"Tulip" (САУ). I-self-propelled 240-mm yamanzi 2С4 "I-Tulip"

Ngokukhawuleza emva kweMfazwe yaseNtshonalanga ka-1939, kwacaca ukuba kukho ukungahambi kakuhle kwemithwalo enzima kwimikhosi, engasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukutshabalalisa iindawo ezithintekileyo zezitha. Ukuqala komsebenzi ekudalweni kwabo kwakuthintele iMfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic, xa umboniso waseSoviet wawungazange ufike kumathambo amakhulu.

Emva koNqoko lo msebenzi waqalisa kwakhona. Ekuqaleni, i-M-240 yadalwa. Umlinganiselo wayo, njengoko igama libonisa ukuba, lalingama-240 mm. Kodwa iimpawu zomatshini azizange ziyanelise ngokupheleleyo impi. Ngokukodwa, babengenakuvuyela ukukhuseleka kakhulu. Ukongezelela, bekukho amabango kwiimpahla zokuqhuba. Kwakungoku ngeli xesha ukuphuhliswa kofakelo lweTulip kwaqala. I-ACS kwafuneka ibe namandla okwandisa, isitya esinamandla kunye nesiganeko esinokuthenjwa.

Ukuqala kokuphuhliswa

Umsebenzi waqalwa ngoJulayi 4, 1967, ngokweSigqibo No. 609-20. Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezibalulekileyo, iinqwelo zengxowanxu inxalenye yesibhamu esitsha (egcinwe phantsi kwe-index 2B8), yayingatshintshi ngokusuka kwisitya esizikhuphayo-M-240. I-ballistics kunye neenqwelo ezisetyenziswayo zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo. Umsebenzi kule ndawo yenziwa yiengcali ze-Perm. U-Yu N. Kalachnikov wayephethe iprojekthi.

Kwakubulela kuye ukuba inkqubo yokulawula othomathikhi "Tulip", iimpawu zazo ezichazwe kwinqaku, zithole idatha ephawulekayo yebhokisi.

Ekuqaleni, iiprototypes zaqokelelwa ngesiseko se-chassis "Into ye-305", eyona nto yayisondele ngokufanayo neyo-anti-aircraft "Krug". Ekuqaleni, ukubhuka kubalwa ngendlela efana nokugcina ibhola yekhadiji 7.62x54 ukusuka kumgama wamitha engama-300. Uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwe-chassis zaphathwa ngamagosa e-Uraltransmash, eyayiqhutywa ngu Yu. V. Tomashov. Mane uqaphele ukuba umdaka ngokwawo awukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwawo.

Uvavanyo lwezitshini

Baqala nini ukufumana "iTulip"? I-SAU yaqala ukuvavanya ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1969. Aphela kuphela ngo-Oktobha 20 waloo nyaka. Ngempumelelo. Kodwa ngaphambili kwakuyizilingo zasemkhosini, kwaye emva koko, ngo-1971, leyunithi yamukelwa yiSoviet Army.

Iminyaka emibini ezayo, isityalo safumana umyalelo wezine "Tulip", kwaye indleko yenye imoto yayiyi-ruble eziyi-210. Ngendlela, enye yokuzikhupha "i-Acacia" ibiza i-rubles ezingama-30.5 kuphela.

Iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ze-ACS entsha

Njengoko sithe satshilo, iimpawu zamarrel kunye ne-ballistic zahlala zivela kwi-predecessor, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokungabikho utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Kodwa, ngokungafani ne-M-240, apho ukubalwa kwaphoqeleka ukuba kuqhutywe phantse yonke imisebenzi ngesandla, i- "Tulip" - ACS, ifakwe kwindlela yokusebenza yamanzi. Kujoliswe kule mi sebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukutshintshwa kwesibhamu kwiindawo zokulwa ukuhamba kunye nakwezinye izinto.
• Ulungelelwano oluthile lombhobho womdaka.
• Ukuvulwa kwebhodi, ukususwa kombhobho kumgca wokuthumela i-projectile.
• Ukuhanjiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kweemigodi ukusuka kwi-boeukku echanekileyo ukuya kwiikhredithi ze-dispatcher, ezifumaneka kwicandelo eliphezulu le-chassis.
• Ukongezelela, ngoncedo lwaso, umthwalo wokutya kunye nokuvala i-shutter kwenziwa.

Ezinye iimpawu

I-angle ye-ACS 2C4 "Tulip", ngokungafani nomdaka obunzima owedlule, malunga ne -63 ". Ukukhwabanisa (umatshini) ufumaneka ngqo kwi-chassis. Kukho izicathulo ezimbini, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuhlala kwiingqungquthela ezingama-40 eziqhelekileyo, ezikhukhulayo, okanye i-20 esebenzayo, iindidi ezisebenzayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuhlaja i-ACS inokwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumhlaba, okanye ngokusebenzisa ikranta ekhethekileyo. Ngokungafani nendima, isikhokelo esinqambileyo ekujoliswe kuso sasihlala siyikhokelo.

Abaqulunqi basebenzisa i-injini ye-diesel ye-B-59 ebonakaliswe kakuhle. Isityalo esinamandla esinamandla sivumela ukukhawuleza inkqubo yokulawula ngokuzenzekelayo ukuya kwi-62.8 km / h kwindlela emgwaqweni. Ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zomhlaba okanye iigravel, ijubane lokuhamba kunye nabo malunga ne-25-30 km / h.

Mines

I-projectile ephambili, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngodaka olukhutshwa yi-2C4, ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo we-F-864 wam, olingana neekhilomitha ezingama-130.7. Ubunzima bezinto eziqhekezayo ziyi-31.9 kilogram. Njengengxube, i-GVMZ-7 isetyenziswe apha, leyo, njengamaninzi onke amhlonelayo, inokufakela ukutshatyalaliswa kwangaphandle kunye nokulibazisa.

Kukho iindlela ezinhlanu zokuhlawulwa kweebhonkco, eziza kunika umjelo wokuqala we-158 ukuya kuma-362 m / s. Ngoko ke, uluhlu lomlilo kule nto luhluka ukusuka kuma-800 kuya kuma-9650 amitha.

Ihlawuliso ngokutsha ngqo itholakala kwiphubhu ye-liner yemayini. Ezinye izisindo zomgubo zisekhanda ezinemiqolo, ezijoliswe kwiphubhu efanayo kunye neentambo ezikhethekileyo. Ekubeni ngo-1967, urhulumente wenza umyalelo wezo shishino ukuba ziphuhlise kwaye zenze i-mine ekhethekileyo kunye ne-2 kilotons, kunye neminyaka emithathu kamva umsebenzi ekuphuhlisweni kweprojekti efanayo, kodwa sele sele iqhutywe kwi-jet.

Kuze kube namhlanje, izithuthi zaseRashiya ezizikhuselekileyo zineyona nto inomdla kakhulu.

"Inkalipho yesi sixeko ithatha"

Kodwa ukuphumelela kwangempela kwenzeka ngo-1983, xa i-Soviet Union yamkela i-mine 1K113 "Smelchak." Enyanisweni, ayikho igobolondo kwingqiqo yelizwi, kodwa i-artillery complex complex. Iqulethwe ngamacandelo alandelayo: ukudubula ngokuthe ngqo kwe-ZV84 (2VF4), exhotywe nge-projectile ye-explosive ZF5. Ukongezelela, kukho i- laser rangefinder / designer 1D15 okanye 1D20.

Ibhodi yokulungiswa kwekhosi ikhona kwintloko yentsimbi, kwaye i-aerdynamic rudders ikulungiselela uhambo lwenqanawa, olukwazi ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye luchaneke ngokuchanekileyo isikhundla se-projectile. Ukongezelela, utshintsho kwikhosi yendiza lunokwenziwa ngoncedo lwee-accelerators ezininzi ezinamandla, ezifumaneka kunye nomzimba wonke womyalelo kwimiyalelo ye-radial.

Izinzuzo zeentlobo zeentlanzi

Uhlengahlengiso aluthathi ngaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-0.1-0.3. Leyo ndlela yokudubula "ngesibindi" ngokufanayo ifana neyeemigodi eqhelekileyo, kodwa umsebenzisi makacacise ixesha lokuvula lento evulekileyo kwaye ubeke ixesha lokuvula i-pointer yelesi. Ngokubanzi, i-pointer ekujoliswe kuyo ingasetyenziswa kumgama wama-300-5000 wamitha ukusuka "kwindawo eya kuyo", emva koko into enokuthi intshaba iqala ukukhanya ngokugqithiseleyo yintambo ye-laser. Iinqwelo ezifana neenqwelo zokulwa zaseRashiya zibaluleke ngokukodwa kwiminyaka yamuva, xa uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe lukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza.

