambiguously baqonda ngabaphandi guqula bakhe. inguqu yachaphazela kuphela ukuziphatha kunye nobomi, ubugcisa bokwakha. iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ezithe kwindawo wamajoni, izixhobo zolawulo. ezintsha ezininzi ngokuqinileyo kweli lizwe. izizukulwana ezilandelayo ziye lugqibelele inkqubo wadalwa nguPetros. YoMlawuli liye laba uphawu iinguqu ngqindilili, ukusetyenziswa Qhamani nolusebenzayo impumelelo Koloni. UPetros bachitha imali olukhulu umsebenzi kweli lizwe. Nangona yokuba akukho ithathele ingqalelo iimeko ezininzi kunye awohluke ye sengqondo Russian, ababhali-mbali bayaqonda ukuba urhulumente phantsi kolawulo lwakhe wenze inyathelo elikhulu phambili. Society sele eqhubela phambili, nasemsebenzini, ofundileyo, ofundileyo. Xa kwinzala uPetros, singatsho phantse kuphela umlawuli igcinwe isihloko Omkhulu wamnika ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe.