Yintoni eliphezulu - yokonga ngenkani okanye isisombululo elungileyo?

abemi babo bakwazi emininzi imisebenzi zoncwadi zokuvuma ubomi lokudala bohemian ka Paris: abazobi abahluphekayo neemvumi bahlala phezu imigangatho ephezulu yesakhiwo, apho kwakukho ngezinyuko emnyama emxinwa, nto leyo ukukhanya akwanelanga, yaye kwakungekho ukufudumeza. Yintoni na le yokugcina ngengqiqo yokuqala yekota? Space phantsi kophahla kwezakhiwo eziphakamileyo, eyasetyenziswa kwiimfuno zekhaya, bahlala apho abo izindlu ezaneleyo ukuba zingakwazi nokulungiseka.

Ukusuka kwimbali izakhiwo

Uphahla isixeko kumaxesha, wayifulela iithayile, abe emaweni ojonge kophahla, kwaye isithuba uphahla kwakhiwa mali ngendlela ebonakalayo. Ezidolophini zokuphila isithuba bekusoloko kusilela, kumgangatho yokuhlala irhafu, kwaye ukuphakama isakhiwo esilinganiselweyo uphahla. Ngoko ke, yintoni na yokugcina ukuba bayayithanda ezidolophini kwekhulu XVII? Yindlela ukufumana inzuzo net.

Le mbono ukusebenzisa isithuba phantsi uphahla yokuhlala wazalelwa Fransua Mansara (1598-1666), kodwa oku wezakhiwo wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu njengobuchule enjalo, ukwakha kwizakhiwo Paris kunye nophahla ukuba abe begoba isici. Emva izakhiwo zawo zonke wezakhiwo khumbula ukuba le eliphezulu ekhaya. Kophahla kokuba kuwo omabini amacala kwamathambeka kummango iinqwelomoya ezimbini kunye emathambekeni ezahlukeneyo, kube lula ukuvelisa isithuba ubuninzi umthamo uphahla apho bakwazi ukukhawulelana namanqanaba esiphilayo.

definition

Kumazwe amaninzi, kukho mansard ebizwa kanye ukumeka kwendlu, i ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo Mansart, kwaye uphahla ebizwa isithuba yonke ukusuka eluphahleni umgangatho eliphezulu ukuya eluphahleni, ukuba isetyenziselwa lwezindlu, ukuba ikhutshwa phandle ubushushu kweendonga kunye nophahla ukubonelela ngokukhanyisa zendalo, oko yenzelwe nokufikelela lula ukusuka kwinqanaba elisezantsi (ngokuqhelekileyo kuyiwa) kwasekwa imiphezulu ekugqibeleni zokuhombisa.

amaxwebhu Regulatory ezichaza ngokucacileyo oko imbala. Icacisa ukuba iqulethe SNP 2.08.01-89 unika imigangatho ukutyunjwa kwisithuba imbala, iinqwelomoya akhiwa uphahla - izidanga, okanye eyaphukileyo - enomgca yonqumlo udonga nkqo ye olungaphambili kunye moya uphahla ityekele kwimitha 1.5 ukusuka emgangathweni imbala.

Izikhokelo design

Ukukwazi ukusebenzisa phantsi imbala ibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• a> b + 0,7 x c, apho
  
  kunye - indawo yomgangatho kunye ubude obungaphezulu kwe-2.5 m,
  isithuba igumbi ukuphakama 1.1-2.5 m, - b
  c - isithuba egumbini kubude nophahla 0.8-1.1 m.

Kwaba phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, ukusetyenziswa imbala ithathwa yamkelekile, nangona la manani ziqulethwe amaxwebhu, bephethe ingcebiso.

Ukukhanyisa eliphezulu - umbuzo obalulekileyo kakhulu, nto leyo kubhetele ukuba iingcali. Feature ukubala ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo Injengokubengezela: Ekungeneni ziya kuba negalelo ukufudumeza ilahleko kubangel 'umdla. Ngapha koko, yintoni na yokugcina endlwini, indawo apho umoya efudumeleyo liphuma ukusuka kumabanga asezantsi? Ekubaleni indawo apertures ukukhanya kufuneka ingqalelo umahluko ukusebenza window eqhelekileyo, esifakelwe ezindongeni nkqo - kwimeko imbala ngokuqhelekileyo oko gables olungaphambili - iifestile neeDormer, eziviwayo kunye skylights ifakwe ethambekeni kophahla.

Kufuneka ngqo yobuninzi kwindawo kumgangatho ratio kunye apertures ndawo ukukhanya:

• xa ibeka iifestile izakhiwo nkqo - mayingabi ngaphezu 1: 5.5, umlinganiselo ubuncinane - 1: 8;
• 1:10 kuvunyelwa xa isicelo skylights;
• Ufakelo neeDormer windows kwamathambeka anzongonzongo ezilahlekileyo ukukhanya 2/3 xa kuthelekiswa window nkqo.

Uhlobo isithuba imbala kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ngesisombululo iingxaki umoya. izinto Modern wecebo nophahla "pie" kunye namalungiselelo ezibonelelo ziya kukunceda ukusombulula le ngxaki.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo yamaplanga ekwakhiweni amaxwebhu normalizing imbala anjalo kodwa ukuba antipiriruyuschey zokusebenza kunye nokwakhiwa ukuphakama 75 m.

Inzuzo yegumbi

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingenelo isixhobo imigangatho eliphezulu zibonisa kwengqalelo koqoqosho, bokusebenzisa olufanelekileyo isithuba kwaye umgangatho ophezulu bobugcisa kwesisombululo eyakhayo enjalo. High yobuhle umgangatho womhlaba undercovering lethuba obonakalayo imifanekiso echaza into yokugcina. Photo of ngaphakathi zobungangamela okulala, amagumbi abantwana kwaye zibekwe kumgangatho ophezulu, ayiphucukanga.

Ngokubaluleka kwezi zinto zichaphazela izinto ezimbini eziphambili: phantsi kophahla lwesakhiwo yokwakha ngokutsha ye isakhiwo esikhoyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo lunikiwe kwisakhiwo eqikelelweyo.

Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezindlu ekhoyo

Ukuba eliphezulu iyakhiwa kwi isakhiwo esikhoyo, ombane ukwanda ndawo ingakumbi esetyenziswayo linomtsalane, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ayisindi nezixabisa kancinci kunye zoyilo musa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo enzima kunokwenzeka, ngoko akukho mfuneko yokuba kunikwe kwakhona babahlali. Oku ekuphuculeni ubomi kweziseko ezidolophini kunokuba nomtsalane kakhulu.

Ngokomzekelo, yintoni na indawo yokugcina ye Khrushchev? Lo ngumphakamo eyahlukileyo kakhulu intuthuzelo nomtsalane, yaye ukuba inkqubo lunzima ulungelelwaniso, nto leyo eyenza imali leyo lutho kwaye kunciphisa iinzuzo zexesha elide kwezoqoqosho ukuba abasebenzi bokwakha ukuba ubuncinane, izakhiwo ezininzi abadala kufuneka uthenge inani elikhulu indawo ekhululeke kakhulu.

indlela yezakhiwo Okumangalisayo

Kukho iinketho ezininzi ukusetyenziswa yokuyilwa kwesithuba phantsi kophahla. Buyatshintsha kanye ukuqonda oko ephezulu. photos Ekhaya leyo kungabonwa kwiisayithi yokwakha, zibonisa ukuba phantsi kophahla kungenziwa akhiwe amagumbi lihle kakhulu kwaye ukhululekile, ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Eliphezulu kwezindlu kuba amahlwempu kuye kwaba "chip" ezikhethekileyo - iinkcukacha wendlu, ukwandisa isibheno yalo.