Ngendlela, ukukhanyisa okusebenzayo kusebenze kuphela ngethuba apho i-mine iya kuba kude kumgama wama-400-800 kumitha ekujoliswe kuyo. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba inkqubo yokunciphisa intshaba ayinayo ithuba lokusabela xa kuvela isongelo. Ukubeka nje, lonke ixesha lomsebenzi we-laser alikho ngaphezu kwemizuzwana emithathu, ngenxa yokuba amathuba okulwa neekhompyutha zobukhohlakali ayancitshiswa.

Nangona iifoto zezithuthi ezikhuselekileyo zolu hlobo zingashiya impembelelo ekhohlisayo "yokuziphatha okungenakuziphatha", akukho nto enokuyenza: ukufakwa kwee-70s, kusetyenziswe ngokubambisana neengqobhoko ezitsha, ezinokuthi zincintisane neendlela eziphambili zanamhlanje.

Ngokubanzi, amathuba okubetha lolu hlobo lweprojekti kwisangqa sesibini okanye iimitha ezintathu ububanzi ngowama-80-90%. I-Afghan mujahideen yabona oku, iimeko ezibuhlungu. Ngosizo lwe "Tulips" kunye ne-"Brave" ezininzi zeendawo zabo ezinqatyisiweyo ezintabeni zatshatyalaliswa.

Kutheni sifuna izixhobo ezinjalo?

Ngokubanzi, "i-Tulip" ngumpu wokuzikhusela, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uphucule izikhundla ezinqatyisiweyo zeentshaba, kwakunye nokusebenza kwempi kwiimeko zokuhlala. Ngoko, kule meko, ngokuqhelekileyo imeko ivela xa izikhundla zeentshaba ziqala emva kwesakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala ephakamileyo (njengoko kunjalo kwi Grozny). Inzuzo ye "Tulip" kukuba ukufakwa, ukufakwa kwiimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwishumi ukusuka kwisakhiwo, kunokuthumela i-projectile phantse phezulu, ukwenzela ukuba iwele ngqo nakwezinye iindawo, ihamba ezinqabeni zayo.

Ngendlela, ukuqhuma ngamandla kwamagobesi alo mboniso kuvelisa ingcamango engapheliyo kubachasi. Oku kunjalo ngokwenene kwabalandeli abanomdla wobuhlanga obunzulu bamaSilamsi: abaninzi babo bakholelwa ukuba, belahlekelwe ngumzimba wabo, abayi kungena kwiparadesi. Ngako oko, kwi-Afghanistan efanayo, kukho iimeko xa iinqwelo ezinkulu zeentshaba zishiya izikhundla zabo kuphela emva kokufunda malunga ne-shelling ezayo evela kwi "Tulips".

Imfihlelo yeMbali

Imithombo emininzi idatha ukuba phakathi kwezi zikhankaso ezimbini zeChechen ezi zidumbu azizange zisetyenziswe. Kwezinye iincwadi, kukho ingxelo yokuba ngexesha lokuhlaselwa "i-Minutki" kwakukho i-volley evela kwi "Tulip". Kukho nawuphi na, u-Dudayev onobuzenzisi akazange akwazi ukwehlisa ukugxeka emkhosini waseRussia, ammangalela ngokuthi "usebenzisa izixhobo zenuzi." I-"intando yesininzi" icinezela ngentshiseko kuye. Akusaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba isiqendu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe "Tulip" sineendawo ngokwenene.

Inkohlakalo yenkqantosi igqityiweyo kunye neenqwelo ezikhuselekile zaseUkraine: ayikaziwa (kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba kuya kushicilelwa), bangaphi na oo matshini abakhonza kwilizwe.

Ngokweenkcukacha zengqolowa-mali, ngo-1989, kwakukho ubuncinci obunzima obungama-400 e-USSR. Yingakho singakwazi ukuthetha ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba izithuthi ezikhuselekileyo zase-Ukraine nazo zinalo lunithi elizikhuphayo, ekubeni ezinye izidumbu zisekelwe kwimida esentshonalanga.

Imeko yamanje

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, akukho mandla kwihlabathi lezixhobo ezinjalo enkonzweni awazange athathe. Ngokwemigaqo, kude kube ngoku akukho zidongwe kumazwe ase-NATO, umlinganiselo oza kudlulela kuma-millimitha ayi-120.

Ngokuphathelele iRashiya, kwilizwe lethu, emva kwe "Tulip", umsebenzi onobunzima obudityanisiweyo wawusususwe, njengokuba imodeli ekhoyo iyanelisekile impi ngokupheleleyo. Yiba njengoko kunjalo, i-"Tulip" SAU, esithombeni sayo esicatshulwa, asikho izifaniso kwihlabathi kuze kube namhlanje.