Yintoni ACS? ufakelo zokudubula Self-kuqhube: ngezigaba, isikhundla

iiyunithi zokudubula Self-ngokwaso (SAU) ekuthiwa izithuthi yokulwa, ezo nto ngaphezu kokuba self-ngokwaso isisu semoto-imvelaphi inyuselwa khona umpu zokudubula. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa imipu self-ngokwaso okanye artsamohodami. Kweli nqaku, siza kukhangela yintoni na ACS, apho zisetyenziswa okuyimfihlo yaye zahluke kwezinye iindidi izixhobo.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, yintoni na ACS? Xa obanzi njengoko ACS kunokubonwa zonke izithuthi yokulwa, ezo bexhobe ngemipu. Noko ke, ngengqiqo emxinwa ukuya ACS ziquka kuphela ezo iimatshini abaxhobileyo ngemipu okanye howitzers, kodwa amatanki okanye izithuthi vehicles.

SAU iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nemida yayo. Zingakotshwa nabaya okanye yamfuna isisu semoto, ukuze akhusele okanye hayi akhusele isikrweqe, wamilisela okanye nenqaba ukunyusa ngompu engundoqo. Uninzi esingazihambeliyo zokudubula zehlabathi, baxhotyiswa zifakelwa inqaba, zifana amatanki. Noko ke, zahluke kakhulu ukusuka amatanki ukusetyenziswa yamacebo ukulingana "wezikrweqe iingalo."

iyunithi zokudubula Self-ngokwaso (ACS) waqalisa imbali yayo ijikeleza ixesha xa shaka yokuqala kunye nezithuthi transport - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ngaphezu koko, ukususela kwinqanaba umbono lenzululwazi wamajoni mihla, le neetanki yokuqala French ngokukhawuleza analogu kamva SAU ngaphezu kwiitanki. Kwisiqingatha oluphakathi kunye yesibini kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kumazwe phambili lafika ixesha luphuhliso olukhawulezayo kuzo zonke iintlobo zokudubula self-ngokwaso.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, ngenxa Jump olukhulu kwinzululwazi emkhosini, ulawulo oluzenzekelayo, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, waqalisa ukuba ibango ukongama phakathi kwezinye izithuthi vehicles. Ngaphambili, ngokuqinisekileyo yaba kwiitanki. Indima ye-ACS kwiimeko amadabi zomkhosi mihla liyanda minyaka yonke.

History of uphuhliso

Endle, edabini iMfazwe Yehlabathi First wasebenzisa ziiyunithi-ngokwaso, ukwakhiwa ngokusekelwe iilori, iitrektara okanye qha. Kamva, kunye nophuhliso lamatanki, iinjineli waqonda ukuba isiseko itanki ifanele ukufakelwa kweenkqubo zokudubula enamandla. guns Unarmored kwi kwisisu semoto nazo olityelweyo, ngenxa yokuba Zidume ukuhamba zazo eziphakamileyo.

Ngo-Russia, i transport ACS wokuqala wanikela unyana ka D. I. Mendeleeva - vd Mendeleev. Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye War Civil belizwe zisetyenziswa umpu 72-millimitha wayo, eyakhelwe ngokwesiseko ilori "Russo-Balt". Locwaningo ezinye zazo vehicles ngokuyinxenye. Kule 20 yenkulungwane lokugqibela uphuhliso ACS benza waseUSSR, Germany nase-United States, kodwa uninzi lweeprojekthi into ngaphezu kokuba ufakelo ngokwesivumelwano.

Xa eSoviet Union kunye iJamani waqalisa ukuba ngokubonakalayo imikhosi yayo vehicles, ithuba kakhulu efakwe kwi zokudubula tank isisu semoto. Ngenxa yoko, eSoviet Union ngokusekelwe kwamatanki T-35 ne T-28 ngere- self-ngokwaso imipu SU-14 yadalwa. EJamani, ukuguqulwa phantsi SAU wasebenzisa kwamatanki lixesha Pz Kpfw I.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi II efunekayo ukusetyenziswa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Germany babuthana zenziwa ACS esekelwe iitanki ubudala waza wayithimba. Ngokusekelwe koomatshini yayo, enza ufakelo ilula kwaye sitshiphu. Eli bali kwakukho imifuziselo German ezifana: StuG III, kunye StuG IV, Hummel kunye Wespe, imipu self-ngokwaso "uFerdinand" (ebizwa ngokuba yi-mlilo Hetzer kunye Elefant itanki) kunye nabanye abambalwa. Ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1944 ngokuveliswa ACS eJamani ladlula nemveliso umthamo kwiitanki.

I-Red Army waqalisa ukulwa ngaphandle zokudubula self-esingazihambeliyo serial. Ukuveliswa a howitzer self-ngokwaso enye SU-5 wama-1937. Kodwa ngoJulayi 1941, kwakukho imipu self-ngokwaso ZIS-30 uhlobo ngokwesivumelwano. kunyaka olandelayo umgca ibandla Waya ukubetha imipu umfuziselo SU-122. Kamva counterweight German izithuthi enzima vehicles wabonakala odumileyo SU-100 kunye wapin-152.

iinjineli amaNgesi American abaye bagxila imikhosi yazo ikakhulu ekuvelisweni howitzers esingazihambeliyo. Ngoko kwakukho imodeli: Sexton, Bishop, M12 kunye M7 Ngumbingeleli.

Ngenxa kuphuhliso kwamatanki eziphambili edabini, imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ukubetha yanyamalala. inkqubo kunye gunships ntaka Anti-enomjukujelwa kakhulu ngempumelelo buyisela umbhuqi itanki. Kodwa howitzers kunye nemipu anti-moya siqalisa kude.

Njengoko ACS imihlaba yabo wakhula yandisa yokuhlela. Cinga iindidi imipu self-ngokwaso, ukubonakala kwinzululwazi emkhosini namhlanje.

abonakalisi tank

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, oomatshini imfazwe ezinjalo ezikhethekileyo ekutshabalaliseni izithuthi vehicles. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba wafumana izixhobo nje kudala barreled guns okuzenzelekayo bodidi-57 mm ukuya kwi-100 mm kunye indlela womserbia unitary evumela ukuba sifikelele kwizinga eliphezulu lomlilo. abonakalisi itanki Heavy, eyenzelwe ukuba alwe umatshini utshaba efanayo kunye namatanki enzima kungenziwa bexhobe ngemipu elide-barreled ukwahlula ukuyibiza, zizicatshulwa leyo efikelela ukuya ku-155 mm. Ukufaka kule klasi olungasebenziyo nxamnye nomkhosi kunye iinqaba. Kwakhokelela ekwandeni kophuhliso bafumene ngethuba Second World War. abameli uphawu baphangi itanki ye ixesha a eSoviet guns self-ngokwaso SU-100 imodeli kunye "jagdpanther" isiJamani. Okwangoku, ukufakelwa kule klasi zasuka zathi waxa kwiinkqubo anti-enomjukujelwa kwaye kuliwe ntaka, ezo kakhulu ngempumelelo ukumelana kwiitanki ngakumbi.

gun ukubetha

Ingaba iinqwelo vehicles ngenkxaso umlilo lamatanki kunye nomkhosi. ACS olu hlobo ezinkulu-ngezikhali (105-203 mm) okanye imipu elifutshane-elide-barreled, nto leyo ngokulula hit enqatyisiweyo izikhundla elihamba. Ukongeza, ezi imipu ukubetha zingasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ngokuchasene kwiitanki. Olu hlobo imipu esingazihambeliyo, kwakunye elidlulileyo, ayenziwa ngexesha Second World War. imizekelo ezicacileyo lwemipu ukubetha German nza intsimbi StuG III, StuG H42 kunye Brummbar. Phakathi koomatshini eSoviet zizakubalulwa: SU-122 kunye SU-152. Emva kwemfazwe, uphuhliso kwamatanki eziphambili idabi kwakhokelela ekubeni bona baxhobe ngemipu ezinkulu-ukuvuleka, ekwaziyo ukubulala iinqaba utshaba ngaphandle iingxaki kunye neethagethi unarmored. Ngoko ke, imfuneko yokusebenzisa izixhobo ukubetha yanyamalala.

howitzers Self-esingazihambeliyo

Ingaba izixhobo ehambayo umlilo kwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo. Enyanisweni, iqhutywe Togu mfutho zokudubula. Iinkqubo ezinjalo ACS bodidi abaxhobileyo zokudubula ukusuka milimitha 75 ukuya 406. Baye incwadi kancinane weave, leyo zikhuselwe ngaphandle ukusuka umlilo-ibhetri. Zisuka nje, uphuhliso zokudubula self-ngokwaso yaye howitzers self-ngokwaso. Le ngemipu of bodidi enkulu yokuhamba kunye neenkqubo ndawo mihla le hlobo kwezikhali phakathi kakhulu kule mini.

howitzers self-ngokwaso esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekhethekileyo ukuvuleka mkhulu kuno 152 eemilimitha. Banakho angasibetha utshaba zikhali, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba kutshabalalisa izinto ezinkulu kunye namaqela amajoni kunye nenani elincinane kuqhume. Ngexesha Second World War, iimoto isiJamani elidume Wespe kunye Hummel, howitzers American M7 (sombingeleli) kunye M12, kwakunye namaThanga Sexton imipu self-ngokwaso noMveleli. ESoviet Union wazama ukuba kumiswe imveliso koomatshini ezinjalo (imodeli Su-5) kwi-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa oku umzamo asiphumelelanga. Namhlanje, phezu umkhosi mihla Russian ojamelene enye howitzer best self-ngokwaso ehlabathini - 2S19 "MSTA-S 'ukuvuleka-152 mm. Xa imikhosi yamazwe NATO ezixabisa ezizezinye-155 mm imipu abazingcayo ngokwaso, "Paladin" kwinkonzo.

anti

SAU kule eklasini semi-okanye vula kumatshini, axhobe iimpahla anti-itanki. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba nakhelwe phezu kwesiseko yokukhanya isisu semoto itanki vehicles, ebe ezavalwayo ukuba ukusetyenziswa eyenzelwe yona. Aba matshini ahluka yi ngokudibanisa elungileyo nexabiso kunye nokusebenza kwaye ziyafumaneka imithamo eliphezulu. Noko ke, solo baphulukana iimpawu kwezikhali kumatshini ngakumbi izifundo ezikhethiweyo. Umzekelo omhle umbhuqi itanki kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II na umatshini German Marder II kunye zasekhaya SU-76M. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezifana-ngezikhali amancinane okanye ukubeka imipu srednekalibernymi. Noko ke, maxa wambi kukho uguqulelo enamandla kakhulu, umzekelo, German Nashorn ukuvuleka 128 mm. Iiyunithi umkhosi yanamhlanje azisetyenziswa.

moya

Kuyinto kunaso kunye umatshini nemipu ezizodwa, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuba zokoyisa ephantsi kwendawo kunye moya eliphakathi ephakame kunye ntaka yotshaba. Kaninzi mancinci-ukuvuleka guns oluzenzekelayo lixhobe (20-40 mm) kunye / okanye imipu bodidi enkulu (12,7-14,5 mm). Enye into ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ukhokelo anti-ndiza phezu kwiithagethi ihamba ngokukhawuleza. Ngamanye amaxesha isebe axhobe ezivuthayo i "umhlaba-to-moya." Ngokulwa ezisezidolophini, kwaye kwiimeko apho kuyimfuneko ukumelana izihlwele ezikhulu elihamba, imipu anti-moya wabonisa ngokwalo njengoko kakuhle kungabi. Ngexesha Second World War, ingakumbi wamahlula imipu anti-moya German Wirbelwind kunye Ostwind, kwakunye yiSoviet ZSU-37. umkhosi Modern Russian sele bexhobele ezimbini ZSU: 23-4 ( "Shilka") kunye "Tunguska".

yengqondo

Ingaba iinqwelo zokulwa ngcono, eyenzelwe ngokusekelwe iilori zorhwebo, iitrektara zokudubula kunye iitrektara. Ugcino-SAU ngokwesivumelwano, njengoko umthetho, ningaswele. Phakathi kufakelo lwasekhaya distribution ezikumgangatho yafunyanwa-57 mm self-ngokwaso anti-itanki ZIS-30 ukulwa isithuthi olusekelwe phezu zokudubula kwitrektara umkhondo "Komsomolets". Oomatshini ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu yengqondo, amaNazi eJamani lobuFasi Italy ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanye izithuthi vehicles.

A zokudubula eqhelekileyo esingazihambeliyo USSR idibanisa imisebenzi kwiiklasi ezininzi ngempumelelo. Umzekelo izicacele oku umfuziselo wapin-152. BaseJamani ngqo isicwangciso wokudala imipu ezizodwa kakhulu esingazihambeliyo. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye iiyunithi aseJamani yayiyiminyaka engcono kwiiklasi zabo.

ukusebenzisa amaqhinga

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na ACS noko ke, makhe sifunde ukusebenzisa indlela kubo practice. Eyona njongo iphambili zokudubula self-ngokwaso kwi edabini kukuxhasa ezinye iintlobo amajoni ngomlilo zokudubula ukusuka kwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba ACS abe yokuhamba, ukuze sihambe amatanki ngexesha lokuphumla ngokusebenzisa zokuzikhusela utshaba, ukwandisa kakhulu wokulwa izakhono eentloko ezaxhobela vehicles kunye nomkhosi.

ukuhamba High kwakhona inika ithuba zokudubula self-ngokwaso ukuhlasela utshaba. Ukuze wenze oku, pre-ebalwa zonke Ipharamitha ukudubula. ke ACS yiya kwindawo ukudutyulwa kwaye kwakhokelela yahlasela utshaba ngaphandle Ukugxila. Emva koko, bakhawuleza ushiye umgca ukudutyulwa, kwaye ngexesha xa utshaba uzakubala indawo logwayimbo ukuziphindiselela, isikhundla kufuneka kulamba.

Ukuba iitanki utshaba waphule nomkhosi ezizimoto ngenxa umgca sokuzithethelela, zokudubula self-ngokwaso ayanceda izikhali anti-itanki ngempumelelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eminye imifuziselo ACS bangene nokrwece iimbumbulu okhethekileyo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, zokudubula self-ngokwaso waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukubulala seva ukuba ezimela nzima ukuhlasela kwezinye iindawo firepower.

zokudubula self-ngokwaso Single, bexhobe imijukujelwa zenyukliya ingatshabalalisa izinto ezinkulu, iindawo zokuhlala enqatyisiweyo, kwakunye iindima amabutho esitha. Kulo mzekelo, i izikhali zenyukliya ACS phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba ganga ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu ekujoliswe kunokwenzeka zokudubula iimbumbulu ekujoliswe ngaphantsi okanye inqwelo-moya imijukujelwa yamacebo okulwa, kwakunye amandla dubulo.

lungiselelo

Kakhulu ngazo kude, oomatshini esingazihambeliyo adla yakhelwe kwisiseko yetanki kunye ukukhanya kwisisu semoto vehicles iimoto zondelwe. Kuzo zombini ezi meko ilungiselelo ohlukileyo kunye neendibano iyafana. Ngokungafaniyo amatanki, nenqaba ufakelo ACS ingabekwa ngasemva kwezindlu nezikhali, hayi phakathi. Ngaloo ndlela inkqubo ngokubonelela iimbumbulu emhlabeni ibe lula kakhulu. Injini-transmission band, ngokulandelelanayo ibekwe ngaphambili isabelo phakathi kwayo. Ngenxa yokuba ugqithiso imi isaphetha, kucetyiswa ukuba amavili yangaphambili ihamba. Noko ke, kule mikhwa ACS ukuya ukusetyenziswa drive ngasemva-wheel.

ukwahlulwa zolawulo, oko kunto-nye - yokusebenzela yomqhubi, ifumaneka kufuphi gearbox embindini umatshini okanye kufutshane icala lasekhohlo. Le ngeemoto ibekwe phakathi ingongoma lokuqhuba kunye nabasebenzi gumbi. Ukulwa gumbi iquka lwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ukuwina imipu.

Kwakhona kuchazwa sazo ngokubeka amacandelo kunye neendibano, umpu entabeni ukuze ungabhala of Tank lwesampulu. Ngamanye amaxesha, benza ukumela abasebenzi itanki kwinqaba ithathwa inqaba ezizodwa ngereyithi yesixhobo kunye nezixhobo ukhokelo. silapha nawe kwaye ufumanise ukuba yintoni na ACS